浅水湖泊鱼类群落结构评估:复合网目刺网与网簖的比较（英文）

准确评估鱼类群落结构是渔业管理和鱼类资源养护的必要前提,而不同渔具采样结果往往会产生较大差异。研究同时采用欧洲标准采样网具-复合网目刺网(Multi-mesh gillnet)和中国传统网具-网簖对长江中游典型浅水湖泊扁担塘的鱼类群落结构进行了评估。2种网具共采集到27种鱼类,并发现黄尾鲴(Xenocypris daviai)和湖鲚(Coilia nasus taihuensis)2种新记录种,扁担塘的鱼类群落结构较1999年和2003年均发生了较明显的改变。2种渔具捕获的鱼类组成、相对丰度和生物量以及鱼类体长分布频率均存在显著性差异。基于鱼类的相对生物量和相对丰度的NMDS排序表明2种网具捕获到的鱼类群落结构也存在显著差异。另外还比较了复合网目刺网与其他定量采样网具间的差异,作者认为复合网目刺网比较适合长江中下游浅水湖泊鱼类群落研究的定量取样,但仅凭单一网具评估鱼类群落结构具有局限性。     

牛山湖两种优势小型鱼类空间分布与沉水植被的关系

运用8种网目规格的成套浮性刺网作为鱼类采样工具,于2005年夏季在长江中游浅水草型湖泊牛山湖进行鱼类定量采样,通过比较不同茂密程度黄丝草生境中的小型鱼类组成、数量和大小结构,探讨此类湖泊小型鱼类的空间分布特征及其与沉水植被的关系.采样期间共捕获13种1124尾鱼,依据其等级丰度和出现频次,鳖和红鳍原鲌为该湖优势上层小型鱼类.在调查的沉水植物生物量范围内,鱼类物种丰富度和Shannon多样性指数与沉水植物生物量之间呈现倒抛物线关系;两种优势小型鱼类的种群丰度均与沉水植物生物量有着显著的线性正相关关系,且其平均个体大小在裸地生境较高、沉水植被茂密区较低,幼鱼更倾向群聚于厚密的黄丝草生境中;其他生境因子(水深和离岸距离)对鳖和红鳍原鲐空间分布的影响不显著.黄丝草植被生境是牛山湖两种优势小型鱼类的重要保护生境,应加强对黄丝草等沉水植被的保护及恢复.     

浅水湖泊四种渔具捕捞选择性及对鱼类群落影响比较研究

了解不同种类和大小的鱼类对各种捕捞方式的脆弱性, 对于制定最佳的捕捞策略和合理开发鱼类资源至关重要。研究从渔获物组成、捕捞效率和个体大小等方面, 对长江中游典型湖泊牛山湖的四种渔具(网簖、刺网、电捕和鸬鹚)的捕捞选择性进行了比较分析。使用相对重要性指数(IRI)评价渔具捕捞对鱼类物种的选择性, 同时通过计算渔获物的平均营养水平(MTL)和饵料鱼与凶猛性鱼类的重量比, 分析捕捞对鱼类群落营养结构的潜在影响。结果表明, 网簖和电捕捕获的鱼类种数多、体长范围广, 对鱼类资源的破坏性最大, 应当加以限制或废除; 鸬鹚是捕获鳜(尤其是高龄鳜)的一种有效方式, 但对幼鳜和其他幼鱼也有较大损害, 应控制其捕捞强度; 刺网主要捕获几种经济鱼类, 并可平衡捕食者和饵料鱼之间数量关系, 是利用鱼类资源的一种较好方式, 关键在于对刺网网目大小和捕捞强度的限制。建议湖泊捕捞应从单一物种转向多物种综合管理, 并考虑物种之间的营养生态关系, 以更好地保护和可持续利用渔业资源。     

浅水湖泊四种渔具捕捞选择性及对鱼类群落影响比较研究（英文）

了解不同种类和大小的鱼类对各种捕捞方式的脆弱性,对于制定最佳的捕捞策略和合理开发鱼类资源至关重要。研究从渔获物组成、捕捞效率和个体大小等方面,对长江中游典型湖泊牛山湖的四种渔具(网簖、刺网、电捕和鸬鹚)的捕捞选择性进行了比较分析。使用相对重要性指数(IRI)评价渔具捕捞对鱼类物种的选择性,同时通过计算渔获物的平均营养水平(MTL)和饵料鱼与凶猛性鱼类的重量比,分析捕捞对鱼类群落营养结构的潜在影响。结果表明,网簖和电捕捕获的鱼类种数多、体长范围广,对鱼类资源的破坏性最大,应当加以限制或废除;鸬鹚是捕获鳜(尤其是高龄鳜)的一种有效方式,但对幼鳜和其他幼鱼也有较大损害,应控制其捕捞强度;刺网主要捕获几种经济鱼类,并可平衡捕食者和饵料鱼之间数量关系,是利用鱼类资源的一种较好方式,关键在于对刺网网目大小和捕捞强度的限制。建议湖泊捕捞应从单一物种转向多物种综合管理,并考虑物种之间的营养生态关系,以更好地保护和可持续利用渔业资源。     

单层刺网不同网目渔获组成——以上海青草沙水库为例

2010—2012年采用刺网(多网目单层刺网和单网目三层刺网)、电捕、底拖网和地笼对上海青草沙水库的鱼类多样性进行了调查.调查共采集到鱼类34种,隶属8目、12科,其中鲤形目鱼类物种数最多(19种)、鲈形目次之(6种).多网目单层刺网仅采集到鱼类19种,其中刀鲚为优势种.聚类分析表明,单层刺网网目规格对渔获物物种组成影响较为显著,网目为2 cm的网片的渔获物优势种为刀鲚和贝氏〖FK（W*8/9。1〗〖PS5号F体.eps,BP#〗〖FK)〗
,其他网目网片优势种为刀鲚.渔获物物种数和单位努力捕获数量均有随着网目规格增大而下降的趋势.网目规格对优势种刀鲚的体长分布影响显著,且随着网目规格的增加而增大.为更加科学合理地评估某水域的鱼类群落多样性,需要结合多种采样方法进行鱼类调查.     

插网网目尺寸及采样时间对潮沟游泳动物采样的影响

在长江河口九段沙盐沼湿地的一条潮沟中,我们比较了两种不同网目尺寸（4mm和8mm）的插网（fyke net）及日夜潮对游泳动物群落采样效率的影响。共捕获鱼类16种5476尾、虾2种4982只。采用方差分析、柯尔莫诺夫-斯米尔诺夫非参数检验法和无度量多维标定分析对两种网目插网的捕获效率,样品的体长分布,群落结构及日夜潮间的差异进行了分析。结果表明,网目尺寸对样品中游泳动物的物种数和鱼类的多度没有影响,但是小网目的插网对虾类有较高的捕获率。两种网目尺寸的插网均在夜潮中捕获较多的鱼类个体,但虾类在日潮捕获较多。在日潮中,网目尺寸对捕获物中五种优势游泳动物的体长分布无显著影响。在夜间,小网目的插网对斑尾复缎虎和脊尾白虾的较大个体具有较高的捕获率,但对较大个体鲅的捕获率不如大网目的插网。样品中游泳动物的群落组成在日夜潮间存在明显差异,大网目捕获物的样本间差异比小网目小。     

丹江口水库鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解丹江口水库鱼类群落现状及历史变化, 作者于2018-2019年采用多网目复合刺网采样和渔民渔获物调查的方式对丹江口水库进行了鱼类群落调查。本次调查共采集鱼类33种, 隶属5目11科29属, 以鲤科鱼类为主, 占总数的63.6%。基于多网目复合刺网采样的鱼类群落多样性指数和单位努力捕捞量(catch per unit effort, CPUE, g·day ^-1·m ^-2)在各采样点间具有一定的差异。目前丹江口水库以定居性、喜静缓流、杂食性和肉食性鱼类为主。与20世纪50年代和80年代的历史资料相比, 丹江口水库鱼类物种丰富度先升高后下降; 而生态类型则呈现杂食性鱼类、喜流水性鱼类和洄游性鱼类比例持续下降的趋势。2018-2019年丹江口水库鱼类组成与20世纪80年代的相似性指数为0.35 (中等不相似), 与20世纪50年代的相似性指数为0.29 (中等不相似)。调查结果表明半个世纪以来丹江口水库鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化, 目前趋于小型化和简单化。这些变化可能是由大坝建设、渔业放养、不合理捕捞、外来鱼类引入等人类活动所致。     

多网目单层和三重组合刺网在岩礁和沙地生境中的鱼类采集效果比较

为了解多网目单层组合刺网(MGN)和三重组合刺网(MTN)在近岸软相和硬相生境中的鱼类采集效果,于2011年10月选择枸杞岛沙地(SB)和岩礁(RR)生境为研究对象,从种类组成、捕获方式、优势种渔获率、多样性和群落格局上对MGN和MTN在两种生境中的鱼类采集效果进行了比较.结果表明:SB中MTN比MGN多采集鱼类5种,RR中相应多采集鱼类8种;SB中的MGN采获优势种为青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),MTN增加了日本须鳎(Paraplagusia japonica);RR中的MTN仅采获褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)和斑头鱼(Hexagrammos agrammus)两种优势种,但MGN相应多出青鳞小沙丁鱼和小黄鱼;两生境中MGN的捕获方式均以契入为主,而MTN的渔获个体中其他捕获方式的比例明显增加;MGN对两生境近底层小黄鱼和中上层青鳞小沙丁鱼的捕获率显著高于MTN,但对褐菖鲉、斑头鱼以及日本须鳎等底层鱼类的捕获率上,MGN要低于MTN;SB中基于MTN的多样性指标均显著大于MGN,而RR中两者之间的各指标并无显著差异;两生境中MGN和MTN所呈现的群落格局均存在显著差异.在进行刺网采样时,需依据研究目标应用适宜的网具和方法,以最大限度地了解鱼类组成的真实情况.     

傀儡湖18种鱼类全长与体重关系研究

为了了解中国长江中下游湖泊——傀儡湖(N 31o24′, E 120o51′)鱼类生长的特性, 于2013年4月至2015年4月利用地笼、多网目复合刺网和网簖等工具对该水域鱼类进行了月度调查。共捕获鱼类18种, 隶属于3科, 主要以鲤科鱼类为主。运用最小二乘法对这18种鱼类的全长和体重的回归关系进行拟合, 其中3种鱼类全长与体重的回归方程为首次拟合。此外, 15种鱼类的最大全长超过世界鱼类数据库(FishBase)中记录的最大全长。研究提供的鱼类全长与体重回归方程及其参数填补了世界鱼类数据库的空白。     

傀儡湖18种鱼类全长与体重关系研究（英文）

为了了解中国长江中下游湖泊——傀儡湖(N 31o24′, E 120o51′)鱼类生长的特性,于2013年4月至2015年4月利用地笼、多网目复合刺网和网簖等工具对该水域鱼类进行了月度调查。共捕获鱼类18种,隶属于3科,主要以鲤科鱼类为主。运用最小二乘法对这18种鱼类的全长和体重的回归关系进行拟合,其中3种鱼类全长与体重的回归方程为首次拟合。此外, 15种鱼类的最大全长超过世界鱼类数据库(FishBase)中记录的最大全长。研究提供的鱼类全长与体重回归方程及其参数填补了世界鱼类数据库的空白。     

Strong correspondence between gillnet catch per unit effort and hydroacoustically derived fish biomass in stratified lakes

1. Sampling of lake fish assemblages is a challenging task in fish science, and the information obtained strongly depends on the choice of sampling gear. The use of more than one sampling technique is generally preferred in order to achieve a comprehensive view on fish assemblage structure. Therefore, the knowledge of whether catches between fishing gears are comparable is crucial. 2. We compared catches in benthic multi‐mesh gillnets with fish biomass estimates obtained by vertical hydroacoustics in 18 European lakes strongly varying in morphometry and trophic status. Separate analyses were conducted for different depth strata and for several fish length thresholds to account for depth‐ and size‐selective gillnet catches. 3. Gillnet catches and hydroacoustically obtained fish biomass estimates were significantly correlated. The strength of correlations was independent of the fish length thresholds applied, but varied across different depth strata of the lakes, with the strongest correlations occurring in the shallow strata. 4. The results support the applicability of vertical hydroacoustics for the quantification of fish biomass in stratified lakes. Survey designs combining hydroacoustics with limited gillnetting at sampling dates shortly one after the other, the latter for the purpose of inventory sampling only, are a cost‐effective strategy for sampling fish assemblages in lakes. However, gillnet sampling does not provide reliable fish density estimates in very deep lakes with separate, pelagic‐dwelling fish assemblages.     

马鞍列岛多种生境中鱼类群聚的昼夜变化

为了解岛礁水域鱼类群聚的昼夜变化特征,以便更全面地设计采样方法和掌握采样的时间尺度,于2009年9月对马鞍列岛7种生境进行了共计24网次的刺网昼夜采样,结合排序和聚类方法,从种类组成、相对生物量和丰度、种类丰富度、多样性和相似性等方面对研究海域鱼类群聚特征的昼夜变化作了探讨.在采获的55种鱼类中,昼夜出现的分别为41和46种,数量差别不大,但其昼夜组成却随栖息水层的变化而不同,底层鱼类更趋向于夜间在硬相生境集群活动;近底层鱼类的昼夜集群随生境变化而变化,在同一生境中既有偏向白天也有趋向夜间的;中上层鱼类更多地出现在白天的人工生境(AH).AH白天的丰度渔获率显著大于晚上,而天然生境(NH)昼夜差别不大;生物量渔获率无论NH还是AH皆无显著昼夜差异.具体到种类,仅有小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis和赤鼻棱鳗Thryssa kammalensis等少数种类的数量在AH有显著的昼夜差别,其他多数种类虽然昼夜的出现率大多有别,但渔获率昼夜差异皆不明显.多样性差异更多的表现在不同生境之间,而同一生境的昼夜差异往往不甚显著.各个生境中鱼类的昼夜种类交替现象非常明显,形成了以褐菖(鲐)Sebastiscus marmoratus和鳗鲇Plotosus anguillaris为代表的夜间优势类群为主的硬相生境群聚格局、以丝背细鳞鲀Stephanolepis cirrhifer和细刺鱼Microcanthus strigatus为代表的白天优势类群为主的硬相生境群聚格局以及缺乏底层优势类群、以石首鱼科鱼类为代表的近底层鱼类为绝对优势类群的软相生境群聚格局.因此,采用被动性渔具在近岸典型生境进行鱼类等相关生物调查时,应使采样时间覆盖昼夜两个时段,且至少保证24h.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of the fish assemblages downstream of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River

An explicit demonstration of the changes in fish assemblages is required to reveal the influence of damming on fish species. However, information from which to draw general conclusions regarding changes in fish assemblages is insufficient because of the limitations of available approaches. We used a combination of acoustic surveys, gillnet sampling, and geostatistical simulations to document the spatiotemporal variations in the fish assemblages downstream of the Gezhouba Dam, before and after the third impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). To conduct a hydroacoustic identification of individual species, we matched the size distributions of the fishes captured by gillnet with those of the acoustic surveys. An optimum threshold of target strength of ?50 dB re 1 m² was defined, and acoustic surveys were purposefully extended to the selected fish assemblages (i.e., endemic Coreius species) that was acquired by the size and species selectivity of the gillnet sampling. The relative proportion of fish species in acoustic surveys was allocated based on the composition (%) of the harvest in the gillnet surveys. Geostatistical simulations were likewise used to generate spatial patterns of fish distribution, and to determine the absolute abundance of the selected fish assemblages. We observed both the species composition and the spatial distribution of the selected fish assemblages changed significantly after implementation of new flow regulation in the TGR, wherein an immediate sharp population decline in the Coreius occurred. Our results strongly suggested that the new flow regulation in the TGR impoundment adversely affected downstream fish species, particularly the endemic Coreius species. To determine the factors responsible for the decline, we associated the variation in the fish assemblage patterns with changes in the environment and determined that substrate erosion resulting from trapping practices in the TGR likely played a key role.     

Habitat specialization in tropical continental shelf demersal fish assemblages

The implications of shallow water impacts such as fishing and climate change on fish assemblages are generally considered in isolation from the distribution and abundance of these fish assemblages in adjacent deeper waters. We investigate the abundance and length of demersal fish assemblages across a section of tropical continental shelf at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, to identify fish and fish habitat relationships across steep gradients in depth and in different benthic habitat types. The assemblage composition of demersal fish were assessed from baited remote underwater stereo-video samples (n = 304) collected from 16 depth and habitat combinations. Samples were collected across a depth range poorly represented in the literature from the fringing reef lagoon (1-10 m depth), down the fore reef slope to the reef base (10-30 m depth) then across the adjacent continental shelf (30-110 m depth). Multivariate analyses showed that there were distinctive fish assemblages and different sized fish were associated with each habitat/depth category. Species richness, MaxN and diversity declined with depth, while average length and trophic level increased. The assemblage structure, diversity, size and trophic structure of demersal fishes changes from shallow inshore habitats to deeper water habitats. More habitat specialists (unique species per habitat/depth category) were associated with the reef slope and reef base than other habitats, but offshore sponge-dominated habitats and inshore coral-dominated reef also supported unique species. This suggests that marine protected areas in shallow coral-dominated reef habitats may not adequately protect those species whose depth distribution extends beyond shallow habitats, or other significant elements of demersal fish biodiversity. The ontogenetic habitat partitioning which is characteristic of many species, suggests that to maintain entire species life histories it is necessary to protect corridors of connected habitats through which fish can migrate.     

Using new electrofishing technology to amp‐up fish sampling in estuarine habitats

A prototype, boat‐mounted electrofisher capable of operation in estuarine waters (where electrical conductivities often exceed 20 000 µS cm^?1) was assessed. Electrofishing was compared to fyke and mesh netting in four riverine estuaries and to seining in a lagoonal estuary (consisting of a series of brackish coastal lakes separated from the sea by a barrier system of sand dunes). Fish assemblage composition, length distributions and the probability of detecting ecological fish guilds (relating to estuary use, position in the water column and body size) were compared among gears. The assemblage composition of electrofishing samples differed from those of fyke nets in all riverine estuaries and from mesh netting in two. The assemblage composition of electrofishing samples differed from those of seining in structured seagrass habitats of the lagoonal estuary. When all species were pooled, the electrofisher sampled a broader range of lengths than either fyke or mesh netting in riverine estuaries or seining in lagoonal estuaries. The bias of electrofishing and netting towards particular species and size classes affected the probability of detecting some ecological guilds, highlighting the potential implications of gear choice on understanding estuarine ecological function. The detection of guilds varied with gear type and environmental conditions, including stratification, water depth and surface electrical conductivity. Assessments with the aim to characterize the structure of fish assemblages will benefit from the use of multiple gears. Electrofishing shows immense promise for discretely sampling highly structured habitats to test hypotheses about their use.     

长江河口潮间带盐沼植被分布区及邻近光滩鱼类组成特征

研究鱼类群落在不同生境中的差异或者变化,是评价与预测生境丧失、环境退化等对湿地生物多样性与生态系统功能影响的重要基础。2006年4—11月,在长江河口崇明东滩盐沼植被分布区(简称草滩)和邻近的光滩区域分别设置采样站位,每月大潮期采用定制插网对鱼类群落进行了取样调查。分析研究了长江河口潮间带盐沼植被分布区和邻近光滩区域的鱼类组成及其月际变化,并对影响鱼类分布的主要因子进行了探讨。调查期间共采集鱼类标本1638尾,分属9目14科22种;其中,淡水鱼类2种,定居性河口鱼类12种,海洋鱼类5种,洄游鱼类3种。植被分布区和光滩区域鱼类组成及优势种特征存在明显差异。调查期间,植被分布区记录鱼类13种,主要优势种为斑尾刺虾虎鱼(Acanthogobius ommaturus)、鲻(Mugil cephalus)和棱鮻(Liza carinatus)(IRI>20),其他种类基本不具有优势度特征(IRI<0.05);光滩区域记录鱼类20种,主要优势种鲻(IRI>20),其他包括斑尾刺虾虎鱼、狼牙鳗虾虎鱼(Taenioides rubicundus)、棱鮻和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)也具有一定的优势特征(20>IRI>10);两个区域共有种为11种,部分种类只出现在光滩或植被分布区,但主要优势种均为定居性河口鱼类。与世界其他河口盐沼湿地鱼类研究结果不同的是,光滩区域记录的鱼类物种数、个体数、生物量和整体物种多样性水平均高于植被分布区;光滩和植被分布区鱼类相应的量比关系存在明显的月际变化,但两种生境鱼类组成间的关联性和差异性均不显著。通过比较两种生境共有的优势种体长发现,长江河口盐沼植被分布区鱼类优势种的平均体长大于光滩区域,而且植被分布区部分优势种体长的上、下限范围也大于光滩区域。长江河口盐沼植被分布区,除了育幼场外,还是许多鱼类成鱼的重要栖息地。影响河口潮间带盐沼湿地鱼类组成与分布的主要因素包括鱼类自身的生物学与生活史特征、饵料生物的组成与分布、植被出现与表形特征等生物因素和水温、盐度、淡水径流、潮汐特性等非生物因素,其对长江河口潮间带盐沼湿地中鱼类群落的组成与分布的综合作用机理有待进一步研究。     

Length–weight relationships of 55 fish species from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the Yangtze River,China

The paper reports the length–weight relationships of 55 species from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of the Yangtze River, China, and the largest reservoir in the world. A total of 24,176 specimens were collected from July 2012 to January 2015. Length–weight relationships for 33 fish species not recorded previously in FishBase, and the maximum total lengths computed for eight species are presented. The a values varied between 0.00054 and 0.01923, and the b values ranged from 2.729 to 3.583. The results will be useful for the application of sustainable management and conservation of these fishes in the TGR of the Yangtze River.     

Small fish communities in two regions of the Liangzi Lake, China, with or without submersed macrophytes

Small fish communities were compared between the vegetated and vegetation-free regions of the Liangzi Lake, a shallow lake along the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China. Fish were sampled using 10 × 10 m² block nets and poisoning. Three samples were taken from either the near shore area or lake centre of each region. A total of 19 fish species were collected; all species occurred in the vegetated region but only 12 occurred in the vegetation-free region. The dominant small fish were Carassius auratus auratus in the vegetated region and Ctenogobius giurinus in the vegetation-free region. Diversity, density and biomass of small fishes were significantly higher in the vegetated region than in the vegetation-free region in both near shore and lake centre areas. In the vegetated region, density and biomass of small fishes was significantly higher, while species diversity significantly lower in the near shore area than in the lake centre. In the vegetation-free region, density of small fishes was significantly higher in the near shore area than in the lake centre area, but species diversity or biomass was unaffected by location.