MicroRNA通过肠道菌群对绝经后骨质疏松症影响的机制探讨

胃肠道是营养和矿物质高效吸收的重要部位。研究显示胃肠道微生物群通过肠-骨轴对骨质量具有调节作用,其作用机制十分复杂,主要通过矿物质吸收、激素控制和免疫调节来实现。中药可以调节肠道菌群,起到治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的作用。近期研究发现,microRNA通过调节肠道微生物基因,改变肠道微生物的生理功能,从而调节骨代谢,影响绝经后骨质疏松症的发生与发展。本文就microRNA调节肠道菌群的研究现状作一综述,探讨绝经后骨质疏松症的调节机制,为绝经后骨质疏松症的肠道微生态研究提供一定的理论依据。     

微生物-肠-骨轴与骨质疏松疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物被称为人体的“第二基因库”,对骨质疏松症的治疗具有良好的辅助作用。其主要通过肠上皮屏障、免疫系统、内分泌系统及肠道菌群代谢产物等途径在肠-骨轴的作用下影响肠道与骨代谢之间的联系。新型的肠道微生物靶向疗法如益生菌、益生元和膳食补充剂已被证明可有效预防骨质流失,但其长期疗效及安全性仍需进一步加强。因此,本文结合国内外研究进展,就微生物-肠-骨轴在骨质疏松症中的主要作用进行探讨,为骨质疏松症的治疗提供新的思路。     

肠道微生物群在人类健康衰老中的作用机制研究进展北大核心

衰老的特征是组织器官的功能衰退以及衰老相关疾病风险的增加,这给维护和促进健康长寿带来一系列新的挑战。尽管进行了广泛的衰老相关研究,但进展有限。人们越来越意识到肠道微生物群的结构和功能积极参与了衰老过程。肠道微生物群紊乱表现为许多与年龄相关的肠外器官轴的衰老。肠道微生物群可以被调节,这暗示了通过肠道微生物群抗衰老是一个可以实现的重要目标。本综述总结了肠道微生物群在不同年龄段中的动态演替,这种动态的肠道微生物群从胎儿到出生和婴儿期开始迅速发展,从断奶期到幼儿期迅速变化,然后建立稳定的成年人菌群,直到随着年龄增长最后发生衰退;肠道微生物群与肠外器官轴(大脑、心脏、肝脏、胰腺、肌肉、皮肤和骨骼)衰老相关疾病,以及通过饮食、粪菌移植和微生态制剂调节肠道微生物群靶向抗衰老的研究进展,以期为调控肠道微生物群抗衰老研究提供参考。     

益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢的研究进展

骨质疏松症已成为威胁中老年人健康的主要疾病之一,越来越多的人受到该病症的危害.肠道菌群是定殖在机体肠道内,与宿主形成共生关系的微生物,对宿主的免疫及代谢等产生重要影响,研究发现,肠道菌群与骨代谢之间存在密切关系,本文从肠道菌群与免疫、骨代谢与免疫、肠道菌群与骨代谢、益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢等几个方面阐述,肠道菌群有望成为骨质疏松症治疗的一个新靶点,通过益生菌或益生元来干预肠道菌群组成,进而调节免疫系统状态,抑制促炎因子的生成,从而降低骨吸收作用,达到预防和治疗骨质疏松症的目的.     

结直肠癌与肠道微生物群研究进展

肠道微生物群是人体内环境的重要组成部分,与宿主共进化、共代谢、共发育,并与宿主之间相互调控,影响宿主健康。近年研究显示,肠道微生物群参与了结直肠癌的发生和发展。了解肠道微生物群的特征性变化及其诱发结直肠癌的机制对于结直肠癌的防治有着重要意义。目前以肠道微生物群为靶点的干预性基础研究也取得了一些突破性的研究进展。本文主要对结直肠癌患者肠道微生物群的变化、其可能的致病机制及临床相关研究进展等进行综述。     

肠道微生态与白血病的研究进展

微生物群与人体的健康密切相关,约20%的恶性肿瘤与微生态失调有关。研究显示肠道微生物可以调节造血,其与血液系统疾病的关系逐渐得到研究者的关注,肠道微生物参与白血病的发生发展,影响白血病的治疗效果。较早的暴露于微生物群是儿童白血病的保护性因素,化疗会引起肠道微生物紊乱,肠道微生物可以改变化疗药物的疗效和毒性,其多样性和组成能够预测化疗相关的并发症,通过微生态制剂和粪菌移植可以减少化疗相关的并发症。本文从肠道微生态与白血病及其并发症的关系,以及调节肠道微生态对白血病的影响两个方面的最新进展进行综述。     

肠道微生物群在糖尿病肾病防治中的研究进展

糖尿病肾病(diabetic kidney disease, DKD)是由糖尿病引起的严重的代谢性疾病,在高糖情况下,引起肾脏慢性炎症和氧化应激,破坏肾脏生理结构并导致肾脏间质纤维化。大量研究表明,肠道微生物群能够影响机体代谢和健康。本文通过梳理肠道微生物群与DKD相关性的最新研究成果,以期阐明肠道微生物群在DKD的发生和防治过程中的作用。首先,阐明了肠道屏障和肠道微生物群代谢物与DKD的联系;其次,总结近几年抗DKD研究中的作用机制;最后,对补充益生元、益生菌和粪便移植在DKD治疗中的可行性进行了讨论。通过梳理相关内容,本文可为DKD的防治提供一定的理论参考与数据支持。     

肠道微生物与结直肠癌

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁着人类健康。肠道微生态作为人体内最复杂、最庞大的微生态系统,与CRC密切相关。CRC患者的肠道微生物群落多样性构成能调节CRC疾病的发生与发展。本综述旨在讨论CRC肠道微生物群的构成、微生物群相关致癌机制、微生物群作为CRC生物标志物的潜力,为临床应用肠道菌群治疗CRC提供新策略与新思路。     

肠道微生物群与药物相互作用的研究进展

药物的代谢是机体对药物处置过程的关键步骤,而肠道作为机体中重要的微生态系统,其在药物代谢方面的作用至关重要。肠道微生物群能够对各种药物等外源化合物进行生物转化、积累,并改变这些物质的活性和毒性,从而影响宿主机体对它们的反应。肠道微生物群与药物之间的相互作用相当复杂,亟待更多更加深入、全面的发掘和研究。近年来,随着人们对肠道微生物群代谢及其与药物互作关系,肠道菌-宿主共代谢认知的不断深化,越来越多的研究表明肠道微生物在药代动力学中扮演重要角色。本文通过调研、整理、归纳和总结国内外相关文献资料,对机体肠道微生物的分类、功能,几种常用药物对肠道微生物的影响以及肠道菌群对药物的代谢作用效果与几个主要的机制进行了梳理和综述,并讨论了微生物和药物之间的双向互作。有利于增进对微生物群影响药物疗效及其代谢途径和机制的了解,提高调控肠道微生物改善治疗的可能性,为指导临床合理用药、精准用药、个体化治疗、药物的评价和新药研发等提供科学参考。     

肠道微生物群与抑郁症和肝性脑病

肠道细菌种类繁多,在正常情况下,肠道微生物群之间、肠道微生物群与宿主之间始终处于一个动态的生态平衡状态。如果这种平衡被打破,那么肠道微生物群将会导致疾病的产生。肠道微生物群通过免疫、神经内分泌和生化等途径影响人类的中枢神经系统。目前发现肠道微生物群与抑郁症、肝性脑病等一些神经系统疾病存在联系。     

Interactions between multiple helminths and the gut microbiota in wild rodents

The gut microbiota is vital to host health and, as such, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms altering its composition and diversity. Intestinal helminths are host immunomodulators and have evolved both temporally and spatially in close association with the gut microbiota, resulting in potential mechanistic interplay. Host–helminth and host–microbiota interactions are comparatively well-examined, unlike microbiota–helminth relationships, which typically focus on experimental infection with a single helminth species in laboratory animals. Here, in addition to a review of the literature on helminth–microbiota interactions, we examined empirically the association between microbiota diversity and composition and natural infection of multiple helminth species in wild mice (Apodemus flavicollis), using 16S rRNA gene catalogues (metataxonomics). In general, helminth presence is linked with high microbiota diversity, which may confer health benefits to the host. Within our wild rodent system variation in the composition and abundance of gut microbial taxa associated with helminths was specific to each helminth species and occurred both up- and downstream of a given helminth''s niche (gut position). The most pronounced helminth–microbiota association was between the presence of tapeworms in the small intestine and increased S24–7 (Bacteroidetes) family in the stomach. Helminths clearly have the potential to alter gut homeostasis. Free-living rodents with a diverse helminth community offer a useful model system that enables both correlative (this study) and manipulative inference to elucidate helminth–microbiota interactions.     

Microbes and the mind: emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota–brain axis

The concept of a gut microbiota–brain axis has emerged to describe the complex and continuous signalling between the gut microbiota and host nervous system. This review examines key microbial‐derived neuromodulators and structural components that comprise the gut microbiota–brain axis. To conclude, we briefly identify current challenges in gut microbiota–brain research and suggest a framework to characterize these interactions. Here, we propose five emerging hallmarks of the gut microbiota–brain axis: (i) Indistinguishability, (ii) Emergence, (iii) Bidirectional Signalling, (iv) Critical Window Fluidity and (5) Neural Homeostasis.     

Mind-altering with the gut: Modulation of the gut-brain axis with probiotics

It is increasingly evident that bidirectional interactions exist among the gastrointestinal tract, the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system. Recent preclinical and clinical trials have shown that gut microbiota plays an important role in these gut-brain interactions. Furthermore, alterations in gut microbiota composition may be associated with pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, including stress, autism, depression, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the concepts of the microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging. Here, we review the role of gut microbiota in bidirectional interactions between the gut and the brain, including neural, immune-mediated, and metabolic mechanisms. We highlight recent advances in the understanding of probiotic modulation of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders via the gut-brain axis.     

Iron in infectious diseases friend or foe?: The role of gut microbiota

Iron is a trace element involved in metabolic functions for all organisms, from microorganisms to mammalians. Iron deficiency is a prevalent health problem that affects billions of people worldwide, and iron overload could have some hazardous effect. The complex microbial community in the human body, also called microbiota, influences the host immune defence against infections. An imbalance in gut microbiota, dysbiosis, changes the host's susceptibility to infections by regulating the immune system. In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between infectious diseases and microbiota has increased. Gut microbiota is affected by different parameters, including mode of delivery, hygiene habits, diet, drugs, and plasma iron levels during the lifetime. Gut microbiota may influence iron levels in the body, and iron overload and deficiency can also affect gut microbiota composition. Novel researches on microbiota shed light on the fact that the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and iron play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially infections. A better understanding of these interactions may help us to comprehend the pathogenesis of many infectious and metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide and following the development of more effective preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to present the iron-mediated host-gut microbiota interactions, susceptibility to bacterial infections, and iron-targeted therapy approaches for infections.     

The gut microbiota and its interactions with cardiovascular disease

The intestine is colonized by a considerable community of microorganisms that cohabits within the host and plays a critical role in maintaining host homeostasis. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that the gut microbial ecology plays a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, the effects of imbalances in microbe–host interactions on homeostasis can lead to the progression of CVD. Alterations in the composition of gut flora and disruptions in gut microbial metabolism are implicated in the pathogenesis of CVD. Furthermore, the gut microbiota functions like an endocrine organ that produces bioactive metabolites, including trimethylamine/trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which are also involved in host health and disease via numerous pathways. Thus, the gut microbiota and its metabolic pathways have attracted growing attention as a therapeutic target for CVD treatment. The fundamental purpose of this review was to summarize recent studies that have illustrated the complex interactions between the gut microbiota, their metabolites and the development of common CVD, as well as the effects of gut dysbiosis on CVD risk factors. Moreover, we systematically discuss the normal physiology of gut microbiota and potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to prevent and treat CVD.     

New insights into the interactions between Blastocystis,the gut microbiota,and host immunity

The human gut microbiota is a diverse and complex ecosystem that is involved in beneficial physiological functions as well as disease pathogenesis. Blastocystis is a common protistan parasite and is increasingly recognized as an important component of the gut microbiota. The correlations between Blastocystis and other communities of intestinal microbiota have been investigated, and, to a lesser extent, the role of this parasite in maintaining the host immunological homeostasis. Despite recent studies suggesting that Blastocystis decreases the abundance of beneficial bacteria, most reports indicate that Blastocystis is a common component of the healthy gut microbiome. This review covers recent finding on the potential interactions between Blastocystis and the gut microbiota communities and its roles in regulating host immune responses.     

Gut microbiota instead of host genotype drive the specificity in the interaction of a natural host-parasite system

Specific interactions between parasite genotypes and host genotypes (G_p × G_h) are commonly found in invertebrate systems, but are largely lacking a mechanistic explanation. The genotype of invertebrate hosts can be complemented by the genomes of microorganisms living on or within the host (‘microbiota’). We investigated whether the bacterial gut microbiota of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) can account for the specificity of interactions between individuals from different colonies (previously taken as host genotype proxy) and genotypes of the parasite Crithidia bombi. For this, we transplanted the microbiota between individuals of six colonies. Both the general infection load and the specific success of different C. bombi genotypes were mostly driven by the microbiota, rather than by worker genotype. Variation in gut microbiota can therefore be responsible for specific immune phenotypes and the evolution of gut parasites may be driven by interactions with ‘microbiota types’ as well as with host genotypes.     

Evidence for a core gut microbiota in the zebrafish

Experimental analysis of gut microbial communities and their interactions with vertebrate hosts is conducted predominantly in domesticated animals that have been maintained in laboratory facilities for many generations. These animal models are useful for studying coevolved relationships between host and microbiota only if the microbial communities that occur in animals in lab facilities are representative of those that occur in nature. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequence-based comparisons of gut bacterial communities in zebrafish collected recently from their natural habitat and those reared for generations in lab facilities in different geographic locations. Patterns of gut microbiota structure in domesticated zebrafish varied across different lab facilities in correlation with historical connections between those facilities. However, gut microbiota membership in domesticated and recently caught zebrafish was strikingly similar, with a shared core gut microbiota. The zebrafish intestinal habitat therefore selects for specific bacterial taxa despite radical differences in host provenance and domestication status.     

Transient adult microbiota,gut homeostasis and longevity: Novel insights from the Drosophila model

In the last decade, Drosophila has emerged as a useful model to study host–microbiota interactions, creating an active research field with prolific publications. In the last 2 years, several studies contributed to a better understanding of the dynamic nature of microbiota composition and its impact on gut immunity and intestinal tissue homeostasis. These studies depicted the mechanisms by which microbiota regulates gut homeostasis to modulate host fitness and lifespan. Moreover, the latest findings demonstrating that the gut is a physiologically and histologically compartmentalized organ brought fresh perspectives to study the region-specific nature of the interactions between the commensal microbes and the intestinal tissue, and consequences of these interactions on overall host biology.