过表达细胞周期蛋白的Dl对成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞的作用

目的：观察过表达细胞周期蛋白D1（CCND1）对成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞的调控作用。方法：构建携带CCND1基因的真核表达载体PEGFP-N1-CCND1,将PEGFP-N1-CCND1转染人成熟表皮细胞,5 d后,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态;细胞计数法观察细胞的增殖情况;免疫荧光法检测表皮干细胞标志抗原β1整合素和成熟表皮细胞标志抗原CK10的表达变化。结果：转染PEGFP-N1-CCND1后,细胞体积变小,核浆比例增大;细胞增殖较快,细胞数量比对照组增加了4倍（P<0.01）;表型检测结果显示,转染PEGFP-N1-CCND1组,表达干细胞标志性蛋白β1整合素表达阳性,成熟表皮细胞标志性蛋白CK10表达阴性,而转染空载体组则相反。结论：CCND1过表达能够诱导成熟表皮细胞去分化为表皮干细胞。     

阿尔茨海默病β分泌酶的研究进展

淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）在β位点裂解产生的Aβ是阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者老年斑的主要成分,APPβ位点裂解酶（β－site APP cleavage enzyme,BACE）是Aβ生成的关键酶,其实质是一种新型跨膜天冬氨酸蛋白酶。已发现的BACE有两种类型,即BACE和BACE2。二者的作用环境,亚细胞内定位相似,但BACE的中枢神经系统表达模式,降解APP的位点更具有β分泌酶的特性,因此,BACE被认为是脑内理想的β分泌酶侯选者。     

瑞舒伐他汀对颈动脉粥样硬化患者单个核细胞CCR2表达的影响及机制

目的：探讨瑞舒伐他汀对颈动脉粥样硬化患者单个核细胞CC类趋化因子受体2（CCR2）表达的影响及上游机制。方法：选择颈动脉粥样硬化患者20例。予瑞舒伐他汀5~20 mg/d治疗。在基线、3月时采集血标本,测定单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）及血脂水平;分离单个核细胞,流式细胞学检测单个核细胞上的CCR2表达;荧光定量逆转录PCR法检测CCR2、过氧化物酶体增生物激活受体（PPAR）β mRNA的表达;Western印迹法检测PPAR β蛋白的表达。结果：瑞舒伐他汀治疗3个月后,患者低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平明显降低（P<0.01）,MCP-1及单个核细胞CCR2表达显著下降（P<0.05）,PPAR β mRNA及蛋白表达均较前增加（P<0.05）。结论：瑞舒伐他汀可能通过PPAR β途径降低MCP-1,抑制单个核细胞CCR2的表达。     

表达APPswe_(695)基因细胞系的构建及Aβ分泌水平的分析

为探究β-淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid-βprecursor protein, APP)在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)发病过程中的作用及构建应用于AD发病机理研究的实验细胞模型,该研究构建了过表达APP695瑞典型突变体(APPswe_(695))的SH-SY5Y细胞系(APPswe_(695)细胞)并分析了该细胞系中Aβ的分泌水平。采用慢病毒介导转染方法,将APPswe_(695)表达质粒转染至SH-SY5Y细胞,抗性药物筛选阳性转染细胞。分别采用RT-PCR、Western blot技术验证APPswe_(695) mRNA、APP蛋白的表达, ELISA分析Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42的分泌水平。结果显示,转染慢病毒包装的APPswe_(695)质粒后,细胞的APPswe_(695)mRNA表达呈现阳性;与野生型细胞和转染质粒空白细胞相比,转染APPswe_(695)基因细胞表达APP695的瑞典型突变蛋白(APPswe_(695))。APPswe_(695)具有与内源性APP770相同的细胞分布。转染APPswe_(695)基因后,细胞内分泌Aβ水平增加(P0.05)而细胞外液中Aβ含量并没有显著变化。由此说明, APPswe_(695)细胞能够表达被转染的APPswe_(695)基因, APPswe_(695)细胞倾向于产生更多的胞内而不是胞外Aβ,APPswe_(695)细胞可应用于阿尔茨海默病发病机理及药物治疗的研究。     

APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的繁育、鉴定及评价

目的：评价APP/PS1双转基因小鼠基因表达及认知行为能力的变化,为AD的相关研究提供有效的动物模型。方法：采用雄、雌鼠1：1合笼配对的方式,令APP/PS1双转基因小鼠自然交配进行繁育。PCR鉴定APP/PS1双转基因鼠仔鼠的基因型后,选择APP/PS1阳性小鼠作为模型（AD）组,同批APP/PS1阴性为对照（CT）组,每组8只小鼠。以Morris水迷宫实验检测仔鼠的空间学习记忆能力,以HE染色、刚果红染色观察仔鼠脑片组织病理学改变。结果：①APP/PS1双转基因鼠仔鼠基因经PCR扩增,出现约360 bp的目的基因条带,表明成功繁育出转入APP/PS1基因的仔鼠;②Morris水迷宫实验结果显示,与7月龄阴性小鼠（CT组）比较,同月龄的双转基因AD组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显降低（P<0.05）;③HE染色结果显示,AD组小鼠海马结构及细胞形态出现明显异常;刚果红染色结果显示,AD组小鼠脑片组织出现β淀粉样蛋白斑块沉积。结论：APP/PS1双转基因小鼠较好地模拟了AD的病理变化及行为学特征,可作为研究AD发病机制及开发AD防治药物的实验工具。     

冷应激条件下猪睾丸细胞中RNA结合基序蛋白3过表达对Caspase 3表达的影响

目的：探讨冷应激（32℃）条件下,猪睾丸（ST）细胞系中RNA结合基序蛋白3（RBM3）过表达时凋亡蛋白半胱天冬酶3（Caspase 3）表达量变化情况。方法：利用本实验室成功构建的携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的RBM3过表达慢病毒载体pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-RBM3和空病毒载体pLenti6/V5-GW/EmGFP-DEST分别感染ST细胞,作为过表达病毒（OEV）组和空载体病毒（EVV）组,此外还设立野生型细胞（WTC）组作对照,利用实时荧光定量RCR（qPCR）法和Western blot分析法检测各组中RBM3 mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。然后对各组细胞进行37℃以及32℃（2 h、4 h,8 h）的冷应激处理,利用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法检测各组Caspase 3表达量的变化。结果：OEV组RBM3基因和蛋白相对表达量高于EVV组和WTC组。在37℃以及32℃冷应激实验（2 h、4 h,8 h）中,OEV组Caspase 3表达量显著低于EVV组和WTC组。结论：冷应激ST细胞中RBM3过表达能够显著地降低Caspase 3的表达程度,为RBM3基因具有抵抗低温诱导ST细胞凋亡作用提供实验依据。     

H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白的影响

目的：研究β片层阻断肽H102对转基因AD小鼠脑内NF-κB通路相关蛋白活性及表达的影响。方法：将30只8周龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和给药组,另选15只同周龄同背景的C57BL/6J小鼠设为对照组（n=15）。给药组每日经鼻腔给予H102溶液5 μl （5.8 mg/kg）,对照组和模型组每日给予等量空白辅料溶液。给药16周后,采用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的空间参考记忆变化,采用免疫组织化学方法和免疫印迹技术测定小鼠脑组织内β样淀粉样蛋白（Aβ_1-42）、核因子-κB （NF-κB）、核因子-κB抑制蛋白（IκB）、IκB蛋白激酶（IKK）及其磷酸化蛋白（p-NF-κB、p-IκB、p-IKK）以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）和活化型半胱天冬酶-3（cleaved Caspase 3）蛋白的表达。结果：①Morris水迷宫测试：模型组小鼠的空间学习记忆能力较对照组显著降低,给药组较模型组显著提高（P<0.05）。②免疫组化及免疫印迹检测结果模型组小鼠脑组织内Aβ_1-42、p-IKK、p-NF-κB、p-IκB、核内NF-κB及iNOS和cleaved Caspase 3蛋白的表达较对照组显著增高,给药组蛋白表达较模型组显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：H102可抑制APP/PS1双转基因小鼠脑内NF-κB信号转导通路,抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应,明显改善转基因AD小鼠的学习记忆能力。     

急性冷暴露对大鼠肺组织中水通道蛋白AQP-1和AQP-5表达的影响

目的：探讨急性冷暴露后肺组织超微结构变化以及对水通道蛋白-1（AQP-1）和AQP-5表达的影响。方法：12只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为室温（23℃±2℃）对照组和-25℃ 2 h冷暴露组（n=6）;记录冷暴露后大鼠直肠温度;透射电镜观察肺组织超微结构改变;RT-PCR法和Western blot法测定大鼠肺组织AQP-1和AQP-5基因和蛋白的表达水平。结果：急性冷暴露后大鼠的体心温度与对照组相比,明显降低（P<0.05）;肺组织超微结构亦发生改变,基底膜明显增厚,肺泡I上皮细胞（AT-I）核固缩,肺泡Ⅱ上皮细胞（AT-Ⅱ）胞浆空泡化增多;冷暴露后大鼠肺组织AQP-1的基因和蛋白表达未见明显变化,AQP-5的基因和蛋白表达均显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：急性冷暴露肺组织AQP-5基因和蛋白表达降低与寒冷暴露引发肺组织结构损伤可能存在一定因果关系。     

β-分泌酶与二价阳离子耐受蛋白CUTA存在相互作用

淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)沉积是阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimerdisease,AD)的重要病理特征之一.Aβ是由淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)经β-分泌酶(BACE)和γ-分泌酶水解产生的,因此BACE1在AD的形成过程中发挥重要作用.为了进一步研究BACE1的作用机制,以BACE1胞内段构建诱饵蛋白用酵母双杂交方法筛选与之相互作用的蛋白质.结果得到了二价阳离子耐受蛋白(divalent cation tolerant protein,CUTA)的阳性克隆,β-半乳糖苷酶实验表明CUTA和BACE1胞内片段存在相互作用.构建了两者全长基因的表达载体,证明二者在哺乳动物细胞中同样可以相互作用.CUTA可能涉及铜的代谢动力学及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的膜锚定,而铜的代谢失衡和AchE水平与AD发病密切相关.实验结果为BACE生物学功能和AD发病机制的研究提供了条件.     

BACE蛋白的表达、纯化和活性测定

在大肠杆菌中表达、纯化并重新折叠以获得有活性的酸性蛋白水解酶 (BACE蛋白 )———一种与阿尔茨海默病 (AD)发病相关的蛋白水解酶。克隆BACE活性区的表达序列到原核表达载体 pET11a中 ,经E .coliBL2 1(DE3)表达 ,从包涵体中获取蛋白质 ,电泳鉴定后经梯度反向快速折叠法重新折叠 ,柱层析分离纯化 ,得到了表达的重组可溶性BACE蛋白 ;用高效液相色谱、质谱等方法检测其对人工合成多肽底物的水解作用 ;测定了BACE蛋白的酶促动力学常数。结果表明 ,得到的重组BACE蛋白具有水解人工合成小肽底物的活性。     

Frame-shifted amyloid precursor protein found in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome increases levels of secreted amyloid beta40

Frame-shifted amyloid precursor protein (APP(+1)), which has a truncated out-of-frame C-terminus, accumulates in the neuropathological hallmarks of patients with Alzheimer's disease pathology. To study a possible involvement of APP(+1) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, we expressed APP695 and APP(+1) in the HEK293 cell-line and studied whether the processing of APP695 was affected. APP(+1) is a secretory protein, but high expression of APP695 and APP(+1) results in the formation of intracellular aggregate-like structures containing both proteins and Fe65, an adaptor protein that interacts with APP695. APP(+1) is shown to interact with APP695, suggesting that these structures consist of functional protein complexes. Such an interaction can also be anticipated in post-mortem brains of young Down's syndrome patients without any sign of neuropathology. Here we observed APP(+1) immunoreactivity in beaded fibres. Additional support for functional consequences on the processing of APP695 comes from a 1.4-fold increase in levels of secreted amyloid beta40 in cells co-expressing APP695 and APP(+1), although APP(+1) itself does not contain the amyloid beta sequence. Taken together, these data show that co-expression of APP695 and APP(+1) affects the processing of APP695 in a pro-amyloidogenic way and this could gradually contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology, as has been implicated in Down's syndrome patients.     

Expression of human FE65 in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice is associated with a reduction in beta-amyloid load

FE65 is an adaptor protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In cultured non-neuronal cells, the formation of the FE65-APP complex is a key element for the modulation of APP processing, signalling and beta-amyloid (Abeta) production. The functions of FE65 in vivo, including its role in the metabolism of neuronal APP, remain to be investigated. In this study, transgenic mice expressing human FE65 were generated and crossbred with APP transgenic mice, known to develop Abeta deposits at 6 months of age. Compared with APP mice, APP/FE65 double transgenic mice exhibited a lower Abeta accumulation in the cerebral cortex as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunoassay, and a lower level of APP-CTFs. The reduced accumulation of Abeta in APP/FE65 double transgenics, compared with APP mice, could be linked to the low Abeta42 level observed at 4 months of age and to the lower APP-CTFs levels. The present work provides evidence that FE65 plays a role in the regulation of APP processing in an in vivo model.     

Cleavage of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) by membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases

Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) was identified on expression cloning from a human placenta cDNA library as a gene product that modulates the activity of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP). Co-expression of MT1-MMP with APP in HEK293T cells induced cleavage and shedding of the APP ectodomain when co-expressed with APP adaptor protein Fe65. Among the MT-MMPs tested, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP also caused efficient APP shedding. The recombinant APP protein was cleaved by MT3-MMP in vitro at the A463-M464, N579-M580, H622-S623, and H685-Q686 peptide bonds, which included a cleavage site within the amyloid beta peptide region known to produce a C-terminal fragment. The Swedish-type mutant of APP, which produces a high level of amyloid beta peptide, was more effectively cleaved by MT3-MMP than wild-type APP in both the presence and absence of Fe65; however, amyloid beta peptide production was not affected by MT3-MMP expression. Expression of MT3-MMP enhanced Fe65-dependent transactivation by APP fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding and transactivation domains. These results suggest that MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP and MT5-MMP should play an important role in the regulation of APP functions in tissues including the central nervous system.     

Expression of the hyperphosphorylated tau attenuates ER stress-induced apoptosis with upregulation of unfolded protein response

The neural dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) could arise from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and deficits of the unfolded protein response (UPR). To explore whether tau hyperphosphorylation, a hallmark of AD brain pathologies, plays a role in ER stress-induced alterations of cell viability, we established cell lines with stable expression of human tau (HEK293/tau) or the vector (HEK293/vec) and treated the cells with thapsigargin (TG), an ER stress inducer. We observed that the HEK293/tau cells were more resistant than the HEK293/vec cells to the TG-induced apoptosis, importantly, a time dependent increase of tau phosphorylation at Thr205 and Thr231 sites was positively correlated with the inhibition of apoptosis. We also observed that expression of tau upregulated phosphorylation of PERK, eIF2 and IRE1 with an increased cleavage of ATF6 and ATF4. The potentiation of UPR was also detected in HEK293/tau cells treated with other ER stress inducers, including staurosporine, camptothecin and hydrogen peroxide, in which a suppressed apoptosis was also shown. Our data suggest that tau hyperphosphorylation could attenuate the ER stress-induced apoptosis with the mechanism involving upregulation of UPR system.     

Modulation of amyloid precursor protein metabolism by X11alpha /Mint-1. A deletion analysis of protein-protein interaction domains

Modulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The phosphotyrosine-binding/protein interaction (PTB/PI) domain of X11alpha, a neuronal cytosolic adaptor protein, binds to the YENPTY sequence in the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of APP. This interaction prolongs the half-life of APP and inhibits Abeta40 and Abeta42 secretion. X11alpha/Mint-1 has multiple protein-protein interaction domains, a Munc-18 interaction domain (MID), a Cask/Lin-2 interaction domain (CID), a PTB/PI domain, and two PDZ domains. These X11alpha protein interaction domains may modulate its effect on APP processing. To test this hypothesis, we performed a deletion analysis of X11alpha effects on metabolism of APP(695) Swedish (K595N/M596L) (APP(sw)) by transient cotransfection of HEK 293 cells with: 1) X11alpha (X11alpha-wt, N-MID-CID-PTB-PDZ-PDZ-C), 2) amino-terminal deletion (X11alpha-DeltaN, PTB-PDZ-PDZ), 3) carboxyl-terminal deletion (X11alpha-DeltaPDZ, MID-CID-PTB), or 4) deletion of both termini (PTB domain only, PTB). The carboxyl terminus of X11alpha was required for stabilization of APP(sw) in cells. In contrast, the amino terminus of X11alpha was required to stimulate APPs secretion. X11alpha, X11alpha-DeltaN, and X11alpha-PTB, but not X11alpha-DeltaPDZ, were effective inhibitors of Abeta40 and Abeta42 secretion. These results suggest that additional protein interaction domains of X11alpha modulate various aspects of APP metabolism.     

AUF1在胞质DNA抑制细胞葡萄糖代谢中的作用研究

目的 探讨AUF1在胞质DNA引起的细胞葡萄糖代谢应答中的作用及其机制。方法 (1)用核质分离技术分离细胞核与细胞质,并通过生物素-亲和素亲和层析技术分离细胞质中与胞质DNA(ISD)结合的蛋白质,然后通过“银染-质谱”和“复合物-质谱”技术鉴定出差异蛋白——AUF1。再利用体外结合实验验证AUF1与胞质DNA的相互作用。(2)在胞质DNA刺激后,通过ATP检测试剂盒和CCK8细胞氧还活力检测试剂,比较野生型细胞和基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的AUF1基因敲除细胞中葡萄糖代谢应答情况。(3)通过半定量PCR技术,在野生型、基因敲除AUF1、基因敲除后回补AUF1或空载体的四类细胞中检测葡萄糖转运蛋白GLUTs以及葡萄糖代谢相关酶的mRNA表达情况,筛选出与细胞糖代谢相关的AUF1下游效应分子——GLUT3。进而用实时荧光定量PCR进行验证。(4)通过半定量和荧光定量PCR分析胞质DNA刺激下GLUT3的mRNA变化情况,分析胞质DNA的刺激是否影响GLUT3的mRNA表达。结果 (1)两次质谱分析均发现AUF1能与ISD结合。体外结合实验也证实,不论是原核表达的GST-AUF1还是真核细胞表达的GFP-AUF1均能与单链和双链的ISD相结合。(2)基因敲除AUF1后的HEK293细胞在用胞质DNA刺激后,胞内的ATP水平和对CCK8的还原能力都明显高于野生型细胞。提示AUF1基因敲除细胞内的葡萄糖代谢不受胞质DNA刺激所抑制,说明AUF1很可能参与了胞质DNA对细胞糖代谢的调节。(3)半定量PCR技术检测发现在AUF1敲除的细胞中GLUT3的mRNA明显减少,而其他的GLUT家族成员和代谢酶则没有显著差异。实时荧光定量PCR证实上述现象,提示AUF1很可能通过稳定GLUT3的mRNA参与葡萄糖代谢的调节。(4)无论是单链还是双链ISD刺激后的细胞中,GLUT3的mRNA均减少,说明GLUT3可能是胞质DNA对糖代谢的调节过程中的一个下游效应分子。结论 AUF1能与胞质DNA结合,很可能通过调节下游GLUT3的mRNA稳定性参与胞质DNA引起的糖代谢应答反应。     

H102对APP转基因小鼠脑内淀粉样蛋白和淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究H102对APP695转基因模型小鼠脑内淀粉样蛋白和淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白表达的影响方法:9月龄转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和药物注射组,正常对照组采用月龄和性别与之相匹配的C57BL/6J小鼠。药物注射组给予侧脑室注射H102,每只每次3μl,连续10d;模型组和正常对照组给予等体积NS。应用免疫组织化学结合刚果红组织学染色,普通光学显微镜观察海马和颞叶皮层蛋白表达的变化。免疫印迹法检测小鼠大脑皮层APP蛋白的表达。结果:Aβ和APP免疫组化染色结果显示对照组海马CA1区神经元胞浆着色呈阴性或弱阳性,模型组较对照组阳性细胞增多,表达增强,胞浆着色明显加深。药物注射组同模型组相比,胞浆着色变淡,表达减弱。刚果红染色观察转基因小鼠模型组和H102注射组大脑颞叶皮层和海马的淀粉样斑块,可见H102注射组淀粉样斑块数较模型组明显减少。正常对照组未见阳性淀粉样斑块。免疫印迹检测显示模型组APP蛋白表达明显增加,给药组与模型组相比具有统计学意义。结论:APP695转基因小鼠大脑CA1区Aβ蛋白和APP蛋白表达增加,H102能够明显抑制该转基因小鼠Aβ蛋白和APP蛋白表达。     

Neural differentiation increases expression of Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor gene in murine embryonal carcinoma cells

Neural differentiation of the embryonal carcinoma P19 cell line markedly increased the abundance of mRNA encoding Alzheimer amyloid beta/A4-protein precursor (APP). In P19 cells treated with retinoic acid, the abundance of mRNA encoding APP695, which lacks the protease inhibitor domain, reached a maximum on days 2-4 and decreased thereafter, whereas the abundances of mRNAs encoding APP751 and APP770, both possessing the protease inhibitor domain, slowly increased to reach higher levels than APP695 mRNA at later stages of neural differentiation. The induction of APP695 mRNA was consistent with the appearance of neurons in the P19 cultures. A high abundance of APP695 mRNA was also detected in mouse brain at a stage of the period of neuroblast formation. Thus, neural differentiation of P19 cells may present a suitable model for studying the regulation of APP gene expression during early differentiation of brain cells in vivo.     

Protein kinase C regulation of intracellular and cell surface amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage in CHO695 cells

Cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase generates beta-amyloid (Abeta), the major component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage of APP by alpha-secretase prevents Abeta formation, producing nonamyloidogenic secreted APPs products. PKC-regulated APP alpha-secretase cleavage has been shown to involve tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) converting enzyme (TACE). To determine the location of APP cleavage, we examined PKC-regulated APPs secretion by examining cell surface versus intracellular APP in CHO cells stably expressing APP(695) (CHO695). We demonstrate that PKC regulates cell surface and intracellular APP cleavage. The majority of secreted APPs originates from the intracellular compartment, and PKC does not cause an increase in APP trafficking to the cell surface for cleavage. Therefore, intracellular APP regulated by PKC must be cleaved at an intracellular site. Experiments utilizing Brefeldin A suggest APP cleavage occurs at the Golgi or late in the secretory pathway. Experiments using TAPI, an inhibitor of TACE, demonstrate PKC-regulated APPs secretion from the cell surface is inhibited after pretreatment with TAPI, and APPs secretion from the intracellular pool is partially inhibited after pretreatment with TAPI. These findings suggest PKC-regulated APP cleavage occurs at multiple locations within the cell and both events appear to involve TACE.