黄瓜雌花发育过程中柱头的腺特征

利用透射电镜技术研究了黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)雌花柱头发育过程中传递组织、分泌组织和乳突细胞的超微结构.在整个发育过程中,乳突细胞和分泌组织细胞的细胞质内密布很多管状及槽库膨大的内质网,产生很多分泌囊泡;在成熟柱头的传递组织和分泌组织细胞间观察到大量的胞间连丝;乳突细胞和分泌细胞高度液泡化,质膜内折;在柱头发育过程中分泌组织细胞的核周腔扩大形成裂瓣状核,到柱头成熟阶段裂瓣状核更加明显.进一步的研究显示,在成熟柱头的不同组织细胞中,ATPase的活性呈现在质膜和液泡膜上,随着柱头的发育,PM-H -ATPase的比活性明显增强.结果表明,黄瓜雌花柱头的腺特征随发育进程而趋于显著.     

抗寒锻炼对冬小麦幼苗质膜Ca^2＋—ATPase的稳定作用

通过氯化铈（ＣｅＣｌ３）沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法,观察了抗寒锻炼对冬小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）幼苗质膜Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ的稳定作用,主要结果是：（１）正常温度（２０℃）下生长的冬小麦幼苗（未经抗寒锻炼）,其质膜上有很强的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性反应;当经过－９℃３ｈ的低温处理后,质膜的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性明显降低;在处理１２ｈ后,质膜的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性进一步降低;当处理时间延长到２４ｈ,质膜的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ完全失活,同时细胞的超微结构受到破坏。（２）冬小麦幼苗在２℃低温下锻炼１５ｄ后,其质膜的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性高于未经抗寒锻炼的小麦幼苗。抗寒锻炼后的小麦幼苗在－９℃处理３ｈ后,质膜的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性与低温处理前相比无明显降低;经低温处理１２ｈ,质膜仍保持较高的Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,较同样低温处理（－９℃,１２ｈ）但未经抗寒锻炼的幼苗高;当－９℃低温处理２４ｈ后,质膜上仍可观察到Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ的活性反应,而且细胞的超微结构也未受到破坏。结果表明,抗寒锻炼可提高冬小麦幼苗质膜Ｃａ２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ在低温下的稳定性     

盐或低温胁迫对花生幼苗下胚轴ATP酶和质膜中PIP2含量的影响

经６％－１２％Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ Ｔ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜和液泡膜制剂。１５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ或１０℃低温处理花生幼苗２４ｈ,其下胚轴质膜上的Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性分别提高了３７．６％和１７．２％;Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性分别提高４５．８％和３３．６％。上述盐或低温处理也提高了液泡膜上Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,分别为对照的１４１．２％和１     

光周期对光敏胞质不育小麦花药发育过程中Ca^2＋—ATPase分布的影响

应用铅沉淀法研究了不同光照条件下泖负质不育小麦Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）可育花药和不育药药发育过程中Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的分布。短日可育条件下,单核早期至成熟花粉,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ在花粉表面,外壁内先增加后 和,在花粉内壁及质膜上逐渐增加,在南内分布较少,成熟花粉的营养细胞核仁内有大量Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ会面２。精细胞核仁内亦有Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ分布。乌氏体上     

表油菜素内酯对cAMP在植物体内分在和对质膜ATPase活性的影响

植物材料经ｅｐｉＢＲ处理后,ｃＡＭＰ的水平明显提高,比对照增加１～３倍,其变化的时间进程有６ｈ的滞后期。小麦根系质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ与ｅｎｉＢＲ一起温育,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性未表现提高,反而明显下降;当ｅｐｉＢＲ浓度提高到２×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性降低过半。在此反应系统中加入５×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＩＡＡ后,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性明显提高,并超过了单独使用ＩＡＡ处理的材料。放射自显影表明,油菜素甾酮主要分布在绿豆幼苗上胚轴近真对端１ｃｍ处及黄瓜幼苗生长锥和子叶基部,均为形态生长旺盛的部位。     

花生幼苗下胚轴质膜Ca2+-ATP酶及其对低温胁迫的反应

经６％－１２％ＤｅｘｔｒａｎＴ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜制剂,质膜Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ在反应系统不存在Ｍｇ＾２＋时,可正常表现水解ＡＴＰ的活性,但此活性明显低于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ不受Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制,不被Ｋ＾＋激活,而被Ｃｌ＾－抑制,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的最适,ｐＨ不同于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,低温胁迫显著提高质膜Ｃ     

盐胁迫下无花果细胞质和液泡膜H^＋—ATPase活性对脯氨酸积累 …

盐胁迫降低无花果振荡培养细胞培养液ＰＨ添加质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性抑制剂Ｎａ３ＶＯ４则抑制盐诱导的培养液ＰＨ下降,表明盐诱导培养液Ｈ下降主要是细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加的结果。ＮａＣｌ处理提高活体细胞质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,而降低膜微囊Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,培养液中添加Ｎａ３ＶＯ４ ５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ完全抑制盐胁迫下无花果细胞游离脯氨酸只累,但添加更高浓度Ｎａ３ＶＯ４,则提高     

ABA、IAA和CaM对发育菜豆子叶质膜H~＋－ATPase活力的效应

以亲水性两相分配法从发育菜豆子叶制备的质膜制剂经冻融循环操作,部分膜微囊可转变成密闭的翻转型。取冻融４次的质膜微囊用于Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ试验表明,ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力为ＡＢＡ和ＣａＭ显著地激活,但受ＩＡＡ显著抑制;质子泵活力被ＡＢＡ显著促进,但为ＣａＭ显著抑制,ＩＡＡ对质子泵活力无显著效应。可以认为：ＡＢＡ促进发育菜豆子叶吸收光合同化物可能是通过促进质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力,从而促进质子／蔗糖同向运输而获得;ＩＡＡ则可能对菜豆子叶的质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ无显著效应。在激素信号传导途径中,ＣａＭ对质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力可能无直接影响。     

低温处理对植物幼苗生长及根系ATPase同工酶的影响

过去所得的实验表明,植物中ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性变化与耐冷性有关。春小麦和番茄对低温是非常敏感的,当将这两种植物的幼苗在低温下培养时,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性下降甚至消失。相反,在冬小麦中,当幼苗在低温下处理时,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加．为了研究ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶变化与植物耐冷性之间的关系,以小麦等四种植物为材料,在０－１℃低温下处理２天、２周和４周,然后检测幼苗根系内的ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶,结果发现,在０－１℃培养时,幼苗根系内ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶谱带减少,ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶谱带变化与植物幼苗耐冷性呈一定相关性。ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶谱带变化可能是受冷害所致。     

耐低钾水稻的根质膜ATPase和H^＋分泌特性

对耐低钾和不耐低钾的水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）“威优４９”和“远诱１号”的根原生质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ性质的研究表明,这两种水稻的质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的最适ｐＨ均为６０,均在底物ＡＴＰ浓度为３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时达到最大反应速度,Ｋｍ值均在０．８５左右。Ｋ＋对这两种水稻的质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性均具有促进作用。当介质中［Ｋｍ］≤５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时随［Ｋ＋］的增大,对耐低钾品种根质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的促进作用明显大于不耐低钾品种;当介质［Ｋ＋］在１００～２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ之间时,Ｋ＋对两种水稻品种质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的刺激效应的差别减小。这两个水稻品种的基础Ｈ＋分泌没有明显差别,但钾刺激的Ｈ＋分泌存在差异,Ｋ＋对耐低钾品种Ｈ＋分泌的刺激效应大于不耐低钾品种。抑制剂实验表明在耐低钾和不耐低钾的水稻品种中,Ｋ＋刺激的根质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,Ｋ＋刺激的Ｈ＋分泌和Ｋ＋吸收之间存在着紧密的联系。对Ｋ＋刺激的质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性和Ｈ＋分泌的抑制会减少根对Ｋ＋的吸收量。推测耐低钾水稻的质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｈ＋分泌对Ｋ＋更为敏感,特别是在低浓度Ｋ＋存在时,可能是耐低钾水稻更能利用低浓度Ｋ＋、在低钾环境中能更好生长的一个原因。     

Developmental Aspects of Ultrastructure, Histochemistry and Receptivity of the Stigma of Nicotiana sylvestris

The bilobed papillate stigma of Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. andComes, is covered at maturity with a copious exudate containinglipid, protein and carbohydrate. The stigma is receptive fromthe very early stage of development and it also stains positivelyfor esterase activity. The stigma has three distinct zones:an epidermis with papillae; a subepidermal secretory zone; anda parenchymatous ground tissue. The behaviour of the cells ofthese three zones has been followed from 6 d before anthesisto one day after anthesis and pollination. The cells of theepidermis and the secretory zone stain intensively for lipids,proteins and carbohydrates in the initial stages. The secretoryzone develops large intercellular spaces containing heterogenoussecretory products which also stain positively for the aforesaidthree compounds. At maturity the secretory products are releasedto the surface through gaps formed in the epidermis by cellseparation. The main secretion of the stigma is produced bythe cells of the secretory zone. Less secretion is derived fromthe stigmatic papillae. Some amount of secretion is also releasedfrom the stylar transmitting tissue adjoining the stigma. Theglandular cells of the stigma contain numerous plastids, mitochondria,ribosomes, ER, cytoplasmic lipid droplets and some dictyosomes.The plastids and the vacuoles in the secretory cells of thestigma have a lot of electron dense (osmiophilic) inclusionsrespectively in the initial and later stages of development.The former are probably involved in the production of thesematerials. It is suggested that the proteins are directly secretedby rough ER compartments whereas smooth ER is involved in thesynthesis of lipidic materials. The carbohydrate moiety of theexudate is released by the eccrine mode (sugar mono- and dimers)with some addition of polymers by disintegration of the middlelamellae. The means by which the lipidic and osmiophilic materialis extruded remains unclear. Nicotiana sylvestris, stigma receptivity, organization, stigmatic secretory system, stigmatic exudate     

荞麦柱头、花柱的结构及ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

利用超薄切片结合ATP酶定位技术,研究了荞科柱头及花柱的结构。结果表明,成熟的荞麦柱头表面无乳突细胞,柱头细胞的细胞壁存在发达的壁内突,花柱为实心型无引导组织,柱头表面的细胞壁根据电子密度的不同可划分为3层,最外一层电子密度最大,最内一层电子近透明,并形成壁内突的结构,柱头表面和花柱细胞的质膜上ATP酶的活性较高,表明成熟的柱头和花柱细胞物质代谢和运输十分活跃,成熟的柱头和花柱细胞中有丰富的蛋白质和多糖类物质。     

The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae).

Observations of the transmitting tract cells in Trimezia fosteriana were made from the pre-secretory stage until anthesis. Secretory products appear about 14 days before anthesis in all parts of the pistil. Simultaneously starch disappears from the plastids and the dictyosomes are surrounded by more and larger vesicles than before. In the beginning of the secretory stage multivesicular bodies may be in contact with ER profiles and an ER origin is therefore presumed. Later during the secretory stage the multivesicular bodies are larger and more abundant. Their envelope is often partly fused with the plasma membrane and vesicle swarms are common on the outside of it. Close to flower opening many organelles change in appearence. RER becomes more abundant and the mitochondrial matrix highly electron dense and the cristae expanded. Starch grains reappear and large ones are common in the stigma and ovary plastids. The dictyosomes are numerous and surrounded by the largest vesicles observed during the secretory stage. Osmiophilic granules are common in the dictyo-some vesicles and under the cell walls abutting the transmitting tract. In the ovary they are present one week before anthesis. In the stigma and style corresponding granules of high electron density appears at the day of flower opening. The extracellular secretory product contains fibrillar and granular substances consisting of carbohydrates, including pectic substances, and proteins.     

The transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae). 1. Ultrastructure in the stigma, style and ovary

An ultrastructural investigation of the entire transmitting tract in Trimezia fosteriana (Iridaceae) was undertaken. The transmitting tissue is secretory but transfer cells do not occur at any level. With exception for the stigma papillae, the cells are covered with large amounts of secretory products. The papillae have a thick and ridged cuticle. The cuticle in the rest of the transmitting tract is thin and detached from the cell wall by the secretory products. It is more or less ruptured in the secretory parts of the stigma and ovary. In the stylar canal the major part of the cuticle is continuous and covers the secretory products. The occurence of a large amount of vesicles in the stigma transmitting tissue cells is interpreted as a result of high dictyosome activity. An electron opaque material is produced in the dictyosomes and appears in vesicles and vacuoles but also between the plasma membrane and the cell walls in the stigma. A small amount of such material is present in the cell walls. Corresponding material is also present in the style and the ovary but declines basipetally. Plastids with strongly electron opaque plastoglobules are present at all levels in the transmitting tract.     

STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SIEVE ELEMENTS IN THE LEAF OF ISOETES MURICATA

Leaf tissue of Isoetes muricata Dur. was fixed in glutaraldehyde and postfixed in osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. The very young sieve elements can be distinguished from contiguous parenchyma cells by their distinctive plastids and the presence of crystalline and fibrillar proteinaceous material in dilated cisternae of the rough ER. During differentiation, the portions of ER enclosing this proteinaceous substance become smooth surfaced and migrate to the cell wall. Along the way they apparently form multivesicular bodies which then fuse with the plasmalemma, discharging their contents to the outside. At maturity, the sieve element contains an elongate nucleus, which consists of dense chromatin material, and remnants of the nuclear envelope. In addition, the mature sieve element is lined by a plasmalemma and a parietal, anastomosing network of smooth ER. Both plastids and mitochondria are present. P-protein is lacking at all stages of development. Tonoplasts are. not discernible in mature sieve elements. The end walls of mature sieve elements contain either plasmodesmata or sieve pores or both, but only plasmodesmata occur in the lateral walls.     

Unusual transfer cells in the epithelium of the nectaries ofAsclepias curassavica L.

Summary The secretory cells of the nectaries ofAsclepias curassavica form a glandular epithelium in the inner parts of the stigmatic chambers. They resemble transfer cells in having many infoldings of the plasmalemma. The wall protuberances, however, are poorly developed and often lacking. The plasmalemma is highly convoluted and forms, in places, external compound membranes where the extracytoplasmic space is collapsed completely. Active glands contain dilated cisternae of the ER and large vesicles which are mainly associated with the cis face of the dictyosomes. In addition, small vesicles are observed in high number. It is discussed whether the secretion is granulocrine or eccrine and whether the enlargement of the plasmalemma is the cause or the consequence of the high secretory activity. After the secretory phase the outer peripheral part of the cytoplasm disintegrates. The remaining part of the protoplast is covered by a new plasmalemma.     

鹅掌楸属植物引导组织和花粉管生长

应用光学显微镜和常规石蜡切片技术研究了鹅掌楸属（ＬｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎＬ．）两种植物雌蕊引导组织的分布和个体发育,引导组织是由心皮边缘或内表面的表皮细胞层或亚细胞层发育形成,是由一层细胞组成的连续层,覆盖干柱头、花柱道和珠柄的表面,引导组织的细胞形态学因其所在部位不同而有差异。在电境水平上研究了柱头和花柱引导组织的超微结构,引导组织细胞是分泌型的传递细胞,其分泌面发育了明显的壁内突,细胞质中富含内质网、多聚核糖体、各种小泡、高尔基体和线粒体,大液泡通常远离分泌面。文中还探讨了花粉管生长后引导组织的变化。     

Transmitting Tissae and Pollen Tube Growth in Sweet Pepper

Fine structural events in the mature stylar transmitting tissue ofsweet pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. var. grossum Bally) have been investigated byelectron microscope with regard to pollen tribe grwoth. The transmitting tissue consists of parenchymatous cells with large intercellular spaces filled with an electron densesubstance. The pollen tubes grow through the intercellular spaces in the intercellular substance. Cells of this tissue are rich in organelles, especially the rough and tubular ER, and numerous lomasomes near the plasma membrane. It is demonstrated that they function as secretory cells. On the other hand, the fact that the transmitting tissue contains many large amyloplastids with several starch grains in the cytoplasm and numerous globular protein bodies in vacuoles, indicates that the transmitting tissue mayhave some nutritive value for the growth of pollen tubes. The results obtained from this observation are in agreement with those of mostspecies reported by other authors and support the conclusion that the transmitting tissue is not a collenchyma tissue and the nature of intercellular substances is essentially same as that of the middle lamella.     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF TRANSMITTING TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PISTIL OF LILIUM LEUCANTHUM

A study of developing transmitting tissue of Lilium Leucanthum pistils was undertaken in order to correlate structure with function. Lining the stylar canal are stigmatoid cells which contain a secretory zone consisting of a labyrinth of wall ingrowths characteristic of transfer cells. The functional feature of the labyrinth is a high surface-to-volume ratio that facilitates an intensive transmembrane flux of solutes. Stigmatoid cells in various stages of development and maturation have been investigated with the aid of electron and light optics in conjunction with cytochemical techniques. During development of the secretory zone, vesicles, formed by hypersecretory dictyosomes, fuse with the plasma membrane and contribute their contents to the growing wall. The pattern of secretory zone development is basipetal and is associated with initiation of chemotropism. In a mature pistil large crystals, having a basipetal pattern of development, and sensitive to protease, can be observed in the cytoplasm of stigmatoid cells. At anathesis, degradation of the crystal can be observed in the cells of the stigma surface and progresses basipetally as the pistil ages. The role of the crystal is uncertain. Immature pistils cultured in the presence of labeled proline take up the label which at maturity of the pistil is transferred to the canal of the pistil. The label is found in the crystals and the secretory zone of the stigmatoid cells. Pollen tubes growing in the canal of a labeled pistil take up the label.