试验感染水牛体内枯氏住肉孢子虫内生发育的超微结构

通过人工感染试验在电镜下对一种住肉孢子虫在水牛体内的发育进行了研究。结果揭示在血管内皮细胞中的裂殖生殖和在肌细胞内的包囊发育过程与枯氏住肉孢子虫的一致,裂殖体、裂殖子、包囊壁和囊内母细胞、缓殖子的超微结构亦与枯氏住肉孢子虫的相同。首次通过试验感染的发育史研究证明,流行于我国湖南水牛的一种小包囊属于枯氏住肉孢子虫,水牛是黄牛枯氏住肉孢子虫的新宿主。     

圈养塔里木马鹿白昼活动时间分配及行为格局的初步研究

2004年10月3日至12日,在新疆南部且末县塔特让乡塔里木马鹿人工饲养场对15只圈养塔里木马鹿的活动时间分配及种群的站立和运动、休息(静卧)、摄食和饮水、反刍等4种行为,采用目标及扫描取样方法进行了观察,并对各行为的发生率进行了统计分析．结果表明：圈养塔里木马鹿白天用大多数时间来休息和静卧,摄食集中于早晨和晚上,反刍行为出现在摄食后,通常在中午和下午的高温下,停止摄食活动,进行反刍．另外圈养塔里木马鹿对栖息地环境有明显的选择行为,其喜好程度依次为干土地、摄食区、沼泽地、水泥地、水沟．     

羚牛住肉孢子虫在中国首次发现

以羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)作为住肉孢子虫Sarcocystis的中间宿主,至今国内外尚无报道。1989年4月,在成都市动物园自然死亡的一头羚牛的食道和舌肌上发现有大量形似纺锤形肉孢子虫Sarcocystis fusiformis(同种异名有S.blanchardi,S.siamensis,S.bubali,Balbiania fusiformis)寄生。现将其外观形态和组织切片(H.E染色)的显微观察记述如下:寄生于羚牛的住肉孢子虫(包囊)位于肌原纤维间,其长轴方向与肌纤维方向一致。外观为乳白色的纺锤形或长椭圆形,大小为4.7×2.25(3.0—6.5×1.5—3.0)mm。囊壁由两层构成,外壁厚呈海绵样,H·E染色为粉…     

塔里木马鹿维生素D受体（VDR）基因结构 和功能的预测与分析

为了分析塔里木马鹿（Cervus elaphus yarkandensis）维生素D受体（VDR）基因的结构和相关功能,本研究从前期研究获得的塔里木马鹿和天山马鹿（C. e. songaricus）皮肤组织转录组测序结果中,获得上调表达的塔里木马鹿VDR基因的序列,对塔里木马鹿VDR基因进行实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）验证,利用相关软件进行同源性比对、系统进化树构建和生物信息学分析。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,VDR基因在转录组测序的结果与qPCR的结果中表达趋势一致,均为上调。基于VDR基因同源性比对结果显示,塔里木马鹿与白尾鹿（Odocoileus virginianus,GenBank登录号XM_020889235.1）的遗传距离较近,同源性最高;与褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus,GenBank登录号NM_017058.1）的遗传距离较远,同源性最低。系统进化树也证实了这个结果。生物信息学分析结果表明,塔里木马鹿VDR蛋白由20种氨基酸组成,分子质量为32.92 ku,理论等电点为5.73,不稳定系数为33.56,总平均亲水性为﹣0.298,脂溶系数94.95,无跨膜区,无信号肽,无O-糖基化位点,有1个N-糖基化位点,有15个磷酸化位点,最有可能位于内质网膜中,二级结构和三级结构主要由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,有3个低复杂度区域,无保守结构区域。     

寄生于华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)的梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)

通过对在华南水牛(Bubalus bubalis)食道肌形成大型包囊(Macroscopic sarcocyst)的一种住肉孢子虫作感染试验、超微结构等方面的研究,并与国外有关报道作对比,证实该原虫即梭形住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis fusiformis)。     

流行我国云南的猪人住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis suihominis)的人——猪间循环感染研究

本文对流行于我国云南的猪人住肉孢子虫(Sarcoystis suihominis)作了人——猪间的循环感染研究。表明它与流行于欧洲的猪人住肉孢子虫在寄主特异性、排卵囊前期、缓殖子大小、包囊在中间寄主体内的分布和包囊壁的超徽结构等方面有一定差异。究竟两者是否同属一个种,有待进一步研究。     

在北京牛体内发现的贝氏贝诺孢子虫

1.本文报告了1955年在北京屠宰场内一只黄牛的皮下组织里发现的孢子虫—贝氏贝诺孢子虫。 2.在本例所见的贝氏贝诺孢子虫,孢子囊为白色,直径为0.13—0.23毫米,成群的分布在皮下的结缔组织里。它们与血管有密切的关系。囊壁厚(18.25—36.50微米),分为三层,囊内含有一团孢子。孢子呈椭圆形或梭形。新鲜的孢子可以缓慢活动。孢子对大白鼠或小白鼠无感染力。 3.本文详述了贝诺孢子虫、住肉孢子虫和球形体三属的特点和三属的区别。贝诺孢子虫在形态上、寄生部位上和动物的自然感染率上,都和住肉孢子虫不同;在寄生部位上和繁殖方法上又和球形体不同,所以贝诺孢子虫应自成一属。文中并将过去文献中,与贝诺孢子虫形态相同的种类,加以比较确定后,均归於贝诺属内。     

用粪便形态特征初步研究新疆塔里木马鹿种群年龄和性别

塔里木马鹿分布在干旱地区,是唯一的适应干旱荒漠环境的特殊马鹿亚种之一.目前,塔里木马鹿种群面临着栖息地退缩和片段化的双重影响,这不仅导致了种群数量的锐减,而且也因物种遗传漂变和近亲繁殖的不断增加,进一步加剧其濒危程度.为了有效地保护该物种,全面了解种群结构是至关重要.对塔里木马鹿粪便的长度、宽度、长度/宽度比例和体积等参数进行了测量,并采用判别分析方法划分种群年龄.结果表明,塔里木马鹿粪便形态在不同性别之间有差异,一般雌性的粪便大于雄性(P<0.05).同时根据粪便形态对种群年龄划分为成年雄性、成年雌性和幼体等3个年龄组.     

圈养条件下新疆马鹿两个亚种的肠道菌群比较分析

肠道菌群组成复杂，与宿主肠道内环境动态平衡和健康息息相关。马鹿是鹿科动物中分布最广的种类，亚种分化众多，但现有马鹿肠道菌群研究较少。为丰富马鹿肠道菌群数据，以马鹿的两个亚种为阶元，运用高通量16S rRNA基因测序技术检测了7头雄性天山马鹿和7头雄性塔里木马鹿的肠道微生物，对其核心菌群、结构组成、多样性及肠道微生物的差异进行分析，旨在了解不同马鹿亚种肠道微生物组成差异，为两亚种间肠道菌群的差异提供参考。研究结果表明，塔里木马鹿菌群多样性及丰度低于天山马鹿。厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）及拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为两组马鹿的优势菌门。此外，天山马鹿肠道中分解蛋白质、脂质的拟杆菌门和变形菌门相对丰度高于塔里木马鹿，而分解植物纤维的双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）、瘤胃球菌科UCG 014（Ruminococcaceae UCG 014）的相对丰度低于塔里木马鹿。本研究对天山马鹿及塔里木马鹿肠道菌群组成进行初步了解，可根据研究结果调整其饲料配比，为马鹿饲养管理的改善提供参考。     

保护新疆马鹿塔里木亚种的建议

马鹿塔里木亚种分布于新疆塔里木盆地各沿河地带,强度适应荒漠生境。采用分子系统学方法研究表明,世界马鹿分为东西两大系统,马鹿塔里木亚种是我国唯一属于西部系统的亚种。在中国濒危动物红皮书中被列为濒危(E)亚种,按国际自然与自然资源保护联盟(IUCN)1993年制定的世界物种红色名录濒危定级标准,属于极危级(EN)。自20世纪50年代以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,种群数量急骤下降,现今马鹿塔里木亚种在塔河流域被隔离为莎雅、尉犁和且末3个小种群,当前该亚种正受到栖息地减小和片断化的双重影响,而且因遗传漂变和近亲繁殖的不断增加也进一步加剧它的濒危程度。为有效保护该物种特提出可行的保护建议。     

Sarcocystis Infection in Sheep from South-Western Norway

The occurrence of Sarcocystis infection and pathological changes were recorded in samples of the heart, diaphragm, and oesophagus from 198 healthy sheep representing 3 different age groups, obtained from an abattoir. The infection rate of S. gigantea (syn. S. tenella) was 18.2 %, and the distribution within groups was: ewes 30.0 %, yearlings 11.6 %, lambs nil. The infection rate of S. tenella (syn. S. ovicanis) was 65.1 %, and the corresponding distribution was: ewes 83.5 %, yearlings 74.4 %, and lambs 25.0 %. A third type of Sarcocystis sp. displaying thick wall was found in 3 samples. Focal interstitial infiltrates of mononuclear cells were demonstrated in 47.9 % of the hearts, in 19.6 % of the diaphragms and in 31.3 % of the oesophagi. The occurrence of Sarcocystis and the focal interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrates were positively correlated (P < 0.0001). Morphologically identical sporocysts typical of S. tenella were produced by dogs and foxes fed naturally infected sheep tissues. A cat fed S. gigantea macrocysts produced sporocysts characteristic for the species. Sarcocystis; pathology; life cycle; final hosts; sheep.     

Experimental induction of the two-host life cycle of Sarcocystis cruzi between dogs and Korean native calves

Eight dogs were experimentally infected with Sarcocystis by oral inoculation of cardiac muscle from naturally infected cattle. The infected dogs commenced discharging of sporocysts in the feces after 10 to 12 days of inoculation, and continued until 20 and 35 days after inoculation. Three dogs were reinfected with cardiac muscle from the naturally infected cattle. Sporocysts reappeared in the feces on 12 to 13 days after reinfection. Sarcocystis sporocysts collected from the experimentally infected dogs were fed to each of the two 30-day-old Korean native calves. The infected calves remained clinically normal, except for the high fever (> or = 40 degrees C) and decreased hematocrit values on day 30 to 40 post inoculation. Muscular cysts of Sarcocystis were found from infected calves on day 40 post inoculation. Proliferative forms of Sarcocystis were also observed in the muscle of infected calves. These results suggest that the Sarcocystis cruzi found in Korean native cattle has a 2-host life cycle with dogs as the definitive host and Korean native calves as the intermediate host.     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿冬季环境容纳量估算

2005 年和2006 年冬季,在黑龙江省完达山东部林区采用分层抽样技术,测定马鹿生境中主要食物的生物量供给量。通过食物营养成分分析,确定野外生境食物营养供给量。经饲喂实验,测定圈养马鹿冬季的日营养需求。结合研究地区马鹿生境食物资源类型,以干物质、代谢能和氮为基础估算了完达山东部林区野生马鹿的营养容纳量。研究结果表明:以干物质为估算基础,完达山东部林区冬季马鹿容纳量为11 115 ± 1 419头,以代谢能为基础估算值为5 845 ± 1 077头,而基于氮的计算结果为16 958 ± 2 983头;显示该地区马鹿主要食物含氮量超出马鹿日平均需求量,而代谢能供给量则略显不足,成为种群增长的主要限制因子,所以本文以代谢能为基础估算的容纳量作为该地区冬季马鹿种群环境容纳量。此外,由于受雪被厚度、食物生物量、光照等环境因子的影响,两年估算的容纳量数值存在一定差异。      

A comparative scanning electron microscopic study of the cyst wall in 11 Sarcocystis species of mammals

Sarcocysts found in the musculature of necropsied mammals were dried with hexamethyldisilazane and examined by scaning electron microscopy. The object of research in this morphological study was the outer surface configuration of the cyst wall. A smooth cyst wall without villar protrusions ( Sarcocystic cf. sebeki European badger, Meles meles ) was compared with 10 others each with its distinctly characterized villar protrusinos. In scanning electron microscopy these resembled stumpy nails with angular heads ( Sarcocystis sp./serow, Capricornis crispus ), tongues ( S. sp./sambar, Cervus unicolor ), ears ( S. sp./ wapiti, Crevus elaphus canadensis ), elongated cones or clubs ( S. sp./domestic horse, Equus caballus ), hairs ( S. sp./Mongolian gazelle, Procapra gutturosa ), and molar teeth (another S. sp./Mongolian gazelle). This study revealed that what appeared in light microscopy to be finger-like protrusions of Sarcocystis hofamanni in roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), of Sarcocystis hominis in bison ( Bison bison ), of Sarcocystis hirsuta in cattle ( Bos taurus ), and of Sarcocystis tenella in sheep ( Ovis aries ) were more similar to columns ( S. hofmanni ), straps ( S. hominis ), stalked polyhedrons ( S. hirsuta ), or cylinders ( S. tenella ).     

Isolation in immunodeficient mice of Sarcocystis neurona from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) faeces, and its differentiation from Sarcocystis falcatula

Sarcocystis neurona was isolated in nude mice and gamma-interferon knockout mice fed sporocysts from faeces of naturally infected opossums (Didelphis virginiana). Mice fed sporocysts became lethargic and developed encephalitis. Protozoa were first found in the brain starting 21 days post-inoculation. Sarcocystis neurona was recovered in cell culture from the homogenate of liver, spleen and brain of a nude mouse 11 days after feeding sporocysts. The protozoa in mouse brain and in cell culture multiplied by schizogony and mature schizonts often had a residual body. Sarcocystis falcatula, which has an avian-opossum cycle, was not infective to nude or knockout mice. Protozoa were not found in tissues of nude mice or knockout mice after subcutaneous injection with culture-derived S. falcatula merozoites and sporocysts from the faeces of opossums presumed to contain only S. falcatula. Results demonstrate that S. neurona is distinct from S. falcatula, and that opossums are hosts for both species.     

天山马鹿南山种群肠道寄生虫的流行病学调查

为了解野生天山马鹿胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,2011 年10 月至2012 年6 月和2012 年9 月,利用漂浮法和沉淀法,对分布于新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿的306 份马鹿粪便进行了调查。结果表明,天山马鹿寄生虫感染情况较为严重,主要有鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵、线虫卵和幼虫,总感染率高达85. 6% 。其中鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵及其他(未能鉴定分类的线虫卵和幼虫)的平均感染率分别为78.1% 、56. 9% 、0.7% 和25. 8% ,感染强度(EPG)分别为106.4、8. 6、0.9 和3.9,其中鞭虫卵占优势。混合感染情况比较严重,鞭虫卵和蛔虫卵的混合感染率为最高,可达44% 。     

Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp. from the muscle of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Sarcocystis sp. from the muscle of naturally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The primary cyst wall forms regularly spaced protrusions filled with electron-lucent ground substance; no fibrils are present in the protrusions. The cysts are divided by septa into compartments containing typical coccidian metrocytes and merozoites. Taxonomy of the protozoon from the white-tailed deer-dog is discussed.     

The life-cycle and ultrastructure of Sarcocystis ameivamastigodryasi n. sp., in the lizard Ameiva ameiva (Teiidae) and the snake Mastigodryas bifossatus (Colubridae)

Sarcocysts in muscles of the teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva from north Brazil were fed to the colubrid snake Mastigodryas bifossatus, the faeces of which had been shown to be devoid of coccidial oocysts or sporocysts. When necropsied 16 days later the snake was shown to have developed a massive intestinal infection of Sarcocystis. Mature sporocysts from another, naturally infected M. bifossatus were fed to juvenile specimens of A. ameiva in which no sarcocysts could be detected in tail muscle biopsies. When examined 30 and 47 days later they had very large numbers of sarcocysts in their tail and tongue muscles. The parasite is given the name of Sarcocystis ameivamastigodryasi n. sp. An ultrastructural study has been made of the sarcocyst and of the parasite's sporulation in the lamina propria of the snake: the latter provides details of the wall formation process in developing sporocysts. Attempts to infect a specimen of the boid Boa constrictor constrictor by feeding it with infected Ameiva failed, suggesting that sporocysts previously recorded in genera of the family Boidae may be those of a different species of Sarcocystis.     

Simplified technique for isolation, excystation, and culture of Sarcocystis species from opossums

Sarcocystis neurona is a protozoan parasite that causes a neurological disease in horses called equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The route of transmission is speculated to be by fecal-oral transfer of sporocysts shed from opossums. Controversy exists regarding both the natural life cycle for this parasite as well as the species identity of opossum Sarcocystis. To provide stage-specific material for species comparison, 27 opossums from southern Michigan were screened for Sarcocystis spp. sporocysts. Seven opossums were positive for Sarcocystis sporocysts by fecal flotation. A simplified, effective technique for isolation, excystation, and culture of opossum Sarcocystis sp. from mucosal scrapings was developed. All 7 Sarcocystis sp. isolates were successfully cultured to grow long term in equine dermal cells to the merozoite stage. Merozoites were observed between 5 and 15 days after inoculation. In conclusion, opossums shed Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts that may be manipulated to excyst and grow in vitro in equine dermal cell lines to the merozoite stage using the simplified technique described.     

Prevalence of Sarcocystis in wolves and white-tailed deer in Northeastern Minnesota

The prevalence of Sarcocystis (Protozoa: Sarcocystidae) in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from northeastern Minnesota was determined by histologic examination of tongue samples. Seventy-nine of 100 deer were infected; infection was higher in yearlings and adults than in fawns. Sporocysts of Sarcocystis were found in 3% of 72 wolf (Canis lupus) scats. Three of four captive wolves fed muscle from a white-tailed deer naturally infected with Sarcocystis shed sporocysts 12-14 days later.