一些攀禽跗跖骨远端的形态结构与对趾足之间的关系分析

鹦形目、裂形目、鹃形目等攀禽的趾型是对趾足类型,这种趾型与该鸟类的跗跖骨形态结构表现出极度的适应性。特别是第Ⅳ跖骨滑车发生的显著翻转以及膨大的副关节突的出现,使鸟类在实现和完成对趾足的功能时显得更加完善。攀禽中部分对趾足的鸟类为适应多样的生活习性而在跖骨结构上发生这些变化是特化的表现,也是相互协同的结果。     

(足母)外翻的生物力学研究进展

足母外翻是足母趾向外侧过度倾斜所引起的一种足的畸形,会产生疼痛,对人的行走功能有很大影响,近年在临床骨科得到越来越多的重视,陈宝兴统计治疗方法将近200余种[1]。用生物力学方法研究足母外翻引起的足的变化,有助于支足母外翻的进一步认识和对治疗的改进。生理状态下足横弓的生物力学目前的研究已经证实了足前部跖骨头平面足横弓的存在,从而否定了足的三点承重理论,并且肯定了跖骨头平面足横弓与前足功能紊乱,特别是与足母外翻有密切的联系[2]。Grundy在对跖骨头平面承重的研究中发现[3]:正常步态周期中足跟触地时,足底的垂直应力迅速…     

甘肃鸟的新材料及其解剖和行为习性的补充研究

继1984年首次报道甘肃玉门昌马发现的早白垩世甘肃鸟及2006年记述多件甘肃鸟标本以来,再次对发现于2004～2006年间的9件甘肃鸟标本进行形态的详细观察,补充描述甘肃鸟新的骨骼特征,包括侧面保存的胸骨、有较完整的镰刀形龙骨突及胸骨背侧特征等;部分前肢骨骼上有位于关节位置、呈短长方形的尺腕骨和桡腕骨;指式"2-3-1",小指骨的爪节完全退化消失;后肢各趾中第1趾节最长,趾爪短小且弯曲度小;第Ⅰ趾相对较短、细弱,与其他趾相对握;第Ⅲ趾粗壮,略短于第Ⅳ趾。在胫跗骨和跗跖骨关节处保存有鳞片状的皮肤印痕,趾骨间有蹼的印痕。通过指示性骨骼测量的三元分析,得出甘肃鸟是一类善飞的潜水鸟,其习性接近于部分现生的鸭科成员,与之前有关甘肃鸟生活习性的推测较为接近。     

荒漠麻蜥骨骼系统的解剖及与相近科属蜥蜴骨骼特征比较

采用透明骨骼染色法,观测了荒漠麻蜥Eremias przewaskii比较完整的骨骼系统,对其各部分骨骼组成、形态和位置作了详细的描述,为麻蜥属的分类及演化提供骨骼方面的基础资料。其骨骼可分为中轴骨骼(包括头骨、脊柱、胸骨和肋骨)和附肢骨骼(包括肩带、腰带、前肢骨和后肢骨)。其头骨呈三角形,眼窝与颞窝相通,不完整。颈椎8枚,胸椎5枚,腰椎13枚,荐椎2枚,尾椎44～45枚。与已报道的蜥蜴物种骨骼特征相比较,发现其前肢腕骨部位、尺骨和桡骨远端中间具1枚骨化不完全的籽骨——介间骨;在前肢腕骨与掌骨的腹面,有2块平面不规整四方形的掌籽骨,位于连接腕骨与各掌骨的韧带中间;在后肢股骨远端的关节内侧与髌骨相对的位置存在1粒籽骨,为股腓侧豆状骨;跗骨腹面下方有1枚三角形籽骨——跗籽骨。     

短指/趾的分子遗传学研究进展

短指/趾(Brachydactyly, BD)是指(趾)骨和/或掌(跖)骨短小、缺失或融合导致的手/足先天畸形, 是一组以骨发育障碍为特征的肢体畸形疾病。BD可单独出现, 也可作为综合征的一种体征, 还可伴随其他的手/足畸形如并指/趾、多指/趾、短缺畸形和指/趾骨关节融合出现。绝大多数单纯型BD呈常染色体显性遗传, 存在表现度不同和外显不全。大多数单纯型BD和一些综合征型BD的致病基因缺陷已经被鉴定。BMP (Bone morphogenetic protein)通路参与正常指/趾发育, 且已知的BD致病基因直接或间接参与该通路。文章综述了BD分子遗传学研究方面的新进展, 将有助于BD致病机制的研究和基因诊疗的开展。     

天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性足骨的形态观察

本文对天津蓟县桃花园墓地明清时期101例缠足女性足骨形变情况进行了观察和分析。结果显示,不同个体的同名骨骼形变类型和程度不同,有的个体两侧足骨呈不对称状。跗骨在整体尺寸上缩小,且部分跗骨会产生形变。跖骨和近节趾骨因受缠足外力的影响在形态上会产生剧烈的变化,主要变现为跖骨和近节趾骨纤细、弓弯,关节面改变,其近、远端以及跖骨体和趾骨体的上下径和横径均产生形变。总体而言,跖骨和近节趾骨的形变程度较跗骨而言更大。本文总结了判断某个体是否缠足的依据,特别指出需要同时观察距骨和跟骨的形态改变。鉴于其他疾病（如高弓足、麻风病、风湿性关节炎）也可导致足骨的畸形样貌,在进行个体缠足判定时,需要进行综合成因分析。缠足由文化行为所导致,其足骨形变特征有别于因病理原因导致的足部畸形。功能压力分析能够有效地解释缠足个体足骨形变的成因及过程。     

湖南苗族、侗族5项人类群体遗传学特征的调查

对湖南苗族、侗族共648例的5项人类群体遗传学特征(利眼、足趾长、起步类型、耳耵聍、指甲型)进行了调查。结果显示:1)两个民族的多数人属于右利眼、拇趾长于二趾、左起步、干型耵聍和长形指甲;2)两个民族的左利眼出现率和拇趾长于二趾的出现率高于国内多数人群;3)足趾长出现率存在明显的民族间差异;苗族利眼和方形指甲出现率均表现出明显的民族内性别差异;4)5项特征间的相关关系不明显。     

国人顶间骨的观察

观察1600个成入颅骨,顶间骨出现率为2.94％,皆在枕骨上项线上方,其中27.69％与最上项线交叉。观察60例7—38周龄胎颅的枕鳞上部以两个骨化中心进行膜内化骨的情况。本文认为顶间骨的形成是由于枕横裂未融合及异常骨化中心出现所致,并提出枕鳞上部与枕鳞下部之间的融合线位于上项线以上,而上项线和最上项线均不应认作是两部融合线的观点。     

新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹初步研究

本文报道新疆柯尔克孜族肤纹参数的正常值,样本中有男女各500例,本文的研究包括13类,它们是:指纹总嵴数,a-b间嵴数,指纹,指间花纹,大鱼际纹,小鱼际纹,猿线,掌指c三叉缺失,多个t三叉点,(足母)趾球部纹,足小鱼际纹,趾间纹,足跟纹。     

Freiberg病的研究治疗进展

Freiberg病是指发生在跖骨二次骨化中心的缺血性坏死,是一种少见的骨软骨病,本病起病隐匿,早期难以诊断.发病的原因是多方面的,近年来研究表明其发病的原因与累积劳损、拇外翻畸形、服用糖皮质激素等有关.临床表现和分期有关,开始是局限性的关节疼痛肿胀,并最终使跖趾关节失去正常的功能.根据患者的Smillie分期,给出相应的治疗,早期保守治疗有很好的效果,后期往往考虑手术.具体的手术方法有:截骨术,自体骨软骨移植,关节置换等.本文总结和探讨Freiberg病的病因、诊断、治疗方面的进展,了解Freiberg病治疗的现状及发展趋势.使广大医务工作者及患者对本病有一个全面的认识.     

Finite element modeling of the first ray of the foot: a tool for the design of interventions

Disorders of the first ray of the foot (defined as the hard and soft tissues of the first metatarsal, the sesamoids, and the phalanges of the great toe) are common, and therapeutic interventions to address these problems range from alterations in footwear to orthopedic surgery. Experimental verification of these procedures is often lacking, and thus, a computational modeling approach could provide a means to explore different interventional strategies. A three-dimensional finite element model of the first ray was developed for this purpose. A hexahedral mesh was constructed from magnetic resonance images of the right foot of a male subject. The soft tissue was assumed to be incompressible and hyperelastic, and the bones were modeled as rigid. Contact with friction between the foot and the floor or footwear was defined, and forces were applied to the base of the first metatarsal. Vertical force was extracted from experimental data, and a posterior force of 0.18 times the vertical force was assumed to represent loading at peak forefoot force in the late-stance phase of walking. The orientation of the model and joint configuration at that instant were obtained by minimizing the difference between model predicted and experimentally measured barefoot plantar pressures. The model were then oriented in a series of postures representative of push-off, and forces and joint moments were decreased to zero simultaneously. The pressure distribution underneath the first ray was obtained for each posture to illustrate changes under three case studies representing hallux limitus, surgical arthrodesis of the first ray, and a footwear intervention. Hallux limitus simulations showed that restriction of metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion was directly related to increase and early occurrence of hallux pressures with severe immobility increasing the hallux pressures by as much as 223%. Modeling arthrodesis illustrated elevated hallux pressures when compared to barefoot and was dependent on fixation angles. One degree change in dorsiflexion and valgus fixation angles introduced approximate changes in peak hallux pressure by 95 and 22 kPa, respectively. Footwear simulations using flat insoles showed that using the given set of materials, reductions of at least 18% and 43% under metatarsal head and hallux, respectively, were possible.     

山东地区清墓中女性居民的缠足现象

山东安丘牟山水库遗址和广饶十村遗址的清代墓葬中出土了存在足部畸形的3例女性个体,结合历史记载以及近代缠足女性X光照片的对比,推测应为缠足后所产生的现象。通过观察其足部骨骼,总结出缠足畸形在骨骼标本上的几个特点:1)足部骨骼整体纤弱化,以跖骨最为明显;2)跖骨的跖跗关节处以及跗骨出现楔形改变;3)下肢骨肌嵴不发达,骨骼表面较为光滑,胫骨下端前缘出现关节面。缠足组与未缠足组进行对比发现,跖骨是差异最为明显的骨骼,且缠足组的肢骨粗壮度稍弱于未缠足组。     

In vitro study of foot kinematics using a dynamic walking cadaver model

There is a dearth of information on navicular, cuboid, cuneiform and metatarsal kinematics during walking and our objective was to study the kinematic contributions these bones might make to foot function. A dynamic cadaver model of walking was used to apply forces to cadaver feet and mobilise them in a manner similar to in vivo. Kinematic data were recorded from 13 cadaver feet. Given limitations to the simulation, the data describe what the cadaver feet were capable of in response to the forces applied, rather than exactly how they performed in vivo. The talonavicular joint was more mobile than the calcaneocuboid joint. The range of motion between cuneiforms and navicular was similar to that between talus and navicular. Metatarsals four and five were more mobile relative to the cuboid than metatarsals one, two and three relative to the cuneiforms. This work has confirmed the complexity of rear, mid and forefoot kinematics. The data demonstrate the potential for often-ignored foot joints to contribute significantly to the overall kinematic function of the foot. Previous emphasis on the ankle and sub talar joints as the principal articulating components of the foot has neglected more distal articulations. The results also demonstrate the extent to which the rigid segment assumptions of previous foot kinematics research have over simplified the foot.     

Design of an implant for first metatarsophalangeal hemi-arthroplasty

This study was designed to examine the three-dimensional geometry of the head of the first metatarsal bone of the foot. Ninety-seven adult first metatarsal head (MTH1) bones were scanned using a laser scanner at 400 dpi. A best-fit ellipsoid was obtained from the articular surfaces of MTH1 for each size group using nonlinear unconstrained optimisation. Average root mean square errors between the articulating surfaces and the optimal fit surfaces of the bone specimens were between 0.29 and 0.42 mm. After classification based on sex and size groups, the profile provided a good fit to individual bones. Consideration of the thickness of cartilage overlying the metatarsal head (MTH) may further improve the fit. The proposed approach provides the basis for a design of an MTH hemi-arthroplasty that has good anatomical congruence with the native joint.     

天津蓟州区桃花园墓地明清时期缠足女性的足骨形变

本文通过量化方法,对桃花园墓地明清时期101例女性足骨形变方式、程度、对称性等进行了系统分析。研究结果表明,双侧足骨形变总体上是对称的。缠足对跗骨的影响主要在于整体尺寸缩小和关节面改变。第1跖骨除整体尺寸缩小外,还存在诸多明显的骨体形态改变;第2、3跖骨头部和底部尺寸缩小,但形变不大。第3至第5近节趾骨骨体长度和高度的侧别差异明显,特别是第3近节趾骨双侧整体不对称。该群体至少在18岁时已经缠足,25岁以后足骨已发生形变,35岁之后形变较明显。部分个体足骨形变程度较轻,其生前可能仅束足纤直,未经裹弯。足骨形变程度与陪葬品多寡并无相关性,其形变差异很可能与身体疾病、劳作需要、缠足方法或缠足观念差异有关。     

Cortical Structure of Hallucal Metatarsals and Locomotor Adaptations in Hominoids

Diaphyseal morphology of long bones, in part, reflects in vivo loads experienced during the lifetime of an individual. The first metatarsal, as a cornerstone structure of the foot, presumably expresses diaphyseal morphology that reflects loading history of the foot during stance phase of gait. Human feet differ substantially from those of other apes in terms of loading histories when comparing the path of the center of pressure during stance phase, which reflects different weight transfer mechanisms. Here we use a novel approach for quantifying continuous thickness and cross-sectional geometric properties of long bones in order to test explicit hypotheses about loading histories and diaphyseal structure of adult chimpanzee, gorilla, and human first metatarsals. For each hallucal metatarsal, 17 cross sections were extracted at regularly-spaced intervals (2.5% length) between 25% and 65% length. Cortical thickness in cross sections was measured in one degree radially-arranged increments, while second moments of area were measured about neutral axes also in one degree radially-arranged increments. Standardized thicknesses and second moments of area were visualized using false color maps, while penalized discriminant analyses were used to evaluate quantitative species differences. Humans systematically exhibit the thinnest diaphyseal cortices, yet the greatest diaphyseal rigidities, particularly in dorsoplantar regions. Shifts in orientation of maximum second moments of area along the diaphysis also distinguish human hallucal metatarsals from those of chimpanzees and gorillas. Diaphyseal structure reflects different loading regimes, often in predictable ways, with human versus non-human differences probably resulting both from the use of arboreal substrates by non-human apes and by differing spatial relationships between hallux position and orientation of the substrate reaction resultant during stance. The novel morphological approach employed in this study offers the potential for transformative insights into form-function relationships in additional long bones, including those of extinct organisms (e.g., fossils).     

A complete second metatarsal (StW 89) from Sterkfontein Member 4, South Africa

The functional anatomy of the hominin foot has played a crucial role in studies of locomotor evolution in human ancestors and extinct relatives. However, foot fossils are rare, often isolated, and fragmentary. Here, we describe a complete hominin second metatarsal (StW 89) from the 2.0-2.6 million year old deposits of Member 4, Sterkfontein Cave, South Africa. Like many other fossil foot bones, it displays a mosaic of derived human-like features and primitive ape-like features. StW 89 possesses a domed metatarsal head with a prominent sulcus, indicating dorsiflexion at the metatarsophalangeal joint during bipedal walking. However, while the range of motion at the metatarsophalangeal joint is human-like in dorsiflexion, it is ape-like in plantarflexion. Furthermore, StW 89 possesses internal torsion of the head, an anatomy decidedly unlike that found in humans today. Unlike other hominin second metatarsals, StW 89 has a dorsoplantarly gracile base, perhaps suggesting more midfoot laxity. In these latter two anatomies, the StW 89 second metatarsal is quite similar to the recently described second metatarsal of the partial foot from Burtele, Ethiopia. We interpret this combination of anatomies as evidence for a low medial longitudinal arch in a foot engaged in both bipedal locomotion, but also some degree of pedal, and perhaps even hallucal, grasping. Additional fossil evidence will be required to determine if differences between this bone and other second metatarsals from Sterkfontein reflect normal variation in an evolving lineage, or taxonomic diversity.     

Patient-specific modelling of the foot: automated hexahedral meshing of the bones

Subject-specific finite element modelling is a powerful tool for carrying out controlled investigations of the effects of geometric and material property differences on performance and injury risk. Unfortunately, the creation of suitable meshes for these models is a challenging and time-intensive task. This paper presents an automated method of generating fully hexahedral meshes of the bones of the feet which requires only surface representations as inputs. The method is outlined and example meshes, using two human feet and the foot of a Japanese macaque, are given to demonstrate its flexibility. Mesh quality is also evaluated for the calcaneus, first metatarsal, navicular and talus. Streamlining the generation of finite element meshes of the foot will ease investigations into the patient-specific biomechanics of injury.     

Shear and pressure under the first ray in neuropathic diabetic patients: Implications for support of the longitudinal arch

ObjectiveTo assess dynamic arch support in diabetic patients at risk for Charcot neuroarthopathy whose arch index has not yet shown overt signs of foot collapse.MethodsTwo indirect measures of toe flexor activation (ratios: peak hallux pressure to peak metatarsal pressure – Ph/Pm; peak posterior hallux shear to peak posterior metatarsal shear – Sh/Sm) were obtained with a custom built system for measuring shear and pressure on the plantar surface of the foot during gait. In addition, the tendency of the longitudinal arch to flatten was measured by quantifying the difference in shear between the 1st metatarsal head and the heel (S_flatten) during the first half of the stance phase. Four stance phases from the same foot for 29 participants (16 control and 13 neuropathic diabetic) were assessed.ResultsThe peak load ratio under the hallux (Ph/Pm) was significantly higher in the control group (2.10±1.08 versus 1.13±0.74, p=0.033). Similarly, Sh/Sm was significantly higher in the control group (1.87±0.88 versus 0.88±0.45, p=0.004). The difference in anterior shear under the first metatarsal head and posterior shear under the lateral heel (S_flatten) was significantly higher in the diabetic group (p<0.01). Together these findings demonstrate reduced plantar flexor activity in the musculature responsible for maintaining the longitudinal arch.ConclusionsWith no significant difference in arch index between the two groups, but significant differences in Ph/Pm, Sh/Sm and S_flatten the collective results suggest there are changes in muscle activity that precede arch collapse.