北亚热带3种典型森林群落对降水中氮、磷、硫的截留及分配特征

森林群落在净化空气、截留沉降污染物、改善地表水质等方面具有重要作用。本研究以北亚热带地区3种典型森林群落（毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林）为研究对象,通过分析沉降污染物（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-）在大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流中的浓度和通量变化特征,探讨不同森林群落对氮、磷、硫的截留净化作用和分配特征。结果表明,该区域大气降水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-年均浓度分别为1.06、0.61、0.04、0.07、1.84 mg/L,其年均pH为5.88;各森林群落林冠层能够调升降雨的pH且全年稳定,对TP和NH₄⁺-N均有吸附作用,截留率分别为79.09%-84.68%和30.88%-69.36%;而枯落物层则是林下氮、磷、硫的主要释放源,对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TP和SO₄^2-均具有淋溶作用;此外,由地表径流（输出）与大气降水（输入）的对比分析可知,各林地对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留率均超过98%;3种森林群落对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留能力依次为：青冈阔叶林 > 毛竹林 > 杉木林,阔叶林对沉降污染物的净化能力要高于毛竹林及针叶的杉木林。     

气提式内循环硝化反应器运行性能的研究

气提式内循环反应器具有很好的生物硝化性能,能承受高进水氨浓度（78.49mmol/L）,具有高容积转化效率（163.18 mmol/L·d）,运行性能稳定（氨去除率保持在94.42%以上）。在气提式内循环反应器的运行过程中,可产生硝化颗粒污泥。颗粒污泥开始出现的时间约为45d,颗粒污泥的粒径平均值0.83 mm,沉降速度55.53m/h,氨氧化活性0.95mmol (NH⁺₄-N)/g(VS)·d。硝化颗粒污泥也具有厌氧氨氧化活性,氨氧化速率0.23mmol (NH⁺₄-N)/g(VS)·d,亚硝酸还原速率0.24mmol (NO^-₂-N)/g(VS)·d。     

氮素形态对杉木幼苗侧根生长和叶片光合特性的影响

以3月龄的杉木实生苗为试验材料,分析了不同氮素形态——硝态氮(NO₃^- N)、铵态氮(NH4⁺ N)和硝酸铵(NH₄NO₃)(氮素浓度均为3 mmol·L^-1)对杉木幼苗侧根生长、叶片光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以揭示杉木幼苗对不同形态氮的偏好性,以及不同形态氮肥下杉木幼苗侧根生长和光合生理的响应特征,为杉木苗期氮肥管理提供理论依据。结果显示：(1)不同氮素形态对杉木幼苗地上部和侧根生物量具有显著影响,其中NH₄⁺ N处理下幼苗地上部和侧根生物量最大,NO₃^- N处理次之,而NH₄NO₃处理最小。(2)NH₄⁺ N和NO₃^- N处理下杉木幼苗总根长、根系总表面积和根系总体积均显著高于NH₄NO₃处理(P＜0.05),且NH₄⁺ N处理又显著高于NO₃^- N处理,但不同氮形态处理间侧根数量差异不显著。(3)NH₄⁺ N处理下杉木幼苗叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率明显高于NO₃^- N和NH₄NO₃处理,但NO₃^- N和NH₄NO₃处理之间无明显差异。(4)NH₄⁺ N处理下杉木叶片初始荧光强度低于NO₃^- N处理,而最大荧光强度、可变荧光强度和PSⅡ潜在活性却高于全硝氮和硝铵氮处理。上述结果表明,NH₄⁺ N处理不仅有利于杉木幼苗侧根生长发育,且其叶片具有较强的光合能力,较高的PSⅡ中心稳定性、光化学活性以及电子传递效率,从而更有利于植株生长。因此,从根系生长和光合特性来看,杉木幼苗对铵态氮具有偏好性。     

蚯蚓对湿地植物光合特性及净化污水能力的影响

以香蒲、芦苇和美人蕉为研究对象,并以土壤+沙子+有机质混合物为供试基质模拟人工湿地处理污水,采用向基质中加入蚯蚓与未加入蚯蚓2种处理。研究加入蚯蚓后,香蒲、芦苇和美人蕉光合速率、蒸腾速率、SPAD值和水分蒸发、蒸腾量的变化及其对净化污水能力的影响。结果表明:与未加入蚯蚓相比,加入蚯蚓后,香蒲、芦苇和美人蕉的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、SPAD值和水分蒸发、蒸腾量均增加,其中芦苇的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分蒸发、蒸腾量增加达到显著水平(P <0.05),而香蒲的水分蒸发、蒸腾量增加也达到显著水平(P <0.05);加入蚯蚓后,香蒲、芦苇和美人蕉对COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP的去除率均增加,且香蒲和芦苇对COD_Mn的去除率显著增加 (P <0.05)。加入蚯蚓后,香蒲、芦苇和美人蕉的SPAD值均增加,说明蚯蚓能提高湿地植物对氮的吸收,增加植株中的氮含量,促进湿地植物的光合速率和蒸腾速率从而提高对污水的净化能力。     

中国西北典型冰川区大气氮素沉降量的估算——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

高寒冰川区氮素沉降量的变化会对区域生态系统产生显著影响,定量评估冰川区的氮沉降状况可以为修正相关模型提供重要的原始数据。通过2004年1月至2006年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川连续采样,分析了中国西北典型冰川区大气氮素的沉降特征,并估算了该区域的年均氮素沉降量。研究结果表明,1号冰川湿沉降中的硝态氮 (NO₃^--N)、铵态氮 (NH₄⁺-N) 与总无机氮 (TIN) 存在着明显的季节变化特征:夏季沉降量最大,冬季最少,且与降水量表现出较好的对应关系。1号冰川氮素湿沉降的硝铵比 (NO₃^--N / NH₄⁺-N) 月平均值在0.3-1间波动。1号冰川TIN湿沉降量年平均值为1.51 kg/hm² (其中NH₄⁺-N沉降量占总量的69%,而NO₃^--N沉降量仅占31%),干湿沉降总量年均值为1.56 kg/hm²,总氮 (TN) 的干湿沉降总量年均值为3.85 kg/hm²。得到的冰川区氮素沉降量符合中国西部高寒区的一般水平,代表了该区域的本底值。     

草坪系统对城市降雨初期径流氮污染控制作用

为了控制城市旅游区降雨径流污染,在武汉动物园鹿苑区构建草坪系统,研究了草坪系统对城市降雨初期径流氮污染的控制与持留作用。结果表明：草坪系统使预处理后降雨径流中的总氮（TN）、溶解态总氮（DN）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度分别降低16.0％、13.9％和75.6％;草坪系统对氮素的持留率为NH₄⁺-N>90%、TN、DN>65％、硝态氮 (NO₃^--N)>5％;水力负荷显著影响TN出水浓度和处理效率,进水浓度相近、水力负荷从3.3 cm·d^-1升高到8.3 cm·d^-1,TN去除率由28.0%降低至19.8%;草坪宽度影响污染物出水浓度,NH₄⁺-N浓度随着草坪宽度增加而下降,而NO₃^--N浓度变化趋势与之相反,DN在流程10 m处出现最低值。草坪系统在净化降雨初期径流的同时利用了营养盐和水资源,降低了草坪维护的水肥投入。     

柠条锦鸡儿生物量分配规律与异速生长对氮、磷添加的响应

氮（N）和磷（P）元素在生态系统的结构和功能、稳定性、服务价值和可持续发展中起着关键作用。但自工业革命以来，全球气候变化受人类活动影响愈加剧烈。气候变化不同程度的影响干旱和半干旱区的氮磷循环过程，进而改变植物个体生物量积累以及植被生产力。因此，探究荒漠植物的生物量积累与分配规律对氮、磷添加的响应机制，有助于深入理解干旱区植物应对大气氮磷沉降等气候变化的适应策略。以荒漠植物柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii Kom.，以下简称柠条）为研究对象，通过养分添加控制实验研究柠条地上/地下生物量的积累和分配，揭示其异速生长规律。实验包括3种形态的氮素添加（NH₄⁺、NH₄NO₃、NO₃^-）和1种磷素添加（H₂PO₄^-），分别对应4个浓度梯度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²、16 g/m²和32 g/m²）。结果表明，NO₃^-添加对柠条生物量有显著影响，但不同浓度对柠条生物量的影响无显著差异；单独的NH₄⁺添加对柠条地上/地下部分生长都具有显著抑制作用，且抑制作用与添加浓度呈显著的正相关关系；NH₄NO₃添加初期对柠条地上/地下生物量均具有促进作用，但这种促进作用会随着柠条生长和后期NH₄NO₃添加浓度的增加而消失；高浓度NH₄NO₃添加量（32 g/m²）会抑制柠条的生长。低浓度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²）外源氮添加会使柠条的生物量主要优先配给地下部分；磷添加则会使柠条的生物量分配策略向地上部分倾斜。综上所述，研究结果表明柠条改变地上和地下的生物量分配策略以响应氮或/和磷沉降。这一结论不仅增强了我们对植物生长策略的认识，而且有助于我们揭示全球气候变化条件下干旱地区土壤与植物之间的氮、磷循环和转化。     

膜-生物硝化反应器处理含氨废水效能的研究

研究了膜 生物硝化反应器对含氨废水的处理效能以及分离膜的截留和渗透效能。膜_生物反应器启动迅速 ,在水力停留时间为 1d的情况下 ,反应器最高进水浓度达 80mmol(NH₄⁺-N)·L^-1 ,最高容积负荷达 1 12kg(NH₄⁺ -N)·m^-3·d^-1 ,氨氮去除率保持在 95%以上。试验证明 ,分离膜对微生物有良好的截留作用 ,50天内反应器的污泥浓度从 5g·L^-1 增长到 10g·L^-1 ,分离膜表面附着的生物层则对废水氨氮和亚硝氮有进一步的转化作用。在液位差低于 80cm时 ,提高液位差可增大膜渗透通量 ;液位差超过 80cm后 ,增大液位差的膜渗透通量效应很小 ;其中 ,当液位差为 2 0cm左右时 ,膜通量达 2 . 5 1L·m^-2 ·h^-1 ,阻力最小 [(2 . 6 3× 10^-5)m^-1]。该膜_生物硝化反应器可依靠液位差压力驱动出水 ,无需外加动力。     

厌氧氨氧化菌特性及其在生物脱氮中的应用*

在无分子氧环境中,同时存在NH₄⁺和NO₂^-时,NH₄⁺作为反硝化的无机电子供体,NO₂^-作为电子受体,生成氮气,这一过程称为厌氧氨氧化。目前已经发现了3种厌氧氨氧化菌(Brocadia anamm oxidans,Kuenenia stuttgartiensis,Scalindua sorokinii);对厌氧氨氧化     

温度和水分变化对冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响

以大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地为研究对象,通过室内模拟增温实验,研究温度升高对不同深度（0-150 cm）土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。同时针对0-20 cm和20-40 cm土壤设置两个水分处理,分别为土壤原始含水量和淹水状态,研究水分变化对表层土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-60 cm）、过渡层（60-80 cm）、永冻层（80-100 cm）中nifH、nirK基因丰度,温度升高显著提高了活动层（0-40 cm）和过渡层（60-80 cm）中nirS基因丰度。温度升高显著提高了过渡层（60-80 cm）NH₄⁺-N和较深永冻层（140-150 cm）NO₃^--N的含量,但降低了过渡层（60-80 cm）NO₃^--N和较深永冻层（120-150 cm）NH₄⁺-N的含量,相关性分析表明,NH₄⁺-N含量与nifH和nirS基因丰度呈显著正相关,NO₃^--N含量与nirK基因丰度呈显著正相关,说明温度升高能够通过改变微生物丰度促进过渡层固氮作用和反硝化作用。在增温条件下,淹水处理使表层土壤nirS和nirK基因丰度及NH₄⁺-N含量降低,但提高了NO₃^--N含量,说明淹水造成了过度还原的条件使反硝化底物浓度降低,降低反硝化微生物活性进而抑制了土壤反硝化作用。该结果对于明确未来气候变化影响下冻土区泥炭地土壤氮循环过程具有重要意义。     

Chemical oxygen demand,nitrogen and phosphorus removal by subsurface wetlands with Phragmites vegetation in different models

To improve the removal efficiency of subsurface wetlands vegetated mainly by Phragmites, pilot‐scale gravel‐based wetlands were used to treat sewage characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution. For Phragmites vegetation, COD, TP and TN removal loads of wetland vegetation with Phragmites australis–Typha angustata–Scirpus validus as main species reached 0.517 g m^?2 d^?1, 0.277 g P m^?2 d^?1 and 0.023 g N m^?2 d^?1. The COD removal loads in pilot‐scale and medium‐scale (260 m² in area) wetlands with Phragmites‐monoculture vegetation were 0.62–0.64 g m^?2 d^?1, while that of P. australis–T. angustata–S. validus wetland reached 0.974 g m^?2 d^?1. Thus, the preferable poly‐culture model for Phragmites wetland vegetation was P. australis, T. angustata, S. validus and Zizania latifolia with stem density ratio of 8:1:5:1. After harvest, nitrogen and phosphorus standing stocks of wetland vegetations ranged only 2.2–9.93 g N m^?2 and 5.39–13.5 g P m^?2, respectively, as both the above ground biomass and the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the wetland vegetation harvested in late autumn were low.     

Nutrient removal in constructed microcosm wetlands for treating polluted river water in northern China

River water pollution is increasingly widespread in northern China and can lead to problems with the drinking water for the residents if not properly treated. Constructed wetlands are a promising solution and have become increasingly popular in China. In this study the nutrient removal and plant uptake in constructed microcosm wetlands vegetated with Typha orientalis, Phragmites australis, Scirpus validus and Iris pseudacorus for treating simulated polluted river water in northern China were investigated. The performance of the treatment systems from April to November was assessed. The maximum TN, NH₄-N and TP removal efficiencies were 68%, 93% and 67%, respectively. And the maximum nutrient uptake by plants constituted 51.89% of the N removal and 34.17% of the P removal throughout the trial. S. validus and I. pseudacorus have a higher nutrient uptake capacity and are preferred species from a treatment perspective in constructed wetland in northern China.     

基于湿地植物光谱的水体总氮估测

利用再生水补充城市湿地是目前湿地恢复与重建的主要方向,然而再水中高浓度的氮、磷含量极易导致水体富营养化。遥感技术已成为富营养化监测的重要手段,但对于植被覆盖水域的富营养化直接探测存在一定的局限性。以北京市典型再生水补水湿地奥林匹克公园南园湿地为研究区,利用湿地植物光谱进行水体富营养化主控因子总氮的遥感探测。测定芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia)的叶片光谱及水体总氮含量,在对数据进行预处理的基础上建立二者的关系模型,包括单变量模型(比值光谱指数(SR)模型和归一化差值光谱指数(ND)模型),与多变量模型(逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)模型和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)模型),并利用交叉验证决定系数(R2cv)和均方根误差(RMSEcv)进行模型精度检验。结果表明,不同回归模型相比,多变量回归模型精度较高;多变量回归模型中,PLSR模型精度较高,R2cv可达0.72,RMSEcv仅为0.24,是建立湿地植物光谱与水体总氮含量关系的最优模型。不同湿地植物类型相比,利用芦苇反射光谱建立的各种预测模型的精度都高于香蒲。其他环境因子(总磷)也是影响TN含量与湿地植物反射光谱关系的重要因素。研究成果可以弥补现有水体富营养化遥感探测的不足,并为再生水利用的城市湿地水质监测与管理提供有力的科学依据。     

Nitrogen removal from secondary effluent by using integrated constructed wetland system

The treatment capacity of an integrated constructed wetland system (CWS) that was designed to reduce nitrogen (N) from secondary effluent was explored. The integrated CWS consisted of vertical-flow constructed wetland, floating bed and sand filter. The vertical-flow wetland was filled with gravel, steel slag and peat from the bottom to the top. Vetiver zizanioides was selected to grow in the vertical-flow constructed wetland and Coix lacrymajobi L. was grown in the floating bed. The results showed that the integrated CWS displayed superior removal efficiency for nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻-N), and total nitrogen (TN). The average NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal efficiencies of the integrated CWS were 98.83%, 95.60%, 98.05% and 92.41%, respectively, during the whole experimental operation. The integrated CWS may have a good potential for removing N from secondary effluent.     

Comparison of the treatment performances of blast furnace slag-based and gravel-based vertical flow wetlands operated identically for domestic wastewater treatment in Turkey

In 2001, to foster the practical development of constructed wetlands (CWs) used for domestic wastewater treatment in Turkey, vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (30 m² of each) were implemented on the campus of the METU, Ankara, Turkey. The main objective of the research was to quantify the effect of different filter media on the treatment performance of vertical flow wetlands in the prevailing climate of Ankara. Thus, a gravel-filled wetland and a blast furnace granulated iron slag-filled wetland were operated identically with primarily treated domestic wastewater (3 m³ d⁻¹) at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.100 m d⁻¹, intermittently. Both of the wetland cells were planted with Phragmites australis. According to the first year results, average removal efficiencies for the slag and gravel wetland cells were as follows: total suspended solids (TSS) (63% and 59%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (47% and 44%), NH₄⁺–N (88% and 53%), total nitrogen (TN) (44% and 39%), PO₄³⁻-P (44% and 1%) and total phosphorus (TP) (45% and 4%). The treatment performances of the slag-filled wetland were better than that of the gravel-filled wetland in terms of removal of phosphorus and production of nitrate. Since this study was a pioneer for implementation of subsurface constructed wetlands in Turkey using local sources, it has proved that this eco-technology could also be used effectively for water quality enhancement in Turkey.     

三江平原不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳组分及含量差异

土壤活性有机碳对土壤干扰的反应较快,是土壤有机碳早期变化的敏感性指标。近50年来,三江平原湿地土壤有机碳库受农事活动影响较大。为了探讨不同湿地类型土壤活性有机碳主要组分土壤可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、微生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和易氧化有机碳(Easily oxidized organic carbon,EOC)的分布差异及主要影响因子,选择了三江平原洪河自然保护区4种典型的湿地类型(小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地)为研究对象。分析了不同湿地类型土壤可溶性有机碳,微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳在0—30 cm土层内的分布特征和分配比例及其与有机碳、土壤养分和酶活性指标(蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和过氧化氢酶)之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4种湿地类型土壤DOC、MBC和EOC含量均随土层深度的增加而减少。不同湿地类型之间土壤活性有机碳含量在0—30 cm土层内存在显著性差异(P0.05),相对于长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地而言,未淹水的小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地具有较高的DOC,MBC和EOC含量。(2)土壤DOC、MBC和EOC占有机碳比例分别为0.27%—0.63%,1.27%—5.94%和19.63%—41.25%。土壤DOC所占比例呈先增后减的变化趋势,最大的比例均出现在10—20 cm。MBC所占比例在土壤剖面上则未表现出一致的变化规律,而EOC所占比例则随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。(3)土壤DOC占SOC比例以小叶章湿地最高,MBC和EOC占SOC的比例则以小叶章+沼柳湿地最高。而长期淹水的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地则具有更低的DOC,MBC和EOC比例。(4)综合分析表明,4种湿地类型土壤DOC,MBC和EOC两两之间存在极显著相关性关系,它们除了与碳氮比相关性不显著外,与土壤有机碳,全氮,全磷养分和酶活性指标间相关性均达到极显著水平,尤其是与有机碳和全氮的相关性系数更高,此外DOC与纤维素酶,MBC与过氧化氢酶相关性更大。由此可见,土壤碳氮磷养分和酶活性是影响土壤活性有机碳组分分布的重要因素。     

河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

Effect of plant and artificial aeration on solids accumulation and biological activities in constructed wetlands

In constructed wetlands, solids accumulation may have two consequences with opposing effects on treatment efficiency: it decreases the longevity by reducing void space and it enhances biological activity by favoring biofilm development. The goal of our study was to estimate the effect of plants (presence and species) and artificial aeration on solids accumulation (volatile and inorganic). The horizontal and vertical distribution of solids was sampled using solids traps in 12 constructed wetland mesocosms (5 years old). Microbial density and activity were estimated in the biological fraction of the sampled solids. The effect of plant presence reduced accumulated solids by 26% and sulphide content by 50% sulphide content. There was more solids accumulation in Typha angustifolia units than in Phragmites australis. Also, T. angustifolia generated more biological activities at the surface and close to the inlet while conditions were more homogeneous throughout P. australis units. Aeration (1) stimulated biofilm development at the inlet of planted beds, (2) seemed to reduce mineral matter accumulation and (3) generated the same pattern of activities in planted beds enabling to reach a total nitrogen removal rate of up to 0.65 g N m^?2 d^?1.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetland microcosms: Effect of feeding strategies

The effects of continuous and intermittent feeding strategies on nitrogen removal and N₂O emission from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands were evaluated in this study. Microcosm wetlands planted with Phragmites australis were constructed and operated with different feeding strategies for the 4-month experiment. Results showed the intermittent feeding strategy could enhance the removal of ammonium effectively in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands, although it had no significant effect for the surface flow wetlands. And the intermittent feeding mode could promote the emission of N₂O. The amount of N₂O-N emission from the subsurface flow constructed wetlands with intermittent feeding mode was about 5 times higher than that with continuous feeding strategy and the emission rate ranged from 0.09 ± 0.03 to 7.33 ± 1.49 mg/m²/h. Compared with the surface flow constructed wetlands, the N₂O emission in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands was affected significantly by the intermittent feeding mode.