豆蔻酸和棕榈酸诱导茄子根际拮抗菌与黄萎菌数量消长的关系

以气质联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定的嫁接茄与自根茄根系分泌物主要差异成分豆蔻酸和棕榈酸,利用它们的模拟物质研究了其对茄子根际土壤黄萎菌拮抗真菌与细菌数量和根际土壤黄萎菌数量的影响,明确了两模拟成分对茄子根际拮抗真菌和拮抗细菌的诱导作用及对黄萎菌数量抑制效果。同时,进一步分析了茄子根际拮抗真菌与细菌数总和与根际土壤黄萎菌数量的相关性。结果表明豆蔻酸和棕榈酸处理,茄子根际拮抗真菌和细菌数量均有所增加,在中高浓度下拮抗真菌和细菌数量增加显著。两物质处理下拮抗真菌与细菌数量在开花期和结果期增加显著。两物质对茄子根际黄萎菌数量的影响,整体来说,随两模拟组分浓度的增加土壤黄萎菌数量有所减少,各时期表现有所差异,在开花期两物质处理显著减少了黄萎菌数量。相关性分析表明豆蔻酸和棕榈酸处理下茄子根际拮抗真菌与细菌总量与根际黄萎菌数量呈显著的负相关性。说明嫁接通过改变茄子根系分泌物成分与对茄子根际土壤黄萎菌拮抗菌的诱导有一定关系。     

嫁接茄根系分泌物与抗黄萎病的关系及其组分分析

探讨了嫁接对茄子土传病害黄萎病抗性的影响,采用浸根法收集茄子根系分泌物,并利用气-质联用技术检测了根系分泌物的组分和含量,测定了茄子根系分泌物及其模拟化感物质对黄萎菌菌丝生长的化感作用,分析嫁接后茄子根系分泌物的组成差异,探讨了嫁接茄抗病性与其根系分泌物成分的关系。结果表明:嫁接使茄子发病率显著降低。土壤黄萎菌数量随发育时期的推进而显著低于自根茄。嫁接茄根系分泌物对黄萎菌菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。GC-MS检测结果显示,嫁接换根使茄子根系分泌物的组成成分发生一定的改变,嫁接根系分泌物中检测到了烃类、酯类、醇类、酚类、酮类、苯类和胺类物质,其中苯、醇和胺类在ZG中未检测到。但嫁接茄也缺少自根茄中检测到的炔类和菲啶。酚类公认的化感物质含量表现出自根茄大于嫁接茄。模拟物质对黄萎菌菌丝生长的影响表明:邻苯二甲酸二丁酯表现出在0.05 0.5 mmol.L-1浓度范围随浓度增加抑制作用增强,后随浓度增加抑制作用有所减弱。而豆蔻酸和棕榈酸均表现出随浓度增加先促进后抑制黄萎菌菌丝的生长。     

嫁接茄子根系分泌物变化及其对黄萎菌的影响

采用番茄为砧木嫁接茄子,经过GC-MS检测,研究了黄萎菌胁迫前后嫁接对茄子植株根系次生代谢的影响。通过比较黄萎菌胁迫前后茄子根系次生代谢物质的变化,探讨了嫁接在胁迫前后对植株根系次生代谢的调节作用,并对嫁接茄根系分泌物中丁二酸二甲酯对茄子黄萎菌及茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感效应进行了研究。结果表明,黄萎菌胁迫前,嫁接影响了根系的次生代谢物质的分泌,表现为物质种类和数量的增加,各类物质相对含量改变。嫁接茄子根系分泌物中检测出9大类、66种物质,比自根茄处理多出4大类、33种物质。黄萎菌胁迫时,嫁接茄子田间表现出明显的抗病性;进一步对根系分泌物进行检测发现,嫁接茄根系分泌物中物质种类和相对含量与自根茄处理相比均有显著差别;嫁接茄根系分泌物中烃和酚醇类物质相对含量分别增加了3.25%和0.07%,苯类、茚类和脂肪酸酯类物质相对含量降低,降幅分别为2.62%、0.26%和0.07%。新出现了胺类物质,芴类物质。黄萎菌胁迫前后茄子根系次生代谢物质成分同样发生了变化。与接菌前嫁接茄子植株根系分泌物相比,接菌后嫁接处理的苯类、茚类、酚醇类和胺类物质相对含量增加,增幅分别为22.07%、1.72%、1.21%和0.34%;烃类和脂肪酸酯类物质相对含量降低了1.28%和21.75%;酮类、咔唑类和芴类物质消失。新增物质中以丁二酸二甲酯的相对含量最高,达14.38%。随后的生物检测结果显示,丁二酸二甲酯能够提高茄子田间抗病性,对黄萎菌菌丝生长起化感抑制作用,并促进了茄子种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,随着处理浓度升高作用效果增强,并在1 mmol/L处理时达到最佳作用效果。     

不同抗病性茄子根系分泌物对黄萎菌的化感作用

以不同抗病性茄子为试材,即抗病类型Solanum tor、S.sis,耐病类型立原紫茄,感病类型西安绿茄,研究了不同茄子品种抗黄萎病特性,根际微生物结构与黄萎菌数量的变化,茄子根系分泌物对黄萎菌的化感作用,并利用GC-MS对根系分泌物的成分进行了鉴定。结果表明：抗病类型的根系分泌物既可以直接影响黄萎菌的生长、发育,又可以通过调节土壤微生物种群结构间接影响黄萎菌的生长,达到抗病效果。而感病类型则正相反。推断这可能是因为抗病类型根系分泌物中存在醇类、胺类、吡喃类、芴类等特异物质,而感病类型根系分泌物中酮类、酚类、酯类、酚酸类物质种类或含量较高。     

不同连作年限土壤对茄子土壤生物学活性的影响及其嫁接调节

探讨了不同连作年限土壤对茄子根际土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性的影响及其相关性和嫁接对重要相关因子的调节作用。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,茄子根际土壤细菌数量和放线菌数量呈下降趋势,真菌数量呈增加趋势;根际土壤中的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶的活性呈降低趋势;土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性之间有显著的相关性。其中过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶是影响根际土壤中细菌和放线菌数量的主要因子,蛋白酶是影响根际土壤中真菌数量的主要因子。嫁接能提高土壤酶活性,缓解连作土壤带来的胁迫。     

苦参腐解物对酚酸类物质胁迫下茄子生长和根际土壤微生物活性的影响

研究了盆栽条件下添加苦参腐解物对酚酸物质(香草醛和肉桂酸)胁迫下茄子生长及根际土壤微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的影响。与对照相比,苦参腐解物处理促进了酚酸作用下茄子的株高和茎粗生长,增加了茄子土壤微生物的种群数量,尤其增加了细菌和放线菌数量。随着外源香草醛和肉桂酸浓度的增加,细菌和放线菌数量先增大后减小,而真菌数量先降低后增加;同时,茄子根际土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶的活性均高于对照,呈先增大后降低的变化趋势。     

嫁接茄的黄萎病抗性与根际土壤生物学活性的关系

以野生茄托鲁巴姆(Solanum torvum)和刺茄(S.surattense)为砧木,西安绿茄(smelongena)为接穗,研究了嫁接茄的抗黄萎病效果及其根际土壤微生物种群数量和酶活性变化,探讨了嫁接茄的抗病性与根际土壤生物学活性的关系.结果表明:嫁接茄的抗病效果明显,其根际微生物种群数量及所占比例、根际土壤酶活性均发生了改变,且不同生育时期存在一定的动态变化.总体看,嫁接茄的抗病性增强,与其根际放线菌数量增加、放线菌数量与真菌数量的比值提高,根际土壤脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性提高有关.     

伊贝根际微生物分布与西贝素的相关性

分析了伊犁贝母不同生育期(返青期、显蕾期、盛花期和收获期)根际、非根际可培养土壤微生物动态变化,探讨了根际土壤微生物与西贝素含量之间的相关性。结果表明,在伊犁贝母的生长发育期,根际和非根际土壤微生物数量的分布规律是:细菌放线菌真菌。除了显蕾期非根际真菌数量大于根际以外,其他生长时期根际细菌、放线菌和真菌数量远远大于非根际,细菌根际效益明显。盛花期根际土壤中细菌和真菌数量达到了最多。土壤真菌与西贝素含量呈极显著正相关。     

分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长及根际土壤微生物的影响

以不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱为供体,黄瓜为受体,研究了分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长、根际土壤微生物数量及细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明:不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物对黄瓜幼苗生长均具有促进作用,且随着浓度的升高,促进作用增强,相同浓度下,化感潜力强、弱供体之间差异不显著;不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物均增加了黄瓜根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量,降低了真菌和尖镰孢菌数量,化感潜力强的品种(L-06)效果更显著;不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱根系分泌物均能提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落丰富度,差异条带的序列片段经比对推测为3大细菌类群:Actinobacteria(放线菌纲)、Proteobacteria(变形菌纲)和Anaerolineaceae(厌氧绳菌纲),其中厌氧绳菌只出现在化感潜力强(L-06)的处理中.化感潜力强(L-06)、浓度高(10 mL·株-1)的分蘖洋葱根系分泌物更有利于黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落丰富度的提高.     

嫁接茄子根系分泌物的化感效应

采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了不同砧木、不同浓度和不同生育期嫁接茄子根系分泌物的化感效应.结果表明,嫁接茄根系分泌物与自根茄相比,促进了茄子种子的萌发和幼苗生长.各砧木品种嫁接茄根系分泌物的化感效应显著或极显著高于对照,其中发芽率和苗高最高,增加29.1%和37.1%;不同浓度试验结果呈现“低促高抑”的规律,当浓度为0.04g·ml^-1时发芽率最高,比对照增加50%,当浓度增加到0.24g·ml^-1时,根长比对照降低了30.3%;在生长后期嫁接茄的根系分泌物对种子萌发的促进作用小于前中期,而自根茄抑制作用增强.因此,生产中使用嫁接技术是缓解由自毒作用引起的连作障碍的有效方法之一.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.