嫁接茄子根系分泌物变化及其对黄萎菌的影响

采用番茄为砧木嫁接茄子,经过GC-MS检测,研究了黄萎菌胁迫前后嫁接对茄子植株根系次生代谢的影响。通过比较黄萎菌胁迫前后茄子根系次生代谢物质的变化,探讨了嫁接在胁迫前后对植株根系次生代谢的调节作用,并对嫁接茄根系分泌物中丁二酸二甲酯对茄子黄萎菌及茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感效应进行了研究。结果表明,黄萎菌胁迫前,嫁接影响了根系的次生代谢物质的分泌,表现为物质种类和数量的增加,各类物质相对含量改变。嫁接茄子根系分泌物中检测出9大类、66种物质,比自根茄处理多出4大类、33种物质。黄萎菌胁迫时,嫁接茄子田间表现出明显的抗病性;进一步对根系分泌物进行检测发现,嫁接茄根系分泌物中物质种类和相对含量与自根茄处理相比均有显著差别;嫁接茄根系分泌物中烃和酚醇类物质相对含量分别增加了3.25%和0.07%,苯类、茚类和脂肪酸酯类物质相对含量降低,降幅分别为2.62%、0.26%和0.07%。新出现了胺类物质,芴类物质。黄萎菌胁迫前后茄子根系次生代谢物质成分同样发生了变化。与接菌前嫁接茄子植株根系分泌物相比,接菌后嫁接处理的苯类、茚类、酚醇类和胺类物质相对含量增加,增幅分别为22.07%、1.72%、1.21%和0.34%;烃类和脂肪酸酯类物质相对含量降低了1.28%和21.75%;酮类、咔唑类和芴类物质消失。新增物质中以丁二酸二甲酯的相对含量最高,达14.38%。随后的生物检测结果显示,丁二酸二甲酯能够提高茄子田间抗病性,对黄萎菌菌丝生长起化感抑制作用,并促进了茄子种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,随着处理浓度升高作用效果增强,并在1 mmol/L处理时达到最佳作用效果。     

不同抗病性茄子根系分泌物对黄萎菌的化感作用

以不同抗病性茄子为试材,即抗病类型Solanum tor、S.sis,耐病类型立原紫茄,感病类型西安绿茄,研究了不同茄子品种抗黄萎病特性,根际微生物结构与黄萎菌数量的变化,茄子根系分泌物对黄萎菌的化感作用,并利用GC-MS对根系分泌物的成分进行了鉴定。结果表明：抗病类型的根系分泌物既可以直接影响黄萎菌的生长、发育,又可以通过调节土壤微生物种群结构间接影响黄萎菌的生长,达到抗病效果。而感病类型则正相反。推断这可能是因为抗病类型根系分泌物中存在醇类、胺类、吡喃类、芴类等特异物质,而感病类型根系分泌物中酮类、酚类、酯类、酚酸类物质种类或含量较高。     

嫁接对茄子连作土壤生物活性及种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了嫁接茄根系分泌物对黄萎菌菌丝生长的影响,嫁接对茄子根际土壤黄萎菌数量、酶活性和微生物种群数量影响及嫁接正重茬土壤水提液对茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：在培养4～5 d,嫁接茄根系分泌物显著抑制了黄萎菌菌落生长;嫁接茄土壤黄萎菌数量在不同时期均显著低于对照;总体上,嫁接茄根际脱氢酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶较对照有所增强;嫁接还表现出根际微生物总量、细菌、放线菌数量增加,真菌数量减少,细菌数比真菌数和放线菌数比真菌数增加;嫁接茄正重茬土壤水提液表现出促进茄子发芽和幼苗生长(根长除外),重茬自根茄土壤水提液抑制了茄子发芽和幼苗生长。     

豆蔻酸和棕榈酸诱导茄子根际拮抗菌与黄萎菌数量消长的关系

以气质联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定的嫁接茄与自根茄根系分泌物主要差异成分豆蔻酸和棕榈酸,利用它们的模拟物质研究了其对茄子根际土壤黄萎菌拮抗真菌与细菌数量和根际土壤黄萎菌数量的影响,明确了两模拟成分对茄子根际拮抗真菌和拮抗细菌的诱导作用及对黄萎菌数量抑制效果。同时,进一步分析了茄子根际拮抗真菌与细菌数总和与根际土壤黄萎菌数量的相关性。结果表明豆蔻酸和棕榈酸处理,茄子根际拮抗真菌和细菌数量均有所增加,在中高浓度下拮抗真菌和细菌数量增加显著。两物质处理下拮抗真菌与细菌数量在开花期和结果期增加显著。两物质对茄子根际黄萎菌数量的影响,整体来说,随两模拟组分浓度的增加土壤黄萎菌数量有所减少,各时期表现有所差异,在开花期两物质处理显著减少了黄萎菌数量。相关性分析表明豆蔻酸和棕榈酸处理下茄子根际拮抗真菌与细菌总量与根际黄萎菌数量呈显著的负相关性。说明嫁接通过改变茄子根系分泌物成分与对茄子根际土壤黄萎菌拮抗菌的诱导有一定关系。     

嫁接茄子根系分泌物的化感效应

采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了不同砧木、不同浓度和不同生育期嫁接茄子根系分泌物的化感效应.结果表明,嫁接茄根系分泌物与自根茄相比,促进了茄子种子的萌发和幼苗生长.各砧木品种嫁接茄根系分泌物的化感效应显著或极显著高于对照,其中发芽率和苗高最高,增加29.1%和37.1%;不同浓度试验结果呈现“低促高抑”的规律,当浓度为0.04g·ml^-1时发芽率最高,比对照增加50%,当浓度增加到0.24g·ml^-1时,根长比对照降低了30.3%;在生长后期嫁接茄的根系分泌物对种子萌发的促进作用小于前中期,而自根茄抑制作用增强.因此,生产中使用嫁接技术是缓解由自毒作用引起的连作障碍的有效方法之一.     

肉桂酸和香草醛对嫁接茄子根系生长及生理特性的影响

以“托鲁巴姆”茄子为砧木,“西安绿”茄子为接穗,采用盆栽试验研究了自毒物质肉桂酸和香草醛对嫁接、自根和砧木茄子根系生长及抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明：肉桂酸、香草醛对茄子根系生长及生理代谢的化感作用基本表现为“低促高抑”,两物质对自根茄子根系表现促进、抑制效应的临界浓度点分别为0.1和0.5 mmol·kg^-1;对嫁接、砧木茄子表现促进、抑制效应的临界浓度点分别为0.5和1 mmo·kg^-1.茄子根系对自毒物质耐性大小依次为：砧木茄>嫁接茄>自根茄;在较高浓度肉桂酸(0.5～4 mmol·kg^-1)和香草醛(1～4mmol·kg^-1)作用下,与自根茄子相比,嫁接茄子根系SOD活性提高了8.50%～24.50%,脯氨酸含量增加了9.39%～27.64%,可溶性糖含量增加了12.77%～81.81%,可溶性蛋白含量、根系鲜、干物质量和根系活力显著高于自根茄.表明嫁接换根使茄子根系具有了砧木抗自毒物质的特性,缓解了自毒物质给茄子根系生长带来的不良影响.     

茄子根系分泌物中香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌的化感效应

采用室内培养和生物测定的试验方法,研究了不同浓度的香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌（Verticillium dahliae）及茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感效应.结果表明,香草醛和肉桂酸对茄子黄萎菌的化感效应存在差异,表现为所有浓度的肉桂酸都抑制了黄萎菌孢子萌发,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时抑制作用最大;香草醛在浓度为0.1mmol/L时抑制孢子萌发,其余浓度则表现出促进作用.对香草醛和肉桂酸的生物测定结果显示,当浓度为0.1mmol/L时,肉桂酸促进茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,其余浓度则表现为抑制作用,并且随着浓度的加大抑制作用增强;香草醛在各浓度水平下都促进了茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时促进作用最大.     

天然植物提取物对茄子黄萎病菌的抑制活性

以茄子黄萎菌为供试菌种,研究了54种天然植物的乙醇提取液对茄黄萎菌的抑菌活性. 结果表明, 有15种植物提取物对茄子黄萎菌菌丝生长抑制率大于50%,其中细辛、黄连、厚朴、儿茶、苦参、甘草、蛇床子、桔梗、洋葱的提取物对供试菌菌丝生长抑制作用较强,抑制效果均在65%以上,蛇床子的抑菌率达86.84%.有16种植物提取物对病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用大于70%,其中7种植物提取物对孢子萌发的抑制率大于95%以上,细辛、黄连、厚朴基本上抑制了孢子的萌发.儿茶提取物对菌丝生长的抑制效果较差,但却显著抑制了孢子萌发,抑制率达100%.蛇床子提取物虽然抑菌效果较高,但其处理的孢子萌发率为11.3%.研究发现天然植物提取物中存在着抑制黄萎菌的活性物质,这为生物防治黄萎病和进一步研究蔬菜抗病增产理论提供了新的思路与途径.     

茄子自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

运用模拟的方式,采用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了两种茄子自毒物质香草醛和肉桂酸各浓度对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应,及其对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长的影响.结果表明:这两种自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的化感效应.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,辣椒种子受这两种自毒物质的抑制强度明显弱于茄子种子.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长表现为各浓度(0.1, 0.5, 1, 4mmol/L)下均具有抑制作用,作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,肉桂酸低浓度时对菌丝生长的抑制作用即达到显著水平.     

土壤添加蛇床子(Cnidium monnieri)和苦参(Sophora flavescens)对茄子黄萎病及根际微生物的化感影响

研究了蛇床子、苦参对茄子黄萎病菌的化感抑制作用及对茄子根际微生物数量的影响。结果表明,蛇床子、苦参的提取物抑制了茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长,并随提取物浓度的增加抑制作用增强。在土壤中施入蛇床子、苦参提取物处理茄子苗后表现出一定的抗病效果,其中蛇床子处理的植株发病率最低。在土壤中添加蛇床子和苦参粉末,经腐解后,苦参处理的茄子植株株高、茎粗均高于对照处理,且二者处理后植株干物质含量高于对照。处理后茄子根际微生物中放线菌数量增加,真菌的数量变化差异不明显,细菌的数量相对减少,在初花期微生物的总量均高于初果期和定植期。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。