池塘混养模式下生态基对鲤生长及水质的影响（英文）

为探索池塘混养模式下生态基对鱼类生长的影响,在6个土池中进行了一个饲养试验,将土池分为2组,一组为不放生态基的对照组,另一组为放置生态基的生态基组,每组3个重复。将尾均重为(310±11)g鲤3867尾、尾均重(810±15)g鲢及鳙370尾平均分别分为2组,平均放养于6个土池中。对池塘鲤每天饲喂颗粒饲料3次,饲养周期62d。在饲养期内,每隔10天左右采集水样与底泥样品,检测其中的浮游生物与微生物群落。在饲养结束后,将试验鱼捕出并称重,计算鲤的饲料效率。结果表明,生态基组鲤鱼的增重率与饲料效率显著高于对照组;生态基组的鲢、鳙末重显著低于对照组;生态基组水体透明度与微生物群落多样性显著高于对照组;生态基组浮游生物浓度低于对照组。结果表明,在混养模式下土池中生态基的应用有利用促进鲤的生长,然而池塘生态基的应用对于滤食性鲢、鳙的生长并无促进作用。     

在主施氯化铵的混养池塘中鲢,鳙生长的研究

以鲢、鳙为主养鱼类的混养池塘中,在各种条件基本相同的情况下,设计了４种以氯化铵为氮源、１种以碳铵和尿素为氮源、１种以有机肥为肥源的追肥处理,旨在查明６种追肥处理对鲢、鳙生长的影响。试验结果表明：氯化铵能促进鲢、鳙快速生长;Ｎ与Ｐ＿２Ｏ＿５,的比为２：１时生长最佳。分析讨论了６种追肥处理池塘中鲢、鳙在不同养殖阶段的生长特点,并提出了进一步增产的措施。     

生石灰、巴豆、茶粕清塘比较试验（附石灰带水清塘法）

我国池塘养鱼专业有着悠久的历史,饲养的种类有鲩（草鱼）,青,鲢,鳙,鲤,鳊,鲮等,通常称为“家鱼”,而生长在池塘里的其他鱼类如刺鳅（Mastacembelus aeuleatus),黄鳝（Monopterus albus),鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica),鲫（Carassius auratus),     

淡水浮游生物的采集与计数方法

我国淡水养殖熊类,如鲩、青、鳙、鲢、鲮、鲤、鲫、鳊等,都在幼小的时候,以浮游生物为主要食物,特别是鳙及鲢,即在成长以后,还是以浮游生物为主要食料。所以浮游生物对于鱼类养殖上极为重要。选择一个湖泊、水库或池塘养鱼的时候,除了环境条件以外,首先需要了解它的生物生科量(浮游生物、软体动物、水生昆虫、水生高等植物、野鱼等)的情况。特别是浮游生物数量的多寡、种类的差别,才能正确掌握家鱼放养的数量及其配搭的比例等关键。浮游生物数量的多寡,能直接影响单位面积的放养量和产量。但水中所有的浮游生物,并不是全部对于鱼类是有用     

控(微囊)藻鲢、鳙排泄物光能与生长活性

利用叶绿素荧光技术,通过原位培养滤食性鱼类鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)摄食微囊藻(Microcysis)后的排泄物,研究鲢、鳙滤食对藻类光能及生长活性的影响。结果表明,微囊藻经鲢、鳙滤食后,排泄当天,其叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光合活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)显著低于对照组(P0.05),而光化学猝灭(qP)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随后,微囊藻的光合活性逐渐恢复,鲢、鳙组的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield和qP分别在第3天和第5天开始呈上升趋势,至实验结束时显著高于对照组,其中鲢组高于鳙组。而NPQ呈下降趋势,第13 d极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。原位培养期间,鲢、鳙组藻细胞密度和叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度呈增长趋势,且鲢组明显高于鳙组;鳙组藻类游离胞外多糖含量增长幅度高于鲢组。实验结束时,鲢、鳙组浮游藻类总生物量分别为对照组7.78、6.55倍,绿藻(Chlorophyta)和硅藻(Bacillariophyta)相对生物量增加,但微囊藻贡献率达93%以上。相关性分析显示,鲢组藻细胞密度、Chl a浓度和胞外多糖含量与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、ETR、qP均极显著正相关(P0.01),而与NPQ呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。鳙组藻细胞密度、Chl a浓度和胞外多糖含量仅与ETR呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与NPQ呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。可见,鲢、鳙单次滤食未对微囊藻造成生理上的致命损伤,藻类由于超补偿生长,其光合及生长活性在短期恢复并显著增强,有潜在加速水体富营养化可能,鲢、鳙增殖放流以控制蓝藻水华的措施值得商榷。     

鲢鳙对鱼粪消化利用的研究

以鱼粪代表天然水体中有机碎屑,研究鲢、鳙对鱼粪的消化利用,并评价有机碎屑在鲢、鳙营养中的作用。在实验室条件下(水温30℃,溶氧6毫克/升以上,pH7—8,光照度2800lx),收集鲢、鳙摄食微囊藻后排出的粪作为试验用饲料。在限制摄食量的条件下,测定鱼对鱼粪的消化率及研究鱼粪对鲢、鳙生长的影响。研究结果是:(1)鲢、鳙对鱼粪中干物质消化率分别为58.54±9.53％及68.57±8.98％。其中蛋白质消化率分别为74.49±7.96％及80.41±9.02％,脂肪消化率分别为90.23±15.33％及84.24±6.96％,碳水化合物分别为49.14±20.67％及60.36±11.29％;(2)经10天饲养,鲢、鳙体重增重率分别为6.25±3.46％及7.80±3.18％。根据鱼粪的营养价值及鲢、鳙对鱼粪的能量转化率,表明鲢、鳙鱼粪在鲢、鳙营养中起着一定作用。     

基于Miseq测序技术分析黄颡鱼不同养殖模式下池塘微生物群落结构多样性

利用Miseq测序技术分析了黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson)三种养殖模式[(黄颡鱼单养、黄颡鱼混养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Valenciennes)和黄颡鱼混养草鱼、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis, Richardson)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Valenciennes)]下养殖水体及底泥微生物群落结构多样性。结果显示, 12个样本共获得了655100条合格16S rDNA序列, 每个样本获得的有效序列数目为41256—77508, 可归纳为608—3686个分类操作单元。α多样性指数结果表明, 在三种养殖模式下末期水体的微生物群落丰度和多样性均高于养殖初期, 黄颡鱼混养草鱼模式下水体的群落丰度最高(Chao1指数: 2199.25, ACE指数: 2374.60), 黄颡鱼混养草鱼、鲢、鳙模式下水体微生物群落多样性最高(Shannon指数: 4.88, Simpson指数: 0.021)。样本聚类分析及PcoA主坐标分析结果表明, 黄颡鱼单养及黄颡鱼、草鱼混养模式下的水体和底泥的菌群组成及群落结构相似性较高, 黄颡鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙混养模式下样本单独形成一类。从门水平的比较分析发现, 所有样本检测到细菌有8门, 其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的物种丰度在所有样本中占绝对优势地位。放线菌门(Actinobacteria)在养殖末期升高成为水体中占比第二的优势门, 尤其是黄颡鱼混养草鱼模式下(37.6%)。黄颡鱼在单养模式下, 养殖末期水体拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌含量均明显增加(1.95%到10.98%)。从属水平的比较分析发现, 各样本之间的优势属组成有较大差异, 其中黄颡鱼在单养模式下水体样本中气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)在养殖末期丰度占优势(5.81%)。从微生物群落结构和多样性的角度考虑, 黄颡鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙混养是一种值得推荐的养殖模式。     

两种油脂水平下DHA添加对鲤生长及脂质代谢的影响

为探讨饲料高油脂水平下二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)添加对鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)的营养作用, 以酪蛋白、糊精、纤维素、大豆油以及鱼用复合预混料等为饲料原料, 配制出6%与12%两个油脂水平的鲤饲料。以纯度为50%DHA制品分别替代该饲料原料中3%大豆油, 制成基础组、基础-DHA组、高脂组和高脂-DHA组4种精制试验饲料。将初始体重为(14.81±0.13) g的鲤360尾随机分为四组, 每组3个重复, 分别饲养于12个循环流水养殖缸中, 并将4组试验饲料分别饲养鲤74d, 最后采样, 检测鲤生长、生物学性状、体成分、血清理化指标、脂质代谢酶活性及组织形态学等指标。结果表明, 在6%油脂水平下, 基础-DHA组末尾均重、绝对生长率与相对生长率均显著低于基础组(P<0.05); 在12%油脂水平下, 高脂-DHA组绝对生长率显著低于高脂组(P<0.05), 而鲤末尾均重与相对生长率在两高脂组间无显著差异。基础-DHA组的饲料系数显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。基础-DHA组鱼体肥满度最低, 该组腹脂指数与腹腔脂肪细胞面积也最低。在12%脂肪水平下鲤肌肉与肝胰及粗脂肪含量均分别高于6%脂肪水平组(P<0.05); 在6%与12%脂肪水平下, DHA添加组鲤肌肉粗脂肪含量均分别显著低于无DHA组(P<0.05); 鲤肌肉粗蛋白在各组间均无显著差异。在6%与12%脂肪水平下, DHA组鲤血清总胆固醇水平均分别显著高于无DHA组(P<0.05)。结果表明, 同一脂肪水平下3%DHA制品的添加对鱼类生长与及健康有负面影响, 这可能与DHA添加量偏高有关, 而提高饲料脂肪水平有减轻过高DHA所带来的不利影响。     

鲢、鳙的食性及其对藻类的消化利用

通过对青菱湖34尾刚起水的鲢、鳙食物团的检查,得鲢、鳙食物中浮游植物和浮游动物的数量比例分别为48.78:1和7.95:1;将其折算为生物量,则浮游植物与浮游动物之比,鲢为1:47.6,鳙为1:292.15,显示出两种鱼食物中的浮游动物生物量都大于浮游植物生物量。鉴于鳙所食的浮游动物的生物量大于鲢所食的6倍多,因此,仍可相对地认为鳙以食浮游动物为主,鲢以食浮游植物为主。滤食时,除了小于鲢、鳙鳃耙间隙的浮游生物被随水滤去外,从鲢、鳙所生活的水体中的浮游生物组成和它们肠管中的食物组成的一致性来看,它们对食物并无选择能力。此外,对鲢、鳙是否能够消化某些藻类,根据观察而获得了结果。     

长江鲢、鳙个体发育过程中的表型变化

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江老江河国家级四大家鱼原种场255尾1—5龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量数据进行了分析。聚类分析显示,鲢可明显地聚成欧氏距离相对较远的1龄组和2—5龄组,鳙也可聚成欧氏距离较远的1、2龄组与3—5龄组。判别分析显示,144尾鲢个体对所聚类的两个组别的判别准确率高达98.0%,111尾鳙个体对所聚类的两个组别的判别准确率也达90.7%。这表明,在幼体向成体的发育过程中,鲢和鳙在形态上均存在着两个具有显著差异阶段。单因素方差分析显示,鲢两个组别之间有18个参数差异极显著,4个差异显著,其中10个显著或极显著地变小,12个显著或极显著地变大。鳙两个组别间有极显著和显著差异的参数分别有14个和3个,其中极显著或显著差异变小和变大的分别有12个和5个。这表明在鲢、鳙个体发育过程中,分别有73.3%和56.7%的特征参数具有生长异速现象。因此,在根据形态鉴别物种、分析种群差异、确立种质标准和作生长退算时,均应考虑所选用特征的生长异速现象。     

Common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> L.) alters its feeding niche in response to changing food resources: direct observations in simulated ponds

We used customized fish tanks as model fish ponds to observe grazing, swimming, and conspecific social behavior of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under variable food-resource conditions to assess alterations in feeding niche. Different food and feeding situations were created by using only pond water or pond water plus pond bottom sediment or pond water plus pond bottom sediment and artificial feeding. All tanks were fertilized twice, prior to stocking and 2 weeks later after starting the experiment to stimulate natural food production. Common carp preferred artificial feed over benthic macroinvertebrates, followed by zooplankton. Common carp did not prefer any group of phytoplankton in any treatment. Common carp was mainly benthic in habitat choice, feeding on benthic macroinvertebrates when only plankton and benthic macroinvertebrates were available in the system. In the absence of benthic macroinvertebrates, their feeding niche shifted from near the bottom of the tanks to the water column where they spent 85% of the total time and fed principally on zooplankton. Common carp readily switched to artificial feed when available, which led to better growth. Common carp preferred to graze individually. Behavioral observations of common carp in tanks yielded new information that assists our understanding of their ecological niche. This knowledge could be potentially used to further the development of common carp aquaculture.     

综合养鱼高产池塘的溶氧变化周期

根据1979—1984年对主养鲢、鳙、非鲫,主养青、草鱼,主养青鱼3种养殖结构类型高产鱼池溶氧变化周期的系统研究,揭示了高产养鱼池塘溶氧的昼夜、垂直、水平变化及季节变化周期,分析了光合作用、呼吸作用、扩散作用在高产养鱼池塘溶氧动力学上的地位和作用。对高产养鱼池塘的溶氧收入、支出及平衡情况进行了定量研究,在主要饲养季节,测得晴到多云天、晴天的溶氧来源分别为:浮游植物光合产氧占86.0和95.3%,大气扩散溶入占14.0和4.7%;氧的消耗分别为:“水呼吸”消耗氧占72.0和72.0%,鱼类呼吸消耗氧占22.0和13.1%,淤泥中生物呼吸消耗氧占2.9、5.5%,扩散逸出占3.1、8.8%。文中还对溶氧变化周期与养鱼池塘管理的环境控制、结构控制之间的关系进行了分析。       

池塘养殖匙吻鲟与鳙胃肠道饵料生物的比较

通过对同一试验池中匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathala）和鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）胃肠道内含物的连续3次分析,揭示他们滤食的天然饵料生物组成及差异。首先根据物种鉴定结果对2种鱼的胃肠道内饵料生物组成进行了UPGMA聚类分析,结果显示:相同采样时间同一池塘内2种鱼饵料生物组成存在差异,分别聚为不同的分枝;分析匙吻鲟和鳙胃肠道内饵料生物种类时还发现不同采样时间前者枝角类和桡足类种类数均多于后者。同时对2种鱼胃肠道内各饵料生物的生物量进行分析,结果显示:当大型饵料生物充足时,枝角类和桡足类的生物量在2种鱼胃肠道内没有显著差异（P0.05）;当大型饵料生物减少时,匙吻鲟摄食强度减小,但其枝角类和桡足类的生物量仍显著较大（P0.05）;当大型饵料生物消失后,轮虫生物量在匙吻鲟胃肠道内显著增加 （P0.05）;相比较,鳙在各采样期则主要滤食较小型的浮游动物和浮游植物。另外,当动物性饵料减少后,匙吻鲟和鳙均通过大量滤食植物絮团来补充能量。综上,同一试验池养殖的匙吻鲟和鳙存在摄食竞争压力,该压力的大小与环境中大型饵料生物的丰富度密切相关。       

Comparative studies on the feeding selectivity of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis

Silver carp and bighead carp exhibited size-selection for food particles in aquarium experiments, but did not select their preferred species of plankton actively when they were distributed evenly in the water. They also possessed the capacity of selection for feeding area. The removal rates (% g⁻¹ fish weight) of silver carp for smaller plankton (phytoplankton) were higher than those of bighead carp. The removal rates by the latter for bigger plankton (zooplankton) were higher than those of silver carp, but for plankton about 70 μm dia. the rates by the two species were almost equal.     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

不同日照时数对鲤,鲢,鳙鱼苗生长和存活的影响

不同日照时数对鲤、鲢、鳙鱼苗生长和存活的影响王吉桥,赵德树,张景全（大连水产学院养殖系,１１６０２３）（大连市碧流河水库渔场,１１６４２８）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＰｈｏｌｏｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｎｔｈｅＧｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄＳｕｒｖｉｖａｌｏｆＳｉｌｖｅｒＣａｒｐ,Ｂ...     

Can filter‐feeding Asian carp invade the Laurentian Great Lakes? A bioenergetic modelling exercise

1. There is much concern that filter‐feeding Asian carp will invade the Laurentian Great Lakes and deplete crucial plankton resources. We developed bioenergetic models, using parameters from Asian carp and other fish species, to explore the possibility that planktonic food resources are insufficient to support the growth of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) in the Great Lakes. 2. The models estimated basic metabolic requirements of silver and bighead carp under various body sizes, swimming speeds and reproductive stages. These requirements were then related to planktonic food resources and environmental temperature to predict when and where silver and bighead carp may survive in the Great Lakes, and how far they may travel. 3. Parameter values for respiration functions were derived experimentally in a coordinated study of silver and bighead carp, while consumption parameters were obtained from the literature on silver carp. Other model parameters lacking for Asian carp, such as those for egestion and excretion, were obtained from the literature on other fish species. 4. We found that full‐sized bighead carp required 61.0 kJ d^?1 just to maintain their body mass at 20 °C, approximately equivalent to feeding in a region with 255 μg L^?1 macrozooplankton (dry) or 10.43 μg L^?1 chlorophyll a. Silver carp energy requirements were slightly higher. 5. When applied to various habitats in the Great Lakes, our results suggest that silver and bighead carp will be unable to colonise most open‐water regions because of limited plankton availability. However, in some circumstances, carp metabolism at lower temperatures may be low enough to permit positive growth even at very low rations. Positive growth is even more likely in productive embayments and wetlands, and the modelled swimming costs in some of these habitats suggest that carp could travel >1 km d^?1 without losing biomass. 6. The simulation (and firmly hypothetical) results from this modelling study suggest when and where Asian carp could become established in the Great Lakes. Given the potential consequences to Great Lakes ecosystems if these filter feeders do prove capable of establishing reproducing populations, efforts to keep Asian carp out of the Great Lakes must not be lessened. However, we do encourage the use of bioenergetic modelling in a holistic approach to assessing the risk of Asian carp invasion in the Great Lakes region.     

鲢放养和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响

报道了单养链（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响,链的放养使浮游植物丰度,叶绿素a 含量和和初组生产力增大,浮游植物小型化,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势,裸藻和金藻占有相当比重;浮游动物生物量减少,特别是枝角类的生物量无鱼围隔大于有鱼围隔,且多是较大型的种类,施肥特别是施无机肥能显著地提高浮游植物丰度和初级生产力,浮游动物生物量也增大,施有机肥围隔浮游植物和浮游动物生物量虽高于有鱼对照围隔,但其浮游植物初级生产力,叶绿素a含量,浮游生物多样性指数,P／R系数均较低,链鱼的生长最差,文中讨论了滤食性鱼类和施肥对浮游生物的影响。     

Structural conservation and food habit-related liver expression of uncoupling protein 2 gene in five major Chinese carps

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be 149.4 +/- 15.6 (common carp), 127.4 +/- 22.1(mud carp), 96.7 +/- 12.7 (silver carp), 94.1 +/- 26.8 (bighead carp) and 63.7 +/- 16.2 (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detritus-eating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorous fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.     

NPY和POMC基因在生长差异与饥饿再摄食鳙个体中的表达分析

为研究摄食促进基因和摄食抑制基因对鱼类生长调控和饥饿再摄食过程的影响,研究克隆了鳙神经肽Y(HynNPY)基因和前阿黑皮素原(HynPOMC)基因cDNA序列,采用qRT-PCR技术分析它们在生长显著差异鳙个体下丘脑、肠中的基因表达变化;设置对照组(连续投喂4周)、饥饿组、饥饿再摄食组,分析NPY和POMC在不同处理组鳙的下丘脑、肠中的基因表达变化。鳙NPY和POMC基因cDNA全长分别为839和799 bp,开放阅读框有291和657 bp,分别编码96和218个氨基酸。系统进化分析结果表明,鳙NPY和POCM基因具有高度保守性。鳙NPY在下丘脑的表达量最高,其次为肠和脑; POMC在肠道中的表达量最高,其次为下丘脑和肝脏。在相同环境下生长差异鳙个体的下丘脑和肠中, NPY在极大个体的表达量高于极小组个体, POMC在极小个体中的表达量高于极大个体。饥饿导致NPY在下丘脑表达上升,在肠表达量显著上升,恢复摄食后, NPY在下丘脑和肠中表达量下降; POMC在饥饿组下丘脑和肠中都表现为表达量呈显著上升,复投喂后POMC表达量逐步下降至接近对照组水平。肠组织学观察显示,极大个体的肠腔直径...