阳春砂仁叶油和广宁绿壳砂仁叶油化学成分的初步研究

本文报导应用气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法,分析了阳春砂仁叶油和广宁绿壳砂仁叶油的化学成分,分别鉴定出19和17个化学成分。两者相同的化学成分有:α-蒎烯、樟脑烯、β-蒎烯,γ-松油烯、3-已烯醇-[1]、异蒎樟脑酮、松油醇-[4)、α-松油醇以及对-α-聚伞花醇和麝香草酚等。这些化学成分占全油的70％以上。     

砂仁中化学成分及其药理作用的研究进展

砂仁中的主要成分为乙酸龙脑酯、樟脑、龙脑等挥发性成分,另外非挥发性成分主要有多糖、黄酮苷类、有机酸类以及无机成分等。其药理作用研究大多集中在挥发油部分,目前发现砂仁的药理作用主要有胃肠保护功能、抗炎、镇痛、止泻、降血糖等。砂仁中成分的种类、含量受到基源、产地、部位等众多因素的影响。我们通过文献研究发现:阳春砂中含量最高的挥发性成分为乙酸龙脑酯,而海南砂、绿壳砂中含量最高的挥发性成分为樟脑。此外,广东阳春所产阳春砂主要挥发油成分含量较其他地方高,验证了阳春为阳春砂的道地产区,而西双版纳所产绿壳砂的主要挥发性成分含量最高,说明了西双版纳所产绿壳砂质量较优。本综述的分析总结为中药砂仁的进一步开发和利用奠定了理论基础。     

中国豆蔻属植物种子精油的主要化学成分及其与果实外部形态的相关性

本文报道中国产14种豆蔻属Amomum植物种子的精油化学成分并探讨其主要成分与果实外部形态之相关性。按其精油所含的主要化学成分及其含量,初步可划分为三个类型:一类以阳春砂仁为代表,主含乙酸龙脑酯和樟脑;一类以草果,白豆蔻为代表,主含1,8-桉叶油素,除药用外亦可作调料;第三类如九翅砂仁,长果砂仁等主含其它成分,均未正式入药。本文可供寻找新的砂仁药源作参考。     

浅议景观管理对云南阳春砂仁药物成份形成的重要性

阳春砂仁是我国四大南药之一,也是主要的调味品。阳春砂仁于1960年由广东引入云南西双版纳,现广泛种植于云南省热带区域。阳春砂仁含有以乙酸龙脑酯和樟脑为主的40～50种化学物质,具有提高胃酸分泌、促进胃肠动力、止泻利胆和镇痛抗炎等功效。在云南热带区域,砂仁主要传粉者为大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂,传粉蜂的传粉行为可提高砂仁的结果和结实。在云南热带区域,大量热带雨林转换成橡胶树和耕地等非自然生境,引起生态系统景观结构变化。大蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为社会性传粉昆虫,其种群数量易受环境干扰而变化。因此,云南热带砂仁种植区景观变化可能引起砂仁传粉蜂多样性和多度变化,从而影响砂仁药效成份的形成和含量。从理论上来看,目前并不清楚景观动态对砂仁药效的作用;在生产实践中,砂仁种植者并未考虑景观变化对砂仁药效形成的影响。本文总结已有的研究结论,在理论上提出云南砂仁种植区应综合考虑砂仁种植环境的景观调节因素,以保障昆虫传粉需求,促进砂仁药效成份的形成。     

中药砂仁挥发油化学成分及其抗菌活性(英文)

本研究将Bligh-Dyer溶剂提取法首次应用于植物挥发油的提取,通过GC-MS方法分析,从干燥成熟的砂仁种子和果壳四种挥发油提取物中共鉴定出138种化学成分,挥发油成分主要包括乙酸龙脑酯(5%～47%)、樟脑(4%～17%)、龙脑(1.5%～6%)、莰烯(0.2%～3%)、α-蒎烯(0.2%～3%)、β-蒎烯(0.2%～5%)以及α-柯巴烯(0.1%～2%)等,其中总烯类物质相对含量占总挥发油总成分的10%～40%。从该植物中首次鉴定出蓝桉醇、二环大根香叶烯、薄荷烯醇、二十三烷、二十四烷等新的化学成分35个。所得挥发油对部分真菌及细菌的抑制试验表明其对红色毛癣菌、须毛癣菌、石膏样小孢子癣菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌均表现出显著的抑制活性。因此,砂仁不仅可作为抗菌药物应用于临床,也可以作为食品原料或天然的食品防腐剂用于食品工业的生产。     

阳春砂仁(Amomum villosum)花气味传粉前后的变化及其生态意义

在植物有性繁殖中,花气味是吸引传粉昆虫到访,获得传粉、受精的重要化学信号。阳春砂仁(Amomum villosum)是我国四大南药之一,自然结实率低是限制其增产的瓶颈。探索阳春砂仁开花吸引传粉昆虫的化合物是解决结实率低的前提基础。因此,本研究采用动态顶空吸附法分别收集阳春砂仁传粉前后花释放的挥发物,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析鉴定其成分,对比研究两者间的异同,并分析其生态意义。结果表明:从阳春砂仁花释放的挥发物中共鉴定出22种化合物,主要由萜类、芳香族化合物和脂肪酸衍生物构成。传粉前后阳春砂仁花挥发物显著分化,肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、酞酸二乙酯、壬醛、双环吉马烯、2,3-二氢-4-甲基-呋喃、α-法尼烯和十三烷在昆虫传粉后消失,且γ-榄香烯、D-柠檬烯、β-水芹烯、α-蒎烯和2-十一酮在传粉后含量减少;传粉后新增2-甲基-5-(1-甲基乙基)-2-环己烷-1-酮、3,7-二甲基-1,6-辛二烯-3-醇和4-亚甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-双环[3.1.0]己烷,并且苯甲酸己酯、β-月桂烯、叔丁基对甲酚和4,7-二甲基-十一烷含量增加。这些传粉前后变化的物质可能是引起传粉昆虫行为反应的主要活性化合物,阳春砂仁花通过释放多种化合物,并依靠不同配比实现对传粉昆虫的吸引,其执行的是"泛化"的化学通讯策略。进一步筛选活性化合物,可为改善阳春砂仁传粉效率、增加其产量提供依据。     

毛华菊干花净油化学成分的研究

毛华菊的干花净油是一个有发展前景的香料。本文首次报告了对毛华菊净油化学成分的分析结果。我们利用气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用技术,气相色谱保留指数法,色谱标准品对照叠加等方法分析鉴定了毛华菊净油中47个已知化学成分。其中大多属于含氧的单萜、倍半萜及脂肪酸酯类化合物。含量较高的成分有1.8-桉叶油素、丁香烯、长叶烷、十四酸丁酯、十六酸乙酯、9-十八烯酸乙酯、9-十六烯酸、樟脑、癸酸乙酯、橙花醇、黑椒酚、芳樟醇、乙酸萜品酯、龙脑乙酸酯等。     

贵州宽叶缬草油的化学成分

贵州产宽叶缬草(Valeriana officinalis L.var.latifolia Miq.)油,用Finnigan4510型毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析,共检出了29个成分鉴定了其中21个成分,占全精油的92.33%,主要成分为乙酸龙脑酯,α-蒎烯,莰烯,β-蒎烯,柠檬烯,乙酸葛缕酯,二氢乙酸葛缕酯等。该油芬芳,适于调配烟用香精,亦用于调节器配食用香精和化妆品香精。     

贵州宽叶缬草油的化学成分

贵州产宽叶缬草(Valeriana officinalis L.var.latifolia Miq.)油,用Finnigan-4510型毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析,共检出了29个成分,鉴定了其中21个成分,占全精油的92.33％,主要成分为乙酸龙脑酯,α-蒎烯,莰烯,β-蒎烯,柠檬烯,乙酸葛缕酯,二氢乙酸葛缕酯等。该油芬芳,适于调配烟用香精,亦用于调配食用香精和化妆品香精。     

绿壳砂仁和阳春砂仁开花结实生物学特性的初步研究

本文报导绿壳砂仁和阳春砂仁开花结实的生物学特性,研究了开花结实与环境因子的关系,摸索了提高结实率的一些方法;同时对绿壳砂仁和阳春砂仁进行了初步杂交试验。     

Genomic relationships between Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy and D. hordeaceum (Cosson et Durieu) Candargy.

The origin and genomic constitution of the tetraploid perennial species Dasypyrum hordeaceum (2n = 4x = 28) and its phylogenetic relationships with the annual diploid Dasypyrum villosum (2n = 2x = 14) have been investigated by comparing the two genomes using different methods. There is no apparent homology between the conventional or Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of the two Dasypyrum species, nor can the karyotype of D. hordeaceum be split up into two similar sets. Polymorphism within several chromosome pairs was observed in both karyotypes. Cytophotometric determinations of the Feulgen-DNA absorptions showed that the genome size of D. hordeaceum was twice as large as that of D. villosum. Both the cross D. villosum x D. hordeaceum (crossability rate 12.1%) and the reciprocal cross (crossability rate 50.7%) produced plump seeds. Only those from the former cross germinated, producing sterile plants with a phenotype that was intermediate between those of the parents. In these hybrids (2n = 21), an average of 13.77 chromosomes per cell paired at meiotic metaphase I. Trivalents were only rarely observed. Through dot-blot hybridizations, a highly repeated DNA sequence of D. villosum was found not to be represented in the genome of D. hordeaceum. By contrast, very similar restriction patterns were observed when a low-repeated DNA sequence or different single-copy sequences of D. villosum or two sequences in the plastidial DNA of rice were hybridized to Southern blots of the genomic DNAs of the two Dasypyrum species digested with different restriction endonucleases. By analyzing glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase, superoxide dismutase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and esterase isozyme systems, it was shown that both Dasypyrum species shared the same phenotypes, which differed from those found in hexaploid wheat. In situ hybridizations using DNA sequences encoding gliadins showed that these genes were located close to the centromere of three pairs of D. villosum chromosomes and that they had the same locations in six pairs of D. hordeaceum chromosomes. We conclude that the autoploid origin of D. hordeaceum from D. villosum, which cannot be defended on the basis of chromosomal traits, is suggested by the other findings obtained by comparing the two genomes. Key words : Dasypyrum hordeaceum, Dasypyrum villosum, phylogenetic relationships.     

毛姜花油细胞原位拉曼光谱研究

为避免复杂的样品的制备及提取过程,最大限度避免精油活性成分变化,常温下,用拉曼光谱原位分析毛姜花油细胞中精油。样品切片后置于共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪下,用10倍物镜可观察到油细胞。油细胞精油的拉曼光谱与1,8-桉油精拉曼光谱非常相似。以毛姜花油细胞/1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰为序,较强峰出现在2928/2 921、647/652 cm~(-1),次强峰出现在540/545、808/813、915/920、926/930、1 012/1 016、1 075/1 080、1 270/1273、1 427/1 432 cm~(-1)。在油细胞中出现的强峰、次强峰与1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰一致,说明毛姜花油细胞中油的主要成分为1,8-桉油精。毛姜花油细胞的25条拉曼峰都与1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰有很好的对应关系。     

砂仁不同叶位叶片的光合作用和氧化胁迫

衰老时砂仁叶片Pmax降低,这与叶片Gs、Chi含量和可溶性蛋白质含量的降低有关.随着叶片的衰老,NPQ、AQY、F/Fm、φPsIl和qp均降低,热耗散减少,光抑制加剧,衰老后期出现光破坏.但这些参数下降的幅度均小于Pmax下降幅度.光暗反应失衡,活性氧生成增加.衰老初期(老化)叶片MDA含量没有升高,衰老中后期叶片MDA含量显著升高,表明老化叶片能有效地耗散或清除活性氧,衰老叶片则不能,尽管其sOD、APX和POD等抗氧化酶活力显著升高.上述结果表明砂仁叶片老化与氧化胁迫关系不大,衰老与氧化胁迫密切相关.     

Morphology,fertility and cytogenetics of intergeneric hybrid between Roegneria kamoji Ohwi and Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy (Poaceae: Triticeae)

The intergeneric hybrids between Roegneria kamoji Ohwi and Dasypyrum villosum (L.)Candargy were successfully obtained by means of embryo culture in vitro. Studies on morphology, fertility and chromosome pairing behavior in meiosis of the parents and their hybrid F_l were carried out in the present work. The results showed that: (1) there were ob vious morphological differences between R. kamoji and D. villosum, and spikes of F_l plants were morphologically intermediate between the two parental species; (2) the seed set of the cross was 11.63%; the hybrid plant was infertile, which indicated that strong repro ductive isolation existed between the parents and R. kamoji and D. villosum were inde pendent biological species; (3) The somatic chromosome number in root-tips of F_l hybrids was 28. Chromosome pairing at MI of PMCs in F_l hybrids was quite low. The meiotic con figuration was 26.72 Ⅰ + 0.62 Ⅱ + 0.02 Ⅲ, which indicated that very low homoeology was detected between the St, H, Y genomes of R. kamoji and the V genome of D. villo- sum, and the relationship between the parental species was remote.     

Essential oil composition of Eryngium rosulatum P.W. Michael ined.: A new undescribed species from eastern Australia

The essential oil composition from the aerial parts of a new Eryngium species from Australia, Eryngium rosulatum P.W. Michael ined., has been analysed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 34 compounds have been identified representing around 80% of the total oil. The main constituents of the oil were found to be β-elemene (16.0%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.5%). Other representative compounds were identified as δ-elemene (7.0%) and (E)-caryophyllene (5.9%). The sesquiterpene fraction (75.0%) was predominant in the essential oil of this species, most of these were hydrocarbons (53.8%). This paper represents the first study on this new, undescribed Australian species and its chemical composition.     

阳春砂仁的化学成分研究

从阳春砂仁Amomum villosum Lour.中分离得到14个化合物,经理化常数和波谱分析鉴定其结构分别为槲皮素(1)、槲皮苷(2)、异槲皮苷(3)、香草酸(4)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、胡萝卜苷(7)、豆甾醇(8)、麦角甾醇(9)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(10)、硬脂酸(11)、棕榈酸(12)、白附子脑苷B(13)和虎杖苷(14)。其中,化合物1、9、10、13和14为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Morphology, distribution, and chromosome counts of two varieties of Hedychium villosum (Zingiberaceae)

Polyploidy is a major mechanism of adaptation and speciation in plants. Two varieties of Hedychium villosum, var. villosum and var. tenuiflorum, primarily differ in plant and flower size. Chromosome number suggests that var. tenuiflorum is diploid (2n = 34) and var. villosum is tetraploid (2n = 68). Although the flowers of the two varieties do not have any difference in floral shape, each can be easily distinguished morphologically because the shoots, leaves, and flowers of the tetraploid var. villosum are consistently larger than the diploid var. tenuiflorum. The two varieties each possess distinct geographic ranges and habitats, and no sympatric distribution has been found.The tetraploid var. villosum has a broader geographic distribution range and more diverse ecological habitats than the diploid var. tenuiflorum. The two varieties are also completely reproductively isolated due to the non-overlap of their flowering times. The two varieties should be recognized as two distinct species as they fulfill the requirements of various species concepts. Thus, we suggested that the tetraploid var. villosum should be kept as Hedychium villosum and the diploid var. tenuiflorum should be renewed to Hedychium tenuiflorum.     

Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Laserpitium latifolium L. and L. ochridanum Micevski (Apiaceae)

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Laserpitium latifolium and L. ochridanum were investigated. The essential oils were isolated by steam distillation and characterized by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. All essential oils were distinguished by high contents of monoterpenes, and α‐pinene was the most abundant compound in the essential oils of L. latifolium underground parts and fruits (contents of 44.4 and 44.0%, resp.). The fruit essential oil was also rich in sabinene (26.8%). Regarding the L. ochridanum essential oils, the main constituents were limonene in the fruit oil (57.7%) and sabinene in the herb oil (25.9%). The antimicrobial activity of these essential oils as well as that of L. ochridanum underground parts, whose composition was reported previously, was tested by the broth‐microdilution method against four Gram‐positive and three Gram‐negative bacteria and two Candida albicans strains. Except the L. latifolium underground‐parts essential oil, the other investigated oils showed a high antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, or Candida albicans (minimal inhibitory concentrations of 13.0–73.0 μg/ml), comparable to or even higher than that of thymol, which was used as reference compound.     

Chemical Composition and Allelopathic,Phytotoxic and Pesticidal Activities of Atriplex cana Ledeb. (Amaranthaceae) Essential Oil

The chemical composition and allelopathic, phytotoxic and pesticidal activities of Atriplex cana Ledeb . (Amaranthaceae) essential oil were investigated. Nineteen compounds were identified via GC/MS, representing 82.3 % of the total oil, and the most abundant constituents were dibutyl phthalate (21.79 %), eucalyptol (20.14 %) and myrtenyl acetate (15.56 %). The results showed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by A. cana significantly inhibited seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Poa annua L., and 80 g of fresh stems and leaves of A. cana in a 1.5 L airtight container almost completely suppressed the seed germination of both plants. Meanwhile, 5 μg/mL essential oil completely inhibited the seed germination of A. retroflexus, Medicago sativa L., P. annua and Echinochloa crusgalli L. Pesticidal testing revealed that the essential oil had strong behavioral avoidance and lethal effects on Aphis pomi DeGeer . Five microliters of essential oil/Petri dish treatment resulted in an 84.5 % mortality rate after 12 h, and the mortality rate reached nearly 100 % after 48 h. This report is the first one on the chemical composition as well as the biological activity of the essential oil of A. cana, and our results indicate that the oil is valuable in terms of being further exploited as a bioherbicide/insecticide.     

Chemical composition of hips essential oils of some Rosa L. species

The chemical composition of the hips essential oils of 9 taxa of Rosa L. was analyzed and compared using the standardized analytical GC and GC/MS methods. The volatile hips oil compositions for these species are presented. All oil samples were dominated by following components: vitispiran (isomer), a-E-acaridial, dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, docosane (C22), beta-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-heptanone, heptanal, myristic acid and linolic acid. Statistical analyses of 97 GC peaks of these oils were used to distinguish compositional patterns. There appeared to be correlation between the essential oil patterns and the classification within Rosa L. Cluster analysis of the composition of main components clearly showed two groups, one constituted by R. rugosa Thunb. from the Cinnamomea section, and the other constituted by the remaining taxa from the Caninae section.