α-氨基苄青霉素抗性转座子Tn2在E.coli K12乳糖操纵子Z基因中的插入区域特异性

转座子Tn2是大肠杆菌质粒RSF 1030上一段带有α-氨基苄青霉素抗性基因的DNA序列。这段序列具有转座能力,它能通过不同于一般的DNA重组机理从一个复制子转座到另一个复制子。已知,噬菌体Mu,插入序列IS1、IS2、IS3和抗药性转座子TnA、Tn5、Tn9、Tn10等均能使被插入的基因发生突变。已有报道,不同的转座子在E.coli K12乳糖操纵子Z基因中的插入模式不同。Mu噬菌体在Z基因     

细菌插入序列的转座酶和转座机制

插入序列（insertion sequence, IS）是细菌中最简单的移动遗传因子,由两端的反向重复序列（inverted repeats, IR）和中间的转座酶 (transposase)编码序列组成。在细菌中,因为插入序列的转座酶催化活性中心氨基酸序列不同,所以将其转座酶分为DDE转座酶、DEDD转座酶、HUH转座酶和丝氨酸转座酶。在转座过程中,根据插入序列是否有复制,将插入序列的转座分为复制型转座（replicative -ansposition）和非复制型转座（non-replicative transposition）,而将形成夏皮罗中间体（Shapiro intermediate）的非复制型转座称为保守型转座（conservative transposition）。此外,插入序列通过不同的转座机制插入到基因编码区导致基因突变、缺失和倒置;或者插入到基因上游,通过自身启动子或与基因形成杂交启动子来影响插入序列下游基因的表达,从而帮助细菌抵抗复杂的环境变化。本文主要围绕细菌插入序列的特征、转座酶、转座机制和转座影响展开综述,以期为进一步研究插入序列的机制和插入序列在细菌中所起的作用提供参考。     

DNA插入引起质粒四环素抗性的恢复

插入序列(IS)是一种能在细胞内从一个基因组转座到另一个基因组的DNA序列,是转座子的一种,它们不编码任何可检测的性状,只有从它们插入某一个基因时所引起的极性效应才知道它们的存在。根据W.Arber的预测,大肠杆菌细胞中存在着一定数目的插入序列,它们在染色体进化,基因调控中有一定作用。在已知插入序列中,IS2较为特殊,当它们以一种方向插入一个基因组时,能加强所在基因的表达,即有启动子作用;以另一种方向插入时,有极性效应,这如同一个基因表达的开关。为了研究插入序列在基因表达中的作用,我们利用一个自己构建的杂合质粒作为插入序列的接受者,检查了用四环素的抗性的恢复作为选择标记的大肠杆菌细胞中具有启动子功能的插入序列,现将结果报道如下。     

含Ds转座因子的T-DNA在水稻染色体上的分布研究

应用农杆菌介导的方法获得了有Ds因子插入的3000多株水稻转化群体, 用Inverse PCR方法, 从部分独立转化植株中分离了590条含Ds因子的T-DNA插入位点处的右侧旁邻水稻染色体序列. 根据旁邻序列中T-DNA右边界与侧翼水稻序列之间的插入序列的特征可分成6个主要类别, 其中类型Ⅰ是主要类型, 为通常的T-DNA整合, 即T-DNA右边界序列与水稻染色体序列相连, 或者其间插入小于50 bp的序列片段; 类型Ⅱ为T-DNA右边界旁先接T-DNA载体序列, 再与水稻序列相接的重组类型. 340个类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ的旁邻序列通过与已知的水稻染色体序列数据库一致性比较分析, 确定了它们在水稻染色体上的分布位置, 构建了一个Ds因子在水稻12条染色体插入的框架结构. 这340个有Ds因子插入的位点在整个染色体上平均相距0.8 Mb. 分析在第1条染色体上T-DNA(Ds)插入情况显示有21％的频率插入到预测基因的外显子中. T-DNA(Ds)在染色体上分布位置的确定, 使我们可以选择合适的Ds因子插入株作为起始株系, 导入Ac转座酶基因后, 使Ds发生转座, 从而获得新的Ds插入突变株, 为进一步利用Ds转座标签法分离水稻基因创造了条件.     

两种被修饰鱼腥藻和大肠杆菌穿梭载体的分析

将穿梭载体pRLl和pRLlO经双亲接合从大肠杆菌转入鱼腥藻中后,发现两种被修饰的穿梭载体pRLlM和pRLlOM。经限制酶图谱和DNA序列分析表明,pRLlM和pRLlOM中分别含有插入序列因子IS2和lS10。DNA序列分析表明lS10为IS10-R和lS10-L的杂交体。由于插入序列因子．使宿主对氯霉索的抗性增加。Southern杂交表明在鱼腥藻的基因组DNA中不含IS10。     

可动因子

自从1950年B.McClintock在玉米中发现了转座因子以来,科学工作者又陆续发现了许多染色体上可移动的因子。关于可动因子的同义术语很多,诸如插入序列(insertion sequences)、IS因子(Is ele-ment)、转位因素、转座因素、转座因子、转位成分、转位因子(transposable element)、跳跃基因、移动基因(jumping gene)、移动因子(transfer factor)、转座子、转位子(transposon)等等。以前这些术语都是指     

谈谈改变传统观念的转座因子

在五十年代前,人们一直认为每一基因组的 DNA是固定的,包括位置固定、数目固定。转座因子的发现修正了这一观念。现在人们认识到基因组中的某些成分的位置常常是不固定的,一种生物的基因组大小或基因的数目也并非绝对不变。这种位置不固定的成分乃是转座因子。转座因子(transpos-able element)是细胞中能够改变自身位置的一段 DNA 序列。转座因子改变位置的行为称转座(transposition),转座可以发生在同一染色体的不同位置之间,不同的     

苏云金芽孢杆菌HS66的转座因子分析

移动遗传因子普遍存在于苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)基因组中,而且大部分位于Bt毒素基因两侧附近,与Bt毒素基因进化和转移密切相关。本研究完成了一株对鳞翅目昆虫表现出很强的杀虫活性的Bt菌株HS66的基因组序列草图测定,并利用本地BLAST软件和ISFinder软件,进行了插入序列和转座子序列的查找及基本信息的汇总,结果表明Bt HS66基因组序列含有丰富的插入序列和转座子序列。转座因子分析是整个Bt HS66基因组分析过程中的重要的一环,后续工作中若定位移动因子在染色体及质粒序列的位置,对解析转座因子功能,帮助预测相关杀虫基因信息,以及全面理解Bt HS66基因组将有极大的帮助。     

植物CACTA转座子的研究进展

转座子是染色体上可移动的DNA序列,根据转座机制可将其分为：通过RNA中间体进行转座的逆转录座子（Retrotransposon）和通过DNA中间体进行转座的转座子（Transposon）。En／Spm家族转座子是后者中的一类,它的末端反向重复序列（Terminal inverted repeats,TIRs）具有保守的5个碱基CACTA,所以通常又称为CACTA转座子。除此之外,其靶位点一般为3bp的同向重复（Target site duplication,TSD）;亚末端区域分布着若干正向或反向的重复序列（Subterminal repeat,STR）。迄今为止,CACTA转座子仅发现于植物基因组。过去一直认为由于其相对保守的转座机制而拷贝较少,但最近研究发现,该因子多拷贝存在于某些禾本科植物基因组中。由于该家族在基因组中分布的广泛性,具有用作分子指纹的应用前景。本文就其结构、转座机制和应用前景等做一综述。     

杆状病毒转座因子研究进展

转座因子(Transposable elements)是一类可移动转座的遗传因子的统称,包括原核生物中的插入(IS)、转座子(Tn)、质粒;真核生物中的Ty,P因子,2μDNA,Copia因子,以及噬菌体Mu和反转录病毒等。因此,转座因子又称可移动的遗传因子(Mobile genetic element)。转座因子最早由美国科学家Barbara McClintock于1956年在玉米染色体中发现,并于1984年被授予诺贝尔医学或生理学奖。转座因子的发现无论在理论上还是实践上都具有很重要的意义,被认为是遗传学发展史上的重要里程碑之一。杆状病毒是一类以节肢动物(主要发现于昆虫纲鳞翅目)为宿主的病毒的统称。杆状病毒亦存在转座因子。对杆状病毒转座因子的研究起源于对感     

Sequence Analysis of a Novel Insertion Site of Transposon IS10

A sacB mutant was obtained by transposon IS10 inactivation of a plasmid pXT3sacB carrying the sacB gene. Sequencing of this mutant plasmid DNA (GenBank accession No. AY580883.1) showed that the IS10 flanking the 22 bp inverted repeats were 5′-CTGAGAGATCCCCTCATAATTT-3′ and 5′-AAATCATTAGGGGATTCATCAG-3′, which were the similar to those published in reports previously. However, the target sequence adjacent to IS10 was 5′-TGCTTGGTT-3′ instead of the previously reported 5′-NGCTNAGCN-3′. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the novel insertion site of IS10. In addition, Southern blot hybridization confirmed that the mobile IS10 originated from the chromosomal DNA of the host strain Escherichia coli DH5α and that there were two copies in the DH5α genome.     

在DH5α中拼接构建ADAM10全长真核表达载体的基因突变

目的:构建ADAMI0真核表达载体,为进一步研究其生物学功能打基础.方法:将人ADAM10的上下两部分基因片段(分别为全长基因的1 ～910bp和911 ～2 247bp片段),依次与真核表达载体pcDNA3.1相连,以大肠杆菌DH5α或BL21(DB)作为感受态宿主菌用于转化连接产物,拼接成全长的阳性克隆通过PCR、酶切和测序鉴定.结果:ADAM10下段基因与已正确连入上段的pcDNA3.1重组质粒拼接时,若用DH5α为感受态菌,则下半段出现碱基插入增加512bp,测序结果显示为ADAM10基因第1 531 bp～2 042 bp间的序列有紧邻的双份;若用BL21(DE3)为感受态,则无突变.结论:将ADAM10基因与pcDNA3.1真核表达载体依次拼接构建重组质粒时,以DH5α为宿主菌可出现基因序列增加的罕见突变,而以BL21(DE3)为宿主则无突变,由此成功构建ADAM10全长基因与pcDNA3.1的重组质粒.     

Miniature transposable sequences are frequently mobilized in the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Mobile genetic elements are widespread in Pseudomonas syringae, and often associate with virulence genes. Genome reannotation of the model bean pathogen P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A identified seventeen types of insertion sequences and two miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) with a biased distribution, representing 2.8% of the chromosome, 25.8% of the 132-kb virulence plasmid and 2.7% of the 52-kb plasmid. Employing an entrapment vector containing sacB, we estimated that transposition frequency oscillated between 2.6×10(-5) and 1.1×10(-6), depending on the clone, although it was stable for each clone after consecutive transfers in culture media. Transposition frequency was similar for bacteria grown in rich or minimal media, and from cells recovered from compatible and incompatible plant hosts, indicating that growth conditions do not influence transposition in strain 1448A. Most of the entrapped insertions contained a full-length IS801 element, with the remaining insertions corresponding to sequences smaller than any transposable element identified in strain 1448A, and collectively identified as miniature sequences. From these, fragments of 229, 360 and 679-nt of the right end of IS801 ended in a consensus tetranucleotide and likely resulted from one-ended transposition of IS801. An average 0.7% of the insertions analyzed consisted of IS801 carrying a fragment of variable size from gene PSPPH_0008/PSPPH_0017, showing that IS801 can mobilize DNA in vivo. Retrospective analysis of complete plasmids and genomes of P. syringae suggests, however, that most fragments of IS801 are likely the result of reorganizations rather than one-ended transpositions, and that this element might preferentially contribute to genome flexibility by generating homologous regions of recombination. A further miniature sequence previously found to affect host range specificity and virulence, designated MITEPsy1 (100-nt), represented an average 2.4% of the total number of insertions entrapped in sacB, demonstrating for the first time the mobilization of a MITE in bacteria.     

Use of a conditionally lethal gene in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 to select for double recombinants and to entrap insertion sequences.

Use of the sacB gene (J. L. Ried and A. Collmer, Gene 57:239-246, 1987) provides a simple, effective, positive selection for double recombinants in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, a filamentous cyanobacterium. This gene, which encodes the secretory levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis, was inserted into the vector portion of a suicide plasmid bearing a mutant version of a chromosomal gene. Cells of colonies in which such a plasmid had integrated into the Anabaena chromosome through single recombination were plated on solid medium containing 5% sucrose. Under this condition, the presence of the sacB gene is lethal. A small fraction of the cells from initially sucrose-sensitive colonies became sucrose resistant; the majority of these sucrose-resistant derivatives had undergone a second recombinational event in which the sacB-containing vector had been lost and the wild-type form of the chromosomal gene had been replaced by the mutant form. By the use of this technique, we mutated two selected genes in the chromosome of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. The conditionally lethal nature of the sacB gene was also used to detect insertion sequences from this Anabaena strain. Sucrose-resistant colonies derived from cells bearing a sacB-containing autonomously replicating plasmid were analyzed. Five different, presumed insertion sequences were found to have inserted into the sacB gene of the plasmids in these colonies. One of them, denoted IS892, was characterized by physical mapping. It is 1.7 kilobases in size and is present in at least five copies in the genome of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.     

Function of the InsA gene in the IS1 element of the Tn9' transposon: influence of oligonucleotide inserts in the InsA gene on formation of simple insertions and plasmid cointegrates]

To elucidate the role of the insA reading frame in transposition of the IS1 element of the Tn9' transposon, the derivatives of plasmids pUC19::Tn9' and pUC19::IS1 have been obtained using oligonucleotide inserts of the length equal or exceeding 9 bp and equal to 10 bp. The ability of mutant variants of the Tn9' transposon and the IS1 element to form simple insertions and plasmid cointegrates was studied. To this end, experiments were performed on mobilization of the derivatives of pUC19 containing mutant variants of the IS1 element and Tn9' as well as of the plasmids pUC19::Tn9' by the conjugative plasmid pRP3.1. According to the data obtained, mutations (inserts) in the insA gene have no influence on the frequency of transposition of the IS1 element and Tn9' from the plasmid pUC19 to pRP3.1. At the same time, the frequency of transposition events of mutant variants of Tn9' from the plasmid pRP3.1 to pBR322 is more than 10 times lower in comparison with the wild type transposon. The data obtained are in accordance with the assumption that the insA gene is not essential for transposition. A hypothesis is put forward explaining the role of the insA gene product in the process of bringing together short inverted repeats of the IS1, which are the sites for the transposase to be recognized at first stages of transposition.     

用于质粒DNA规模化生产的大肠杆菌发酵培养基的筛选

为降低质粒DNA的生产成本,在标准LB培养基的基础上,利用国产试剂配制成十种大肠杆菌液体培养基,以pEGFPC3、pcDNAlacZ和pcDNKLYZ质粒转化的JM109和DH5α大肠杆菌为指示菌进行小规模发酵培养,定时采样测量OD600值及质粒产量,获得一种高性价比培养基。用该培养基培养重组大肠肝菌,绘制生长曲线,并于其对数生长中期进行42℃诱导。结果表明经42℃诱导后,重组大肠肝菌JM109和DH5α的质粒产量均有提高,重组JM109的产量比重组DH5α约提高20％,为低成本、大规模生产重组质粒提供了良好的技术保障。     

Comparative proteomic and genetic analyses reveal unidentified mutations in Escherichia coli XL1-Blue and DH5α

Escherichia coli has been used widely in laboratory and the biotech industry. However, the genetic and metabolic characteristics remain inadequately studied, particularly for those strains with extensive genetic manipulations that might have resulted in unknown mutations. Here, we demonstrate a comparative proteomics and genetics approach to identify unknown mutations in E. coli K-12 derivatives. The comparative proteomic and genetic analyses revealed an IS5 disruption of the kdgR gene in two commonly used derivative strains of E. coli K-12, XL1-Blue and DH5α, compared with K-12 wild-type strain W3110. In addition, a controversial deoR mutation was clarified as a wild type in E. coli DH5α using the same approach. This approach should be useful in characterizing the unknown mutations in various mutant strains developed. At the same time, comparative proteomic analysis also revealed the distinct metabolic characteristic of the two derivatives: higher biosynthetic flux to purine nucleotides. This is potentially beneficial for the synthesis of plasmid DNA.     

Study of the role of the insA open reading frame in the IS1 insertion element structure during transposition and resolution of the IS1 mediated cointegrates

In order to elucidate the function of the IS1 insA gene derivatives of plasmid pUC19::Tn9' with insertions of synthetic oligonucleotides were obtained. The latter are equal or multiple of 9 b.p. in length and are located in the Pst1 site within each of the two IS1 copies of the Tn9' transposon. The insertions of the nine base oligonucleotides code for the neutral amino acids and do not shift the reading frame. One of the mutant transposon obtained - Tn9'/X was studied on the ability to form simple insertions and plasmid cointegrates. For this purpose the pUC19 derivatives carrying the wild type and mutant transposon were mobilized by conjugative plasmid pRP3.1. It was found that the damage of the insA gene does not influence the ability of transposon to form simple insertions and plasmid cointegrates in both recA - and rec+ cells of E. coli. However, the frequency of the cointegrate formation in the subsequent transposition of the mutant transposon from pRP3.1::Tn9'/X to pBR322 was by 10-20 times lower in comparison to the wild type transposon. Instable (dissociating) Tn9'/X-mediated plasmid cointegrates formed by interaction pUC19::Tn9'/X and pRP3.1 were obtained. It was shown that in the E. coli recA-cells such cointegrates dissociate, as a rule, "correctly", i.e. they segregate mainly plasmids of types pUC19::Tn9'/X and pUC19::IS1/X. The data obtained correspond with the notion that the gene insA product is not essential for transposition, but is, possibly, involved in the formation of the IS1-generated deletions.     

Isolation of an insertion sequence from Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 and its potential use for strain characterization and detection

A new insertion sequence (IS), IS1405, was isolated and characterized from a Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 strain by the method of insertional inactivation of the sacB gene. Sequence analysis indicated that the IS is closely related to the members of IS5 family, but the extent of nucleotide sequence identity in 5' and 3' noncoding regions between IS1405 and other members of IS5 family is only 23 to 31%. Nucleotide sequences of these regions were used to design specific oligonucleotide primers for detection of race 1 strains by PCR. The PCR amplified a specific DNA fragment for all R. solanacearum race 1 strains tested, and no amplification was observed with some other plant-pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of nucleotide sequences flanking IS1405 and additional five endogenous IS1405s that reside in the chromosome of R. solanacearum race 1 strains indicated that IS1405 prefers a target site of CTAR and has two different insertional orientations with respect to this target site. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis using IS1405 as a probe revealed extensive genetic variation among strains of R. solanacearum race 1 isolated from eight different host plants in Taiwan. The RFLP patterns were then used to subdivide the race 1 strains into two groups and several subgroups, which allowed for tracking different subgroup strains of R. solanacearum through a host plant community. Furthermore, specific insertion sites of IS1405 in certain subgroups were used as a genetic marker to develop subgroup-specific primers for detection of R. solanacearum, and thus, the subgroup strains can be easily identified through a rapid PCR assay rather than RFLP analysis.     

Use of β-galactosidase (lacZ) gene α-complementation as a novel approach for assessment of titanium oxide nanoparticles induced mutagenesis

The mutagenic potential of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO(2)-NPs) of an average size 30.6nm was investigated using β-galactosidase (lacZ) gene complementation in plasmid pUC19/lacZ(-)Escherichia coli DH5α system. Plasmid pUC19 was treated with varying concentrations of TiO(2)-NPs and allowed to transfect the CaCl(2)-induced competent DH5α cells. The data revealed loss in transformation efficiency of TiO(2)-NPs treated plasmids as compared to untreated plasmid DNA in DH5α host cells. Induction of multiple mutations in α-fragment of lacZ gene caused synthesis of non-functional β-galactosidase enzyme, which resulted in a significant number of white (mutant) colonies of transformed E. coli cells. Screening of mutant transformants based on blue:white colony assay and DNA sequence analysis of lacZ gene fragment clearly demonstrated TiO(2)-NPs induced mutagenesis. Multiple alignment of selectable marker lacZ gene sequences from randomly selected mutants and control cells provided a gene specific map of TiO(2)-NPs induced mutations. Mutational analysis suggested that all nucleotide changes were point mutations, predominantly transversions (TVs) and transitions (TSs). A total of 32 TVs and 6 TSs mutations were mapped within 296 nucleotides (nt) long partial sequence of lacZ gene. The region between 102 and 147nt within lacZ gene sequence was found to be most susceptible to mutations with nine detectable point mutations (8 TVs and 1 TSs). Guanine base was determined to be more prone to TiO(2)-NPs induced mutations. This study suggested the pUC19/E. coli DH5αlacZ gene α-complementation system, as a novel genetic approach for determining the mutagenic potential, and specificity of manufactured NPs and nanomaterials.