蚊虫地理生态位瘃其重叠群划分的初步研究

本文将物种在地理上的分布范围作为地理生态位提出,并对我国蚊虫的地理生态位进行了研究,内容包括：蚊虫地理生态位宽度,地理生态位重叠指数的测定和９种蚊虫重叠群的划分。     

吉林省边境地区吸血蚊虫生态调查

吉林省边境地区吸血蚊虫生态调查丁兆福,孙权忠,乔木（沈阳空军后勤部卫生防疫队,１１００１５）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｎＢｌｏｏｄ－ＳｕｃｋｉｎｇＭｏｓｑｕｉｔｏｅｓｉｎＢｏｒｄＲｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＪｉｌｉｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．￥Ｄ...     

鹭科鸟类群落的空间生态和种间关系

本文应用空间生态位理论,分析了浙江汰公山常绿落叶针阔混交林鹭类繁殖季节的群落结构。鹭类群落由池鹭Ａｒｄｅｏｌａ ｂｃｃｈｕｓ、白鹭Ｅｇｒｅｔｔａ ｇａｒｚｅｔｔａ、夜鹭Ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ、牛背Ｂｕｂｕｌｃｕｓ ｉｂｉｓ组成。根据鹭类的水平分布、垂直分布、栖位分布的生态位宽度值,采用Ｓｃｈｏｅｎｅｒ（１９６８）生态位重叠,Ｃｏｄｙ（１９７４）“总和α”的方法制作了落落矩陈表和     

鹭科鸟类群落的空间生态位和种间关系

本文应用空间生态位理论,分析了浙江太公山常绿落叶针阔混交林鹭类繁殖季节的群落结构。鹭类群落由池鹭Ａｒｄｅｏｌａｂａｃｈｕｓ、白鹭Ｅｇｒｅｔａｇａｒｚｅｔａ、夜鹭Ｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘｎｙｃｔｉｃｏｒａｘ、牛背鹭Ｂｕｂｕｌｃｓｉｂｉｓ组成。根据鹭类的水平分布、垂直分布、栖位分布的生态位宽度值,采用Ｓｃｈｏｅｎｅｒ（１９６８）生态位重叠、Ｃｏｄｙ（１９７４）“总和α”的方法制作了群落矩阵表和树杈状图。讨论了鹭类群落对空间的利用及种间的相互作用。     

缙云山大头茶(Gordonia acuminata)生态位研究

基于四川缙云山森林群落演替系列群落取样, 采用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ 生态位宽度、Ｆｅｉｎｓｉｎｇ 和Ｓｐｅａｒｓ相似性比例生态位宽度及Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ 生态位重叠、Ｐｅｔｒａｉｔｉｓ 生态位重叠等计测公式, 对大头茶（ Ｇｏｒ ｄｏｎｉａ ａｃｕｍｉｎａｔａ） 种群的生态位特征及动态进行了研究。结果表明, 大头茶种群生态位宽度在演替系列群落中由小到大再减小, 它与缙云山森林群落其它优势乔木种群的生态位特定重叠主要表现在同针叶林中的川灰木（ Ｓｙｍｐｌｏｃｏｓ ｓｅｔｃｈｕｎｅｎｓｉｓ） 、杉木（ Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａ ｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ） 、马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ） 种群上; 反之, 其它优势乔木种群在大头茶种群上的生态位特定重叠在大头茶纯林中表现较显著; 从总体上, 所选１５ 个优势种群在各类群落中均不表现出显著的生态位普遍重叠。反映了大头茶种群在缙云山森林群落演替中的先锋拓殖作用, 亦为其常绿阔叶林的重要种群之一, 但它更重要的是一森林群落演替过渡类型的优势种群。     

驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及其应用前景分析

蚊虫吸食人血、传播疾病,严重危害人类健康。长期以来,化学合成杀虫剂由于驱灭蚊虫的效果好、持续时间长,一直占据主要地位,但长期使用化学合成杀虫剂,不仅可使蚊虫产生抗药性,而且还会造成环境污染,因此环境友好型的蚊虫防治手段日益受到人们的关注。该论文基于蚊虫与水、植物等环境因素关系的分析,阐述了植物在防治蚊虫方面的潜力;概括了我国的驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源及开发利用现状;探讨了驱蚊、灭蚊植物在防治蚊虫产品开发、生态保健型园林绿地和健康湿地系统建设等方面应用情况并展望了驱蚊、灭蚊植物资源开发利用的广阔前景,以期为蚊虫的生态防治提供新思路。     

三种荒漠蜥蜴空间和营养生态位研究

同一荒漠蜥蜴群落中,荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）和虫纹麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓｖｅｒｍｉｃｕｌａｔａ）,密点麻蜥（Ｅｒｅｍｉａｓｍｕｌｔｉｏｃｅｌｌａｔａ）占不有同的空间生态位,其间几乎不存在竞争。两个近缘种虽然占有相同空间生态位,但个体大的密点麻蜥食物种类特化,个体小的虫纹麻蜥偏重于利用较小的食物资源。占有相同空间生态位的近缘种,营养生态位向不同方向特化,利用不同的食物资源,从而在竞争中共存,保持群落结构的稳定性。     

三带喙库蚊不同地理株间蚊体脂肪酸和单糖的比较

本文报道1986—1988年用气相色谱法对乙型脑炎媒介的三带喙库蚊Culex tritacniorhynchus Giles北京、上海、广州、广西和场州地理株脂肪酸和单糖的比较研究结果.结果显示,实验室养殖的不同地理株之间脂肪酸和单糖具有一定的差异;野外采获蚊虫的脂肪酸和单糖组分及含量也具有一定的差异,而且野外蚊虫比实验室养殖蚊虫的脂肪酸与单糖含量及组分为少.北京株与上海株和扬州株蚊虫脂肪酸组分基本相似,广州株与广西株间基本相似.实验数据经系统聚类分析表明,五株蚊间脂肪酸具有差异,结果与上述基本相似.     

高原鼠兔与达乌尔鼠兔食物资源维生态位的研究

作者于１９９３年在青海省刚察县年诺索玛地区发现高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａ ｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）和达乌尔鼠兔（０．ｄａｕｒｉｃａ）在布哈河谷二阶同域且重叠分布之现象,并从这两种鼠兔的食物资源利用出发,研究了其生态位关系问题。在食物资源维上的生态位宽度（ＰＳ）,高原鼠兔为０．４７４４,达乌尔鼠兔为０．４９６４,即它们具有相近似的生态位宽度。这两种动物的生态位在食物资源谱维上的重叠值（ＦＴ）为０．８０９     

哀牢山木果石栎群落优势种的生态位宽度与重叠

通过多种方法比较研究了哀牢山木果石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｃａｒｐｕｓ）群落８个优势种的生态位宽度和重叠,结果表明,该群落是以木果石栎、腾冲栲（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｗａｔｔｉｉ）、滇木荷（Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｎｏｒｏｎｈａｅ）和景东石栎（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）为优势种的共优群落,它们的生态位宽度值分别为０．８７３２,０．７８５６,０．６７４２和０．５７９８。     

Measuring ecological niche overlap from occurrence and spatial environmental data

Aim Concerns over how global change will influence species distributions, in conjunction with increased emphasis on understanding niche dynamics in evolutionary and community contexts, highlight the growing need for robust methods to quantify niche differences between or within taxa. We propose a statistical framework to describe and compare environmental niches from occurrence and spatial environmental data. Location Europe, North America and South America. Methods The framework applies kernel smoothers to densities of species occurrence in gridded environmental space to calculate metrics of niche overlap and test hypotheses regarding niche conservatism. We use this framework and simulated species with pre‐defined distributions and amounts of niche overlap to evaluate several ordination and species distribution modelling techniques for quantifying niche overlap. We illustrate the approach with data on two well‐studied invasive species. Results We show that niche overlap can be accurately detected with the framework when variables driving the distributions are known. The method is robust to known and previously undocumented biases related to the dependence of species occurrences on the frequency of environmental conditions that occur across geographical space. The use of a kernel smoother makes the process of moving from geographical space to multivariate environmental space independent of both sampling effort and arbitrary choice of resolution in environmental space. However, the use of ordination and species distribution model techniques for selecting, combining and weighting variables on which niche overlap is calculated provide contrasting results. Main conclusions The framework meets the increasing need for robust methods to quantify niche differences. It is appropriate for studying niche differences between species, subspecies or intra‐specific lineages that differ in their geographical distributions. Alternatively, it can be used to measure the degree to which the environmental niche of a species or intra‐specific lineage has changed over time.     

浙江披山海域主要鱼类时空生态位

依据2015年11月(秋)、2016年2月(冬)、5月(春)、8月(夏)4个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Shannon指数和Pianka指数对浙江披山海域主要鱼类的时空生态位宽度和重叠进行分析,并结合冗余分析和种间竞争系数研究了主要鱼类间的竞争共存关系及生态位分化。结果表明: 研究期间共采集鉴定鱼类61种,隶属13目29科48属,其中主要鱼类(IRI>100)有19种。绿鳍鱼与丽叶鲹的时间生态位重叠值最高,二者对时间资源利用的同步性最强;孔虾虎鱼与断线舌鳎的空间生态位重叠值和时空生态位重叠值均最高,二者在空间资源序列上的同域性最强,同时,物种对时空二维资源的利用趋于一致。披山海域时空二维生态位显著重叠(Q_ik>0.6)的种对仅占总种对数的5.8%,表明物种时空分布的差异较大,时空生态位重叠受季节变化的影响比较明显,种间竞争系数计测结果与生态位重叠基本一致。冗余分析揭示了主要鱼类与温度、盐度、溶解氧等环境因子之间的关系,进一步解释了物种间的生态位分化。     

乌鲁木齐达坂城山区地衣生态位特征的研究

为揭示达坂城山区地衣对生境资源的利用状况及竞争程度,该研究在野外设置30个样方并调查其物种盖度数据,利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数及排序分析,探讨达坂城山区地衣的生态位特征及环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)达坂城山区生态位最宽的为丽黄鳞衣(Rusavskia elegans)和内卷野粮衣(Circinaria contorta),对不同环境具有较强的适应性,其他地衣物种生态位宽度较窄,对环境资源利用程度低。(2)物种间生态位重叠值整体偏低,生态位重叠值较高的物种对极少,地衣物种生态位分化程度高,物种间竞争不激烈。(3)生态位较宽的物种与多数物种之间都存在生态位重叠,但重叠值较低; 一些生态位较窄的物种与其他物种之间的生态位重叠值较高; 生态位重叠和生态位宽度之间并无直接的线性关系。(4)地衣物种沿海拔梯度分布具有差异,海拔、光照强度、湿度、风速和人为干扰是本地区地衣群落物种生态位特征差异的主导环境因子。综上所述,达坂城山区地衣物种由于生境资源的竞争占据各自独特的生态位,形成了生态位的分化,群落较为稳定,沿海拔梯度的生境条件差异是物种差异分布的重要原因。该研究可为地衣群落构建研究提供理论依据,并对该地区地衣物种的多样性和生境保护具有重要意义。     

A study on the niches of the state’s key protected plants in Bawangling,Hainan Island

Aims An understanding on the living communities of the state’s key protected wild plants and the ability in utilizing resources and occupying ecological spaces by different populations is essential to the protection and propagation of rare and endangered plant species. We use our findings to highlight the knowledge gaps in the conservation strategies for the endangered species.
Methods Field investigations were conducted during 2009-2011. Based on the survey data on 70 forest plots in the Bawangling protected area, the niche breadths and overlaps of 12 species listed as the state’s key protected plants were calculated and analyzed.
Important findings The 12 species, by their niche breadth values in descending order, include Aquilaria sinensis, Nephelium topengii, Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Alseodaphne hainanensis, Keteleeria hainanensis, Podocarpus imbricatus, Firmiana hainanensis, Parakmeria lotungensis, Cephalotaxus mannii, Michelia hedyosperma, Ixonanthes reticulata, Dacrydium pierrei. The niche breadth value of a species is closely related to its range of geographical distribution; both Dacrydium pierrei and Parakmeria lotungensis had a narrow niche breadth corresponding to their narrow ranges of altitudinal distribution. In general, the niche overlap value is higher between species with greater niche breadth; the highest niche overlap value of 0.872 was found between Camellia sinensis var. assamica and Keteleeria hainanensis. However, the niche overlap value between species with smaller niche breadth could also be high; e.g. the niche overlap value was relatively high (0.693) between two species with smaller niche breadth, Michelia hedyosperma and Firmiana hainanensis, indicating that niche overlap value is dependent upon the biological characteristics and requirements for environmental resources of the species of comparison. Some species with low niche breadth values (e.g. Michelia hedyosperma and Ixonanthes reticulata) were found to have smaller populations. Due to lack of suitable community and habitats, these plant species are in dire need of more attention and prioritization for conservation. In conclusion, for the better protection and propagation of these endangered plants in the future, we should combine knowledge of their biological characteristics with that of their living communities such as the montane rainforests, etc.     

Niche-tracking migrants and niche-switching residents: evolution of climatic niches in New World warblers (Parulidae)

Differences in life-history traits between tropical and temperate lineages are often attributed to differences in their climatic niche dynamics. For example, the more frequent appearance of migratory behaviour in temperate-breeding species than in species originally breeding in the tropics is believed to have resulted partly from tropical climatic stability and niche conservatism constraining tropical species from shifting their ranges. However, little is known about the patterns and processes underlying climatic niche evolution in migrant and resident animals. We evaluated the evolution of overlap in climatic niches between seasons and its relationship to migratory behaviour in the Parulidae, a family of New World passerine birds. We used ordination methods to measure seasonal niche overlap and niche breadth of 54 resident and 49 migrant species and used phylogenetic comparative methods to assess patterns of climatic niche evolution. We found that despite travelling thousands of kilometres, migrants tracked climatic conditions across the year to a greater extent than tropical residents. Migrant species had wider niches than resident species, although residents as a group occupied a wider climatic space and niches of migrants and residents overlapped extensively. Neither breeding latitude nor migratory distance explained variation among species in climatic niche overlap between seasons. Our findings support the notion that tropical species have narrower niches than temperate-breeders, but does not necessarily constrain their ability to shift or expand their geographical ranges and become migratory. Overall, the tropics may have been historically less likely to experience the suite of components that generate strong selection pressures for the evolution of migratory behaviour.     

海南岛霸王岭国家重点保护植物的生态位研究

为进一步了解国家重点野生保护植物的生存群落及不同种群利用资源和占据生态空间的能力, 为制定国家重点保护植物种群的保护措施提供依据, 2009-2011年, 对霸王岭有国家重点保护植物分布的70个样地进行群落调查, 研究了霸王岭保护区内12种国家重点保护植物的生态位宽度以及物种间的生态位重叠。结果表明: (1)生态位宽度值从大到小依次为: 土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)、海南韶子(Nephelium topengii)、普洱茶(Camellia sinensis var. assamica)、油丹(Alseodaphne hainanensis)、海南油杉(Keteleeria hainanensis)、鸡毛松(Podocarpus imbricatus)、海南梧桐(Firmiana hainanensis)、乐东拟单性木兰(Parakmeria lotungensis)、海南粗榧(Cephalotaxus mannii)、香子含笑(Michelia hedyosperma)、粘木(Ixonanthes reticulata)和陆均松(Dacrydium pierrei); (2)物种生态位宽度值的大小与其自身的地理分布范围密切相关, 如: 陆均松、乐东拟单性木兰等生态位宽度较小的原因与其分布的海拔范围狭窄有关。生态位宽度较大的种群对资源的利用能力较强, 与其他物种的生态位重叠一般较大, 如: 生态位宽度较大的普洱茶与海南油杉的生态位重叠值最大, 为0.872, 而一些生态位宽度较小的物种生态位重叠值较高, 如: 香子含笑的生态位宽度较小, 但与海南梧桐的生态位重叠较大, 为0.693。因此, 种群间的生态位重叠值与它们对环境资源利用的相似程度以及物种自身的生物学特性密切相关; (3)香子含笑、粘木等的生态位宽度较小, 而且个体数量较少, 适宜其生存的群落和生境极少, 应该给予更多的关注和优先保护; (4)未来对濒危植物的保护不仅要考虑各物种自身的生物学特性, 还应从植物群落的角度考虑。只有保护好这些濒危植物的生存群落, 如山地雨林等, 才能实现对濒危植物的有效保护。     

舟山长白海域主要游泳动物生态位及其分化研究

基于2016年10月（秋季）和2017年4月（春季）舟山长白海域的渔业资源调查数据,运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠及冗余分析等方法,研究了主要游泳动物的生态位,种间生态关系及生态位分化。结果显示：春、秋季主要游泳动物分别11种与8种,两季生态位宽度值差异均较大,其中春季广生态位种、中生态位种均为3种,而秋季均为2种,窄生态位种分别为5种与4种。相对重要性指数（IRI）与生态位宽度值（B_i）之间呈显著正相关。生态位重叠程度不均衡,秋季主要游泳动物的生态位重叠程度较高,O_ik > 0.6的种对数占总种对数的42.86%;春季的重叠程度较低,仅占总种对数的21.82%。RDA分析得出温度、盐度为影响主要游泳动物分布的直接因素,而溶解氧、悬浮物和pH等则为重要因素,主要游泳动物在这些资源维上存在生态分化现象。综上,分布在毗邻杭州湾口且位于著名的岱衢洋的主要游泳动物种类总体营养级较低却生态宽度值较大,大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）、黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora）等一些传统的高营养级、典型特色经济种类却沦为生态位宽度极小的一般种或少有种,群落种类显著减少,资源量下降,群落结构与功能退化,稳定性下降。因此,加强游泳动物资源修复、保护与管理十分迫切且具有重要意义。     

昆承湖优势种鱼类时空-营养生态位

为了解昆承湖优势种鱼类资源利用情况,首先利用生态位方法计算了时间、空间及营养三个资源维度的生态位宽度及重叠值,然后根据时空-营养生态位宽度值将优势种鱼类划分为广位种、中位种和窄位种,最后讨论了生态位宽度及重叠的可能原因。结果显示：刀鲚Coilia nasus、蒙古鲌Chanodichthys mongolicus、似鱎Toxabramis swinhonis、似鳊Pseudobrama simoni、鳙Hypophthalmichthys nobilis、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix、花鱼骨Hemibarbus maculatus、似刺鳊鮈Paracanthobrama guichenoti、大鳍鱊Acheilognathus macropterus和鲫Carassius auratus为优势种。在时间维度：鲢的生态位宽度最大,似鳊的最小;生态位重叠具有显著意义的有24对,占总的53.33%。在空间维度,似刺鳊鮈最大,鲢最小;生态位重叠具有显著意义的有36对,占总的80%。在营养维度,最大的为鲫,最小的为花鱼骨;生态位重叠具有显著意义的有8对,占17.78%...     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

南海北部近海头足类优势种及其生态位特征

为了解南海北部近海头足类优势种的种间关系,根据2014—2015年该海域4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查,应用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和重叠指数从时空维度分析头足类优势种的生态位特征。结果表明: 该海域4个季节的头足类优势种共5种,分别为剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、火枪乌贼、金乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼,前两种是4个季节的共同优势种。与历史数据相比,头足类优势种的种类组成已发生改变。头足类资源时空分布格局明显,海南岛南部至粤东海域资源密度高于北部湾,季节变化呈夏季高而冬季低特征。时空生态位分析表明,优势种的时间和空间生态位宽度没有一致位序,剑尖枪乌贼和中国枪乌贼分别占据最大的时间(1.32)和空间生态位宽度(3.90),而时间和空间生态位宽度最小的物种分别是金乌贼(0.98)和杜氏枪乌贼(2.04)。虽然时间生态位重叠在数值上显著高于空间生态位重叠,但二者均是在中国枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、火枪乌贼等种对间有较高重叠,而杜氏枪乌贼与其余4个优势种的重叠较低。相关分析表明,在时空尺度上生态位宽度与丰度的变化均呈极显著负相关。生态位可反映物种资源量时空变化信息,丰富了传统渔业群落研究方法。