基于稳定同位素技术的南海北部蓝圆鲹的营养生态位

蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)是南海北部重要的经济鱼类之一。根据2019年9—10月在南海北部陆架区采集的样品,利用稳定同位素分析蓝圆鲹的营养生态位变化。结果表明：以长肋日月贝作为营养级计算的基线,蓝圆鲹营养级范围2.77～4.19,平均值为3.81;δ¹⁵N值范围7.29‰～12.10‰,平均值为10.83‰;δ¹³C值范围-19.32‰～-16.10‰,平均值为-17.94‰;δ¹⁵N与δ¹³C值呈正相关;δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C值随体长增大而升高,在约100 mm体长附近达到峰值,后趋于稳定并略有下降;C/N值随体长增大而降低,至约100 mm体长达到最低值,后略有升高;不同水深样品的C/N值无显著性差别(P>0.05);在对大体长样品(≥140 mm)分析发现,雌性蓝圆鲹的δ¹⁵N值显著高于雄性(P<0.05),但δ¹³C值和C/N值无显著差别(P>0.05)。     

基于稳定同位素的黄河三角洲盐碱地稻蟹种养系统中华绒螯蟹食物源分析

为探讨盐碱地稻蟹种养系统中华绒螯蟹食物源构成,2020年6—10月,在山东东营垦利区,采集稻田中华绒螯蟹及其所有可能食物来源样品,包括植物(伊乐藻、菹草、金鱼藻、浮萍、水稻茎叶、稻谷)、动物(底栖动物、浮游动物)、有机碎屑和人工饲料(配合饲料、玉米粕),并利用碳、氮稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)值进行分析,定量其在中华绒螯蟹食物组成中的贡献率。结果表明: 食物源样品δ¹³C值范围为-30.09‰～-11.24‰,δ¹⁵N值范围为0.03‰～12.78‰,不同食物源δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值呈现明显差异。中华绒螯蟹肌肉中δ¹³C值变化范围为-24.61‰～-20.08‰,δ¹⁵N值变化范围为4.74‰～9.21‰,表明稻蟹种养系统中华绒螯蟹食物来源较丰富。养殖期间各食源贡献率为植物(46.7%～57.1%)>动物(21.5%～24.5%)>人工饲料(10.9%～21.3%)>有机碎屑(7.1%～7.9%)。可见,盐碱地稻田系统天然饵料基本能够满足中华绒螯蟹摄食需求,即使本试验投喂非动物性人工饵料,也未改变中华绒螯蟹主要食源贡献率。     

基于稳定同位素技术的辽宁浑太河流域水生食物网研究

为探究辽宁省浑太河流域水生生物营养结构特征及其变化,分别于2020年秋季(10月)和2021年春季(5月)对该流域开展渔业资源调查,依据主要消费者及饵料生物样品的碳、氮稳定同位素值(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N),利用SIBER和MixSIAR模型分析渔获物群落营养结构的时空差异,并初步构建该流域的食物网。结果表明,主要渔获物的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值分别为–37.18‰—–19.28‰和7.98‰—16.51‰,且季节性差异不显著(P>0.05),但δ13C值空间差异极显著(P<0.01)。浑太河流域渔获物的营养级为1.71—4.39,同种鱼类营养级具有极显著的时空差异(P<0.01)。与春季相比,鱼类在秋季摄食的食物资源更丰富、所占的生态位更宽,同时太子河的各项群落营养结构指标均优于浑河。基础食源分析结果表明水生植物与陆生植物分别为浑太河两个季度的主要碳源,陆生植物和POM分别为浑河和太子河中鱼类的主要碳源。研究填补了对浑太河流域水生生物食物网及群落营养结构研究的空缺,为该流域后续的保护、修...     

食物资源的枯竭对丹顶鹤营养位的影响

随着扎龙湿地生物资源的迅速减少,在该地栖息的丹顶鹤种群的营养关系可能发生显著的变化.本文使用稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C)监测食物资源的枯竭对丹顶鹤营养位的影响.结果表明:丹顶鹤种群的δ¹⁵N和δ¹³C的丰度范围分别为6.9‰～8.1‰和-17.8‰～-18.5‰.扎龙湿地系统以大型水禽为食物顶端的食物链长度为3.8±0.2,其中丹顶鹤种群所处的平均营养位为3.1(范围在2.9～3.3).丹顶鹤的δ¹⁵N的丰度近年波动范围为7.4‰～8.8‰(波动幅度1.4,小于营养位发生显著变化的阈值3.4),这说明在该地区活动的丹顶鹤的营养位并没有随着大面积的栖息地和食物资源的消失而发生显著变化.然而,随着本地区生物资源的枯竭,丹顶鹤种群规模迅速减少,当前必须合理解决当地居民从湿地获取生活资源的需求与丹顶鹤觅食之间的矛盾,从而更好地保护这种濒危种群.     

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域夏季食物网研究

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场在针对珊瑚礁修复工作、热带海洋牧场建设等方面取得了不错的效果,但海洋牧场区域的营养结构仍需要长期的监测评估。于2020年7月海洋生物调查共采集52种主要消费者,以碳(δ¹³C)、氮(δ¹⁵N)稳定同位素技术为基础,首次构建三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域食物网并进行研究。结果表明：(1)主要消费者的δ¹³C值范围在-19.10‰—-12.74‰之间,平均值为(-16.99±1.52)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围为6.43‰—14.03‰,平均值(11.24±1.70)‰。单因素方差分析结果显示,不同类群之间碳氮稳定同位素均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(2)大型海藻和底栖微藻对主要消费者的贡献率最大为41.50%,沉积有机物(SOM)和浮游植物也是消费者的重要碳源(贡献率分别为20.05%、19.97%),悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)对消费者的碳源贡献率最低,为18.48%。(3)三亚蜈支洲岛牧场区域主要消费者的营养级范围为1.53—3.76,主要消费者营养层次分布两端少,中间多。通过系统聚类分...     

山东东营和烟台潮间带海草床食物网结构特征

为了探明海草床内主要生物类群间的营养关系以及食物网结构, 作者于2018年8月分别在东营黄河口潮间带和烟台西海岸潮间带海草床采集大型底栖生物样品, 采用δ ¹³C和δ ¹⁵N稳定同位素方法, 对生物样品的碳、氮同位素组成进行了测定和分析。结果表明: 东营海草床内生物的δ ¹³C、δ ¹⁵N值范围分别为-21.99‰至-12.13‰和5.23‰-11.05‰, 烟台海草床内生物的δ ¹³C、δ ¹⁵N值范围分别为-18.11‰至-14.06‰和6.60‰-10.22‰。东营海草床主要生物的营养级范围为2.00-3.85, 烟台海草床主要生物的营养级范围为2.00-3.15。根据δ ¹⁵N值计算所得的营养级图分析可知两区域海草床内初级消费者主要为滤食性双壳类和多毛类, 次级消费者为植食性或杂食性甲壳类,肉食性鱼类和腹足类。与近海海域大型底栖生物食物网相比, 海草床内底栖生物的营养级均值普遍较低。     

基于胃含物分析和稳定同位素技术研究鳀的摄食生态

鳀是重要的渔业资源捕捞对象,同时也是生态系统营养动力学研究的关键种。基于2020年和2008—2009年东海区采集的鳀样品,结合胃含物分析和肌肉碳、氮稳定同位素技术,分析了鳀的食物组成、食性昼夜差异、不同发育阶段的食性转变及其营养级,研究鳀的摄食生态。胃含物分析显示,鳀主要摄食浮游甲壳类和小型鱼类,优势饵料依次为太平洋磷虾[相对重要指数百分比(IRI)=87.6%,出现频率(F)=57.6%]、小拟哲水蚤(IRI=3.2%,F=15.3%)和细足法虫戎(IRI=2.1%,F=13.1%);同位素分析显示,桡足类是鳀的主要食物来源,其次是磷虾类,端足类的食源贡献率最小,不足1%。鳀食物组成昼夜差异明显,摄食强度白天比晚上高,下午最高,午夜最低;叉长90 mm是鳀食性转变的拐点,小于90 mm的鳀主要摄食浮游动物,大于90 mm的鳀主要摄食浮游动物,兼食小型鱼类。鳀的δ¹³C值范围为-21.66‰～-18.14‰,平均值为(-19.92±0.86)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围为4.07‰～10.78‰,平均值为(8.14±2.48)‰;鳀的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N比值与叉长呈极显著正相关。基于胃含物分析的鳀营养级为3.4,基于δ¹⁵N稳定同位素的鳀营养级为2.7。本研究可为中上层小型鱼类在生态系统中的营养地位提供参考依据,为构建食物网营养通道提供基础资料。     

基于碳、氮稳定同位素研究胶州湾普氏栉虾虎鱼的摄食习性

普氏栉虾虎鱼属于小型暖温性底层鱼类,是胶州湾鱼类群落中的优势种之一,在胶州湾食物网和生态系统中发挥着重要作用.本文应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术,基于胶州湾渔业资源底拖网调查采集的样品,对普氏栉虾虎鱼的摄食习性进行了研究.结果表明: 胶州湾普氏栉虾虎鱼的δ¹⁵N值范围为11.24‰～13.99‰,平均值为(12.70±0.70)‰,δ¹³C值范围为-20.67‰～-18.46‰,平均值为(-19.08±0.36)‰;各体长组的营养级范围为3.49～3.76,平均营养级为(3.62±0.21),其δ¹⁵N值和营养级与体长呈显著负相关,δ¹³C值与体长无显著相关性.普氏栉虾虎鱼摄食的主要饵料生物类群为多毛类、虾类和软体动物,浮游动物和颗粒有机物(POM)的饵料贡献率较小.聚类分析结果表明,普氏栉虾虎鱼各体长组食物组成的相似性均在92%以上,相似性较高,说明其摄食习性随体长变化无明显差异.普氏栉虾虎鱼在胶州湾生态系统中属于中级消费者,其摄食各饵料生物类群比例的变化可能是其营养级与体长呈负相关关系的主要原因.     

大连海域食物网连续营养谱

根据2008年1月—2017年6月在大连海域收集的因搁浅、误捕及救助无效而死亡的斑海豹、江豚、小须鲸等海洋哺乳动物及2016年秋季和2017年春季在该海域进行的渔业资源调查,应用稳定同位素技术,分析了大连海域海洋哺乳动物及主要生物样品的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N),并计算其营养级,进而构建大连海域食物网的连续营养谱.结果表明: 大连海域食物网的δ¹⁵N值范围为8.0‰～14.7‰,δ¹³C值范围为-21.1‰～-16.7‰.主要生物种类可划分为初级消费者、次级消费者及顶级捕食者3个营养组群.δ¹⁵N值分析显示,主要生物种类的营养级范围为2.63～4.59,其中,小须鲸、江豚、斑海豹的营养级依次为3.16、4.11、4.25,棘皮动物为3.24～3.84,头足类为3.81～3.93,腹足类为3.65～4.13,双壳类为2.63～3.15,甲壳类为3.58～4.12,鱼类为3.20～4.59.营养结构特征显示,初级消费者主要为双壳类,次级消费者主要为小须鲸、头足类、棘皮类、腹足类、甲壳类,顶级捕食者主要为江豚、斑海豹、鱼类.随着江豚体长的增加,δ¹⁵N值有增大趋势,说明随着江豚生长和摄食能力的增强,其摄食的食物趋向于更高营养层次的生物.研究建立了大连海域食物网的连续营养谱,可以为海洋哺乳动物和渔业资源的保护提供依据.     

基于稳定同位素研究海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态

根据2018年春季和秋季在海州湾海域进行底拖网调查采集的样品,基于碳氮稳定同位素分析,对海州湾短吻红舌鳎的摄食生态进行研究。结果表明: 海州湾短吻红舌鳎的δ¹³C值平均值为(-17.79±1.00)‰,其范围在-20.75‰～-15.91‰;δ¹⁵N值平均值为(9.37±1.33)‰,其范围在5.98‰～12.02‰。Pearson相关分析表明,海州湾短吻红舌鳎δ¹³C值与体长呈显著负相关,δ¹⁵N值与体长呈显著正相关。根据δ¹⁵N值计算得出海州湾短吻红舌鳎的平均营养级为(3.43±0.97),且营养级与体长呈显著正相关。海州湾短吻红舌鳎摄食的饵料生物有鱼类、蟹类、虾类、软体动物、多毛类、浮游生物和颗粒有机物等,其中虾类的营养贡献率最高。秋季鱼类、蟹类、虾类对短吻红舌鳎的营养贡献率较春季有所增高。本研究将有助于揭示短吻红舌鳎在海州湾生态系统物质循环和能量流动中的地位和作用,为其资源保护和合理利用提供科学依据。     

食物和季节因素对杂色山雀贮食行为的影响

鸟类的贮食行为受很多因素的影响,其中食物和季节是两个十分关键的因子。采用人工投食的方式研究杂色山雀冬、春季节对松子和葵花籽两种食物的贮食选择,以及食物和季节因素对贮食位点的空间分布和微生境选择的影响。结果发现,杂色山雀优先贮食松子,仅在春季贮食少量葵花籽;主要选择树皮裂缝、灌木根部、草丛、石缝和苔藓下面五种生境进行贮食;其贮食位点的空间分布呈分散状态,集中于投食点100m范围内,密度分布随食物搬运距离的增加而递减。其贮食模式和贮食位点的微生境选择均受季节因素的影响,其中,贮食模式的季节变化可能是受生境中松子这种重要食物可获得性的下降所致,而杂色山雀冬季对树皮裂缝的利用率明显高于春季,可能是与冬季的积雪覆盖限制了其对地面贮食点的利用有关。杂色山雀的就近贮食模式可能是为了增加贮食效率,关于不同个体之间贮食位点的差异,以及季节变化对贮食位点的空间分布格局的影响还需进一步研究。     

Effects of food processing on the stability of food allergens

The ubiquitous presence of allergens in the human food supply coupled with increased awareness of food allergies warrants undertaking appropriate preventive measures to protect sensitive consumers from unwanted exposure to offending food allergens. Attempts to reduce or eliminate food allergenicity through food processing have met with mixed results. The rationale for using food processing to reduce/eliminate allergenicity and limitations to using this approach are discussed.     

Inhibition of food intake in the rat

The effects of single oral administrations of tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and desipramine), an atypical antidepressant (nomifensine), known anorexic agents, haloperidol, and diazepam on food intake were compared in Sprague-Dawley rats over a 4-day test period. The tricyclic antidepressants produced decreases in food intake during the total 4-day test period following their administration. In contrast, the anorexic agents (d-amphetamine, cocaine, mazindol, fenfluramine and quipazine), nomifensine, and haloperidol produced decreases in food intake only on the day of their administration. Diazepam produced an increase in food intake only on the day of its administration. In addition to revealing that high doses of antidepressants can decrease food intake, this model appears to show some specificity for tricyclic antidepressants.     

MTII attenuates ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding and food intake

Food deprivation triggers a constellation of physiological and behavioral changes including increases in peripherally-produced ghrelin and centrally-produced agouti-related protein (AgRP). Upon refeeding, food intake is increased in most species, however hamsters primarily increase food hoarding. Food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding by Siberian hamsters are mimicked by peripheral ghrelin and central AgRP injections. Because food deprivation stimulates ghrelin as well as AgRP synthesis/release, food deprivation-induced increases in hoarding may be mediated by melanocortin 3 or 4 receptor (MC3/4-R) antagonism via AgRP, the MC3/4-R inverse agonist. Therefore, we asked: Can a MC3/4-R agonist block food deprivation- or ghrelin-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding and food intake? This was accomplished by injecting melanotan II (MTII), a synthetic MC3/4-R agonist, into the 3rd ventricle in food deprived, fed or peripheral ghrelin injected hamsters and housed in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system. Three foraging conditions were used: a) no running wheel access, non-contingent food, b) running wheel access, non-contingent food or c) a foraging requirement for food (10 revolutions/pellet). Food deprivation was a more potent stimulator of foraging and hoarding than ghrelin. Concurrent injections of MTII completely blocked food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food intake and attenuated, but did not always completely block, food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food hoarding. Collectively, these data suggest that the MC3/4-R are involved in ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food intake, but other neurochemical systems, such as previously demonstrated with neuropeptide Y, also are involved in increases in food hoarding as well as foraging.     

Toque macaque food calls: Semantic communication concerning food distribution in the environment

Upon the rare occasions that wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) discover a large quantity of food in their natural forest environment they give distinctive calls. The durations of feeding bouts and the rates of feeding are significantly greater at sites where food calls are given than at sites of the same food types where no foods call are given. The calls designate a new location of a large quantity of any one of several food types. Dispersed group members hearing the call immediately run to the site of the call and feed there. I conclude that food calls are semantic signals (or symbols) that evoke the same response (rapid direct approach) as seeing the external referent of the calls (a source of abundant food) itself would. Food calls convey information about the presence of an edible food source, its quantity and location in the environment. As a general type, food calls appear to be related to, but are distinct from, contact calls which function to mintain group cohesion.     

MTII attenuates ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding and food intake

Food deprivation triggers a constellation of physiological and behavioral changes including increases in peripherally-produced ghrelin and centrally-produced agouti-related protein (AgRP). Upon refeeding, food intake is increased in most species, however hamsters primarily increase food hoarding. Food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding by Siberian hamsters are mimicked by peripheral ghrelin and central AgRP injections. Because food deprivation stimulates ghrelin as well as AgRP synthesis/release, food deprivation-induced increases in hoarding may be mediated by melanocortin 3 or 4 receptor (MC3/4-R) antagonism via AgRP, the MC3/4-R inverse agonist. Therefore, we asked: Can a MC3/4-R agonist block food deprivation- or ghrelin-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding and food intake? This was accomplished by injecting melanotan II (MTII), a synthetic MC3/4-R agonist, into the 3rd ventricle in food deprived, fed or peripheral ghrelin injected hamsters and housed in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system. Three foraging conditions were used: a) no running wheel access, non-contingent food, b) running wheel access, non-contingent food or c) a foraging requirement for food (10 revolutions/pellet). Food deprivation was a more potent stimulator of foraging and hoarding than ghrelin. Concurrent injections of MTII completely blocked food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food intake and attenuated, but did not always completely block, food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food hoarding. Collectively, these data suggest that the MC3/4-R are involved in ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food intake, but other neurochemical systems, such as previously demonstrated with neuropeptide Y, also are involved in increases in food hoarding as well as foraging.