被子植物生殖器官中的传递细胞

传递细胞（ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｃｅｌｌ）是一类特殊的薄壁细胞,其特征是细胞壁向内突起生长,形成壁内突的结构,质膜紧贴细胞壁生长,从而使质膜的表面积大大增加,扩大了原生质体表面积与体积之比,有利于细胞吸收和分泌某些物质,在细胞物质的短途运输中起重要作用。超微结构研究表明,传递细胞的细胞核较大,细胞质浓,并富含线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器。传递细胞在被子植物生殖器官中普遍存在,对于这些器官完成其功能起到重要作用。下面简单介绍生殖器官各结构中存在的传递细胞及其功能。１　花柱的通道细胞开放型花柱具有花柱道,花柱…     

鹅掌楸属植物引导组织和花粉管生长

应用光学显微镜和常规石蜡切片技术研究了鹅掌楸属（ＬｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎＬ．）两种植物雌蕊引导组织的分布和个体发育,引导组织是由心皮边缘或内表面的表皮细胞层或亚细胞层发育形成,是由一层细胞组成的连续层,覆盖干柱头、花柱道和珠柄的表面,引导组织的细胞形态学因其所在部位不同而有差异。在电境水平上研究了柱头和花柱引导组织的超微结构,引导组织细胞是分泌型的传递细胞,其分泌面发育了明显的壁内突,细胞质中富含内质网、多聚核糖体、各种小泡、高尔基体和线粒体,大液泡通常远离分泌面。文中还探讨了花粉管生长后引导组织的变化。     

花柱和柱头的结构

雌蕊由柱头、花柱和子房３部分组成。柱头是接受花粉的表面,通常将柱头分为２种类型：干砂和湿柱头。干柱头在传粉时没有分泌物的形成,表达干燥并覆盖有一层蛋白质薄膜;湿柱头在传粉时是湿润的,表面被一层分必物所覆盖,有皮细胞人有腺细胞的特征。花柱也被分为２种类型：开放型和闭合型。开放型花柱即中空花柱,花柱中央为花柱道,花柱道周围分布有一层特殊的通道细胞;闭合型花柱即实心花柱,也有２种类型,一类其中央有引导     

向日葵柱头,花柱和珠孔中钙分布的超微细胞化学定位

用焦锑酸盐沉淀法对向日葵（ＨｅｌｉａｎｔｈｕｓａｎｎｕｕｓＬ．）授粉前后柱头、花柱和珠孔中的钙进行了超微细胞化学定位。同时还运用Ｘ射线能谱（ＥＤＸ）和波谱（ＷＤＸ）两种方法进行了Ｘ射线定性分析,证明了前法所得沉淀确系焦锑酸钙。观察表明,花粉萌发和花粉管生长所经的柱头接受面,花柱引导组织和珠孔引导组织中含钙较柱头、花柱和珠孔的其它部位明显地多。柱头乳突细胞的表面和花柱引导组织的胞间基质中、尤其胞间基质与细胞壁外层相接之处钙很密集。在珠孔外端引导组织中,以角质层为界,钙主要分布于其近珠柄侧。花粉管壁果胶质层中有相当多的钙。结合向日葵中已有的研究和其他文献,讨论了钙的分布与花粉管生长的关系     

薏苡胚乳传递细胞的超微结构

传粉后１０ ｄ,薏苡（Ｃｏｉｘ ｌａｃｒｙｍ ａ－ｊｏｂｉＬ．）颖果基部胚乳最外层传递细胞具长而多的壁内突,第二层细胞的壁内突较第一层的短而少,均具瓣裂的细胞核、丰富的线粒体、粗糙内质网、核糖体、产生小泡的高尔基体及与壁内突质膜相连的、含深色物质的囊泡。线粒体分布于壁内突附近或其间。授粉后２５ ｄ,第一、二层细胞壁内突发达,几乎充满了细胞,但细胞器可见。第四层传递细胞具树枝状及网状的壁内突,大量线粒体、具质体膜的淀粉粒、脂体存在壁内突附近或壁内突的间隙内。高尔基体常见,仅见很少的片段内质网。第五层传递细胞具短的壁内突、较大的淀粉粒及许多小蛋白质体。两个时期的第一、二层细胞内均未观察到胞间连丝。授粉后２５ ｄ,第四层及以上的传递细胞的细胞壁和呈网状的壁内突均含有胞间连丝。还讨论了各种细胞器的作用及各层传递细胞的功能     

拟南芥授粉前后花粉与乳突细胞的超微结构

利用透射电子显微镜技术,对自交亲和植物拟南芥授粉前后花粉和乳突细胞的超微结构进行了观察。发现花粉和柱头乳突细胞一些未经报道的超微结构特征,可能与拟南芥花粉和乳突细胞的识别及花粉管生长相关:(1)成熟花粉中,电子透明的、体积较大的小液泡(直径200～1000nm)呈均匀分布。部分小液泡内含有多层膜状结构物质,推测可能是膜的一种储存形式,与花粉萌发时大量出现的小囊泡有关。(2)花粉萌发时,小液泡由均匀分布变为不均匀分布。(3)授粉前后的乳突细胞顶端和侧端的内壁上有明显的壁内突结构,粘附的花粉开始萌发时的乳突细胞壁内突处可观察到直径50～100nm的小泡存在,表明拟南芥乳突细胞具有一定的分泌功能。     

山茱萸花柱和柱头的发育解剖学及组织化学

山茱萸成熟雌蕊的柱头为干型,具表皮起源的单细胞乳突。在开花后授粉前乳突细胞的顶部发生凹陷,授粉后乳突细胞迅速萎缩。花柱在发育初期为开放型,发育后期花柱道消失,成为一种具特殊结构的闭合型。成熟花柱由表皮、皮层和特殊的引导组织等部分构成,在皮层中贯穿有3条维管束,引导组织的中央则有二列类似腺质的内表皮细胞,该细胞富含蛋白质、核酸和多糖类物质。     

红豆草根瘤侵入线的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对红豆草根瘤侵入线的超微结构进行了观察研究.结果表明,(1)红豆草根瘤侵入线由胞间隙和胞间层细胞壁内陷形成,它们的体积较小,多为管状,基质丰富,含菌很少,常有分叉和1个以上的基质区,而且不同基质区的电子密度、细菌数量和侵入线壁厚度都不相同.(2)红豆草根瘤的侵入线十分丰富,它们不仅大量存在于根瘤分生细胞和幼龄侵染细胞中,也经常出现在发育成熟的侵染细胞内.(3)红豆草根瘤中有一种近似圆形的特殊结构,表面由一层膜包围,其内电子密度较低且无固定结构,且只位于侵染细胞的细胞质中,常在侵入线附近,从不出现在侵染细胞的液泡内和非侵染细胞里面.     

烟草花粉萌发和花粉管生长期间柱头和花柱中的钙分布

烟草柱头表面有两层覆盖物,其中含有少量细小的钙颗粒.花粉落到柱头上后,储存在花粉外壁中的钙被释放到覆盖层中.当花粉管穿过覆盖层长入柱头细胞之间时,花粉管顶端的细胞壁中出现了大量的细小钙颗粒.开花后22 h观察时,在花柱引导组织中形成了钙的梯度分布:花柱上部引导组织中的钙较少,而下部连接子房处的花柱引导组织中含有较多的钙颗粒.去雄花开花后1 d时,花柱上部引导组织中的钙明显增多;3 d时,连柱头细胞中也出现了较多的钙颗粒.讨论了烟草花柱引导组织中钙梯度分布和花粉管生长的关系.     

冠突伪尾柱虫营养期和形成包囊期间细胞的超微结构

冠突伪尾柱虫营养细胞中含有轴杆样结构。细胞形成包囊期间,胞质内发生自噬作用,并产生由这聚集在一起组成的高尔基体,在高尔基体内其分泌物质聚集成高电子密度的嗜锇晶体。细胞分化的结果形成含膜粒层,内层壁和外层壁的“尾柱虫类包囊”。     

A Preliminary Study on the Structure and Function of the Vascular Transfer Cells in Garlic Scape

The vascular transfer cells in garlic scape havebeen examined with electron microscope. Their structure, distributive feature and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity are studied. The mature vascular transfer cells exhibit the characteristic cell wall ingrowths. The cell contents include a large nucleus, dense cytoplasm and various normal organelles. It is notable that there are numerous mitochondria with well developed, cristae. Plasmodesmata are extensively present in the wall, and transfer cells are connected to adjacent cells by them. The senescing transfer cells become more vacuolated and have a large central vacuole and dense parietal cytoplasm. Their wall ingrowths seem to degenerate and finally disappear. The transfer cells show a particular pattern of distribution in the vascular bundle of the garlic scape. Some of them are present between the vessels of xylem and the sieve tubes of phloem. However, more abundant cell wall ingrowths occur on those walls which abut on, or are close to the vessel of xylem. The other transfer cells are located between the sieve tubes and parenehyma cells. The phloem transfer cell which is adjacent to sieve tube has developed from companion cell. All the transfer cells are mainly concerned with the loading and unloading of sieve tubes. And they may play an important role in facilitating intensive material transfer between two independent systems (i.e. the vessels and sieve tubes, the symplast and apoplast). The results of the cytochemical localization of ATPase using a lead precipitation technique exhibit strong enzyme activity on the plasmalemma of the transfer cells. It is suggested that the transfer cells are especially active in solute movement through them to which cellular energy metabolism coupled.     

Cytochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase in the phloem of Pisum sativum and its relation to the function of transfer cells

The cytochemical localization of ATPase in differentiating and mature phloem cells of Pisum sativum L. has been studied using a lead precipitation technique. Phloem transfer cells at early stages of differentiation exhibit strong enzyme activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and some reaction product is deposited on the vacuolar and plasma membranes. As the phloem transfer cells mature and develop their characteristic wall structures, strong enzyme activity can be observed in association with the plasma membranes and nuclear envelopes. Mature phloem transfer cells with elaborate cell-wall ingrowths show ATPase activity evenly distributed on plasma-membrane surfaces. Differentiating sieve elements show little or no enzyme activity. When sieve elements are fully mature they have reaction product in the parietal and stacked cisternae of the ER. There is no ATPase activity associated with P-protein at any stage of sieve-element differentiation or with the sieve-element plasma membranes. It is suggested that the intensive ATPase activity on the plasma membranes of the transfer cells is evidence for a transport system involved in the active movement of photosynthetic products through these cells.Key to labeling in the figures ER endoplasmic reticulum - P parenchyma cell - PP P-protein - SE sieve element - SPP sieve-plate pore - TC transfer cell     

荞麦亲和与不亲和授粉后柱头和花粉管中ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

利用磷酸铅淀淀技术对荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Monch.)pin型植株分别进行亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后的柱头、花粉粒、花粉管进行了ATPase的超微细胞化学定位。结果表明（1）亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后0.5h,柱头细胞的ATPase活性反应水平较低或基于无酶活性;柱头表面、柱头上附着的花粉粒内ATPase活性在不亲和授粉时较低,亲和授粉时较高,花粉粒内ATPase主要定位于线粒体和精子细胞;（2）授粉后1.5h,不亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较低,花粉管停止生长,细胞质开始解体;而亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较高,ATPase主要定位于柱头细胞的质膜、胞基质以及花粉管的壁、质体的膜、高尔基体、线粒体上。根据不同时期不同部位ATPase活性的差异,我们认为荞麦发生自交不亲和时,花粉管在花柱中停止生长不仅是因此花粉管得不到花柱中的营养物质而引起的,可能也与花粉管自身物质代谢发生障碍有关。     

A cytochemical and immunocytochemical analysis of the wall labyrinth apparatus in leaf transfer cells in Elodea canadensis

Background and Aims

Transfer cells are plant cells specialized in apoplast/symplast transport and characterized by a distinctive wall labyrinth apparatus. The molecular architecture and biochemistry of the labyrinth apparatus are poorly known. The leaf lamina in the aquatic angiosperm Elodea canadensis consists of only two cell layers, with the abaxial cells developing as transfer cells. The present study investigated biochemical properties of wall ingrowths and associated plasmalemma in these cells.

Methods

Leaves of Elodea were examined by light and electron microscopy and ATPase activity was localized cytochemically. Immunogold electron microscopy was employed to localize carbohydrate epitopes associated with major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins.

Key Results

The plasmalemma associated with the wall labyrinth is strongly enriched in light-dependent ATPase activity. The wall ingrowths and an underlying wall layer share an LM11 epitope probably associated with glucuronoarabinoxylan and a CCRC-M7 epitope typically associated with rhamnogalacturonan I. No labelling was observed with LM10, an antibody that recognizes low-substituted and unsubstituted xylan, a polysaccharide consistently associated with secondary cell walls. The JIM5 and JIM7 epitopes, associated with homogalacturonan with different degrees of methylation, appear to be absent in the wall labyrinth but present in the rest of cell walls.

Conclusions

The wall labyrinth apparatus of leaf transfer cells in Elodea is a specialized structure with distinctive biochemical properties. The high level of light-dependent ATPase activity in the plasmalemma lining the wall labyrinth is consistent with a formerly suggested role of leaf transfer cells in enhancing inorganic carbon inflow. The wall labyrinth is a part of the primary cell wall. The discovery that the wall ingrowths in Elodea have an antibody-binding pattern divergent, in part, from that of the rest of cell wall suggests that their carbohydrate composition is modulated in relation to transfer cell functioning.     

荞麦亲和与不亲和授粉后柱头和花粉管中ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

利用磷酸铅沉淀技术对荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Month.)pin型植株分别进行亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后的柱头、花粉粒、花粉管进行了ATPase的超微细胞化学定位。结果表明(1)亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后0.5h,柱头细胞的ATPase活性反应水平较低或基本无酶活性;柱头表面、柱头上附着的花粉粒内ATPase活性在不亲和授粉时较低,亲和授粉时较高,花粉粒内ATPase主要定位于线粒体和精子细胞;(2)授粉后1.5h,不亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较低,花粉管停止生长,细胞质开始解体;而亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较高,ATPase主要定位于柱头细胞的质膜、胞基质以及花粉管的壁、质体的膜、高尔基体、线粒体上。根据不同时期不同部位ATPase活性的差异,我们认为荞麦发生自交不亲和时,花粉管在花柱中停止生长不仅是因为花粉管得不到花柱中的营养物质而引起的,可能也与花粉管自身物质代谢发生障碍有关。     

Studies of Ultrastructure and ATPase Localization of Mature Embryo Sac in Vicia faba L.

Studies of ultrastructure and ATPase localization of the mature embryo sac in Vicia faba L. show that the egg cell has no cell wall at thechalazal end, it has a chalazally located nucleus and a large micropylar vacuole. There are many nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm is restricted around the nucleus. Dictyosome and mitochondria are few. There are some starch grains and lipid grains in the egg cytoplasm. There are no obvious differences between two synergids. No cell wall is seen at the chalazal end either, but there are some vesicles which project to vacuole of the central cell and fuse with its vacuolar membrane. Plasmodesmata connections occur within the synergid wall where it is adjacent to the central cell. The synergid has a micropylarly located nucleus and a chalazal vacuole, the nucleus is irregularly shaped. The synergid cytoplasm is rich in organelles. The filiform aparatus is of relatively heterogeneous structure. The central cell is occupied by a large vacuole and its cytoplasm is confined to a thin layer along the empryo sac wall, but is rich in various organelles, starch grains and lipid bodies. Nucleolar vacuoles are often present two polar nuclei. The nuclear membranes of two polar nuclei have partly fused. ATPase reactive product was located obviously at the endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm of the egg cell and central cell. The embryo sac wall consists of different density of osmiophilic layer. There are some wall ingrowths in chalazal region of the embryo sac. The long-shaped and cuneate cells of chalazal region are peculiar. Special tracks of ATPase reactive products are visible at their intercellular space which may be related to transportation of nutrients.     

Zostera capensis setchell: III. Some aspects of wall ingrowth development in leaf blade epidermal cells

Summary The development of wall ingrowths in leaf blade epidermal cells of the marine angiospermZostera capensis was studied by electron microscopy. Prior to the appearance of ingrowths long profiles of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae become arranged peripherally closely following the contours of the walls. The plasmalemma assumes a wavy appearance and in regions where wall ingrowths first start forming (i.e., along the radial, inner tangential and transverse walls) the plasmalemma becomes separated from the walls by an undulating extracytoplasmic space. Small, irregular projections of secondary wall material make their appearance here. Paramural bodies, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and possibly also microtubules seem to be closely associated with the initiation and subsequent development of wall projections. As the cells mature, new ingrowths arise in a centrifugal direction along the radial and transverse walls. When wall ingrowths reach a certain stage of their development, mitochondria become strongly polarized towards them and become closely associated with the plasmalemma which ensheaths the ingrowths. There is often also a close association between ER cisternae and the involuted plasmalemma of the wall projections. Initially ingrowths are slender, curved structures, but become more complex as the cells mature. Ingrowths are most extensively developed along the inner tangential and transverse walls. As epidermal cells age there is a loss of wall material from the ingrowths. The probable significance of the formation of wall ingrowths in the epidermal cells is also discussed.     

ATPase in mature and differentiating phloem and xylem

A cytochemical study using a lead precipitation technique has been made of the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in mature and differentiating phloem and xylem cells of Nicotiana tabacum and Pisum sativum. The sites of ATPase localization in tobacco phloem were the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, dictyosomes, plasmodesmata, and the dispersed P proteins of mature sieve elements. In pea phloem sieve elements ATPase was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, but was not associated with the P proteins or plasma membranes at any stage of their differentiation. In pea transfer cells ATPase activity was associated with the endoplasmic reticulum at all stages of their differentiation and with the plasma membrane of transfer cells that had formed wall ingrowths. In xylem cells of both tobacco and pea the patterns of ATPase activity was similar. At early stages of differentiation ATPase activity was associated with the plasma membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum. At intermediate stages of differentiation ATPase activity continued to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, but was no longer associated with the plasma membrane. At later stages of xylem element differentiation ATPase activity was associated with disintegrating organelles and with the hydrolyzing cell walls.     

Localization of beta-glycerophosphatase and Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase in a moss haustorium,and the relation of these enzymes to the cell wall labyrinth

Summary Acid phosphatase and ATPase were localized in the bryophyte haustorium and in the surrounding paternal tissue of the gametophyte. Only cells with wall labyrinths are the sites of intense enzyme activity.The reaction products of both enzymes were found to occur in cell organelles, the plasma membrane and particularly in wall inclusions that are supposedly proteinaceous in nature.The intensity of the reaction is proportional to the state of differentiation of the labyrinth. The highest enzyme activity was encountered in the epidermal cells which are furnished with the most elaborate wall labyrinths. Somewhat lower was the activity in the other labyrinth cells with filiform ingrowths.These findings stress the role of the epidermis as an absorptive epithelium, and also show clearly that the enzyme activity associated with the plasma surface is in no reciprocal ratio to the degree of amplification of the surface area.     

The Ultracytochemical Localization of ATPase Activity in the Ovules of Sunflower

The ultracytochemical localization of ATPase activity was determined employing the method of lead precipitation in the ovules of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). No ATPase activity is observed in the egg and synergids except some at the filiform apparatus. Much ATPase activity is localized on the plasma membrane and wall of the central cell. In the antipodal cells, ATPase activity is also found on the plasma membranes, but only a little in their walls. In the integumentary tapetum, besides the plasma membranes, most of the nuclei are rich in ATPase. Between the integumentary tapetum and uncontinuous cuticle surrounding the embryo sac, there is a gap where a lot of ATPase are found. These ATPases are continuously linked with those in the central cell wall throuth the intervals of the cuticle. At the sites of the wall ingrowths of the central celT, abundant vesicles and other structures with high ATPase activity aggregate noticeably in the gap region. According to the ATPase distribution in the ovules, we propose that the whole surface of embryo sac functions in absorbing nutrients directly from the apoplast outside the cuticle, especially via the wall-membrane apparatus of 'he central cell.