基因组改组（genome－shuffling）提高

首先采用紫外线与亚硝基胍两种传统微生物诱变方法对干酪乳杆菌进行诱变,经低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶试验获得了5株耐酸性提高的突变菌株。以获得的突变菌株为出发菌株,应用灭活双亲原生质体融合后致死损伤得到互补获得活性融合子的方法,对其进行基因组改组,经过低pH平板、碳酸钙平板和摇瓶筛选,获得4株可以在pH3.8平板上旺盛生长且产酸量较高的改组菌株。将改组菌株与原始菌株分别于pH 3.8和3.4的YE液体培养基中培养,改组菌株能够在原始菌株无法生存的pH条件（pH 3.4）下生长。在pH 3.8的条件下,对改组菌株与原始菌株的发酵特征进行比较,37℃发酵48小时后,改组菌株产酸量为原始菌株的2.4倍,表明基因组改组技术能有效提高多基因调控表型的进化。     

耐温性L-谷氨酸发酵菌种的选育

应用基因组改组技术提高,L-谷氨酸生产菌在高温发酵条件下的谷氨酸产量。以天津短杆菌T6—13变异株SW07-1为原始亲株,分别经紫外线（UV）-硫酸二乙酯（DES）和X射线诱变,获得5株耐温性能略有提高的突变菌株。经2轮基因组改组,获得耐高温（能在44℃生长）的L-谷氨酸菌株F2-50。F2—50在38℃下,摇瓶发酵40h,发酵液中L-谷氨酸浓度比原始出发菌株提高了近41％,在41℃高温下,摇瓶发酵40h,L-谷氨酸浓度比原始出发菌株提高了近2倍。     

基因组改组技术选育耐酸性琥珀酸放线杆菌

以琥珀酸产生菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593为出发菌,分别经过紫外线-甲基磺酸乙酯(UV-EMS)和紫外线-硫酸二乙酯(UV-DES)诱变处理,得到7株耐酸性有所提高的突变株.以此作为候选菌库,经3轮原生质体递进融合,筛选获得4株可以在pH 5.6下生长的改组菌株.其中改组菌株F3-21在pH 5.6的完全液体培养基中生长的OD值是原始菌的7倍,在pH 5.2条件下仍能生长;其摇瓶发酵48h琥珀酸产量较原始菌株提高48%.在5L发酵罐中进行分批发酵,当控制pH在较低值(5.6～6.0)时,F3-21厌氧发酵48h积累琥珀酸38.1g/L,较出发菌株提高了45%;当控制pH在6.5～7.0时,F3-21厌氧发酵32h积累琥珀酸40.7g/L.F3-21在5L发酵罐中进行补料分批发酵,厌氧发酵72h,产琥珀酸达67.4g/L.结果说明基因组改组技术能够改进琥珀酸放线菌的耐酸性能及其琥珀酸的产量.     

结合缺陷型菌株显色法采用离子束诱变筛选高产L-精氨酸突变株

为快速高效筛选L-精氨酸高产突变株,建立一种缺陷菌株平板显色法并采用低能N+离子束对L-精氨酸生产用菌株钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5进行诱变处理,通过上述平板显色法筛选获得高产突变株.对突变株进行摇瓶发酵实验,最终选育出一株L-精氨酸产量较高且产酸性能比较稳定的突变菌株钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5-36.该菌株摇瓶发酵L-精氨酸产量可达35.85 g/L,比出发菌株提高了19.5％.因此,缺陷型菌株平板显色法可以用于快速、高效筛选高产L-精氨酸突变株.     

基因组改组选育蔗糖利用型L-乳酸高产菌株

对干酪乳杆菌进行紫外诱变和NTG诱变,得到蔗糖耐受性高的突变菌株,以此作为基因组改组的出发菌株,制得原生质体,将原生质体分别于紫外线和热灭活,致死率分别为89%和91.6%,在再生平板中培育,将存活的原生质体进行融合,获得的融合子通过蔗糖YE平板筛选,获得F1代,然后以F1代为出发菌,经过上述步骤得到了能够高效利用蔗糖发酵的F2代菌株.与野生型菌株比较发现,在15.0%蔗糖浓度条件下菌体旺盛生长,OD600达到3.11,较原始菌提高了0.70,发酵产酸量提高了61.0%,而且蔗糖酶活性比野生型有很大的提高,从0.54 U/mg cells提高到1.93 U/mg cells,提高了近4倍.     

枯草芽孢杆菌产胞苷的初步研究

目的:通过对野生型枯草芽孢杆菌NO122的诱变筛选,选育出胞苷产生菌株。方法:以野生型枯草芽孢杆菌为出发菌株进行紫外线、硫酸二乙酯诱变,经3-脱杂氮尿嘧啶、5-氟胞苷结构类似物平板定向筛选产胞苷突变株;研究碳源、氮源、温度、初始pH值等发酵条件对该突变菌株产胞苷的影响。结果:经诱变传代后得到突变株TZM1012,该突变株在发酵温度37℃、初始pH7.2、摇床转速220r/min的条件下,摇瓶发酵72h,发酵液中的胞苷可达1.873g/L,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。结论:获得产胞苷生产菌株,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。     

L-异亮氨酸高产菌选育及其培养基优化

旨在诱变选育L-异亮氨酸高产菌,并探索突变株最佳发酵条件。利用传统化学诱变结合常压室温等离子体生物诱变体系对实验室保藏的Brevibacterium flavum I-12进行逐级诱变,选育2-噻唑丙氨酸(2-TA)和磺胺胍(SG)高抗性和在琥珀酸平板上能快速生长的突变菌株。随后,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面设计优化出目的突变株摇瓶发酵培养基组分的最佳参数水平。结果显示,经过一系列诱变和筛选,成功选育出一株在40 g/L的2-TA和5 g/L的SG,且以琥珀酸为唯一碳源的培养基上快速生长突变株,命名为B. flavum TA-6,该菌株产酸达26.2±0.5 g/L,比出发菌株提高了44.75%,而副产物L-缬氨酸和L-亮氨酸积累量明显降低。经响应面法优化发酵条件后,突变株产酸可达27.8±0.5 g/L,比优化前提高了6.1%。通过传统化学诱变结合ARTP生物诱变体系,成功选育出一株杂酸降低的L-异亮氨酸高产菌TA-6,该菌株具有潜在生产应用价值。     

南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变筛选研究

通过对链霉素对南昌霉素（Nanchangmycin)产生菌NS－41－80菌株孢子的致死浓度测定基础上,采用诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）的不同诱发剂量对菌株孢子进行诱变处理,诱变处理的孢子涂布在含链霉素（10ug/mL)致死浓度的高氏平板上,获得了大量的链霉素抗性基因（str)突变株。然后从3,000株链霉素抗性基因（str)突变株中通过初筛获得比诱变出发菌株产素能力提高20％以上的菌株202株,再进一步通过摇瓶复筛,获得比出发菌株产素能力分别提高100％,200％,300％高产菌株为48株,7株和1株,分别为复筛菌和初筛菌株的23．76％和1．60％,3．46％和0．23％,0．5％和0．03％,将产素能力提高240％以上5个菌株连同出发菌株连续3批次进行摇瓶发酵结果,5个突变株的产素能力均比出发菌株的产素能力提高57％－96．4％,其中突变株80－5．3－165菌株摇瓶发酵单位达6,000ug/mL以上,3批次摇瓶平均发酵单位达5,855ug/mL,建立了南昌霉素高产菌株的链霉素抗性基因突变诱变快速高效的筛选方法。     

基因组改组技术选育耐高温、耐高乙醇酿酒酵母菌株的研究

当以f4、f5、f6作为出发菌株,用酵母菌原生质体紫外诱变的方法,在不同温度下,用含有不同浓度乙醇的平板筛选,分别获得了在耐高温和耐乙醇性状有较大提高的f4.2、f5.1、f6.2、f4.5等正突变菌株。以这些菌株作为出发菌株,进一步用硫酸二乙酯诱变,获得了f5.1.1、f4.2.1两个乙醇耐受性能较高的菌株。在建立了上述不同突变株后,通过基因组改组(genome shuffling)的方法,将上述不同特性的菌株经过两轮genome shuffling,获得了耐高温性能和耐乙醇性能都较好的酵母菌株。经过摇瓶发酵后证明,R24株在35℃发酵过程中,发酵液中的最高乙醇浓度12.93%(W/V),比原始出发菌株f4在35℃的发酵液中最高乙醇浓度8.11%提高了近5%。     

L-缬氨酸高产菌株的选育研究

以产L-缬氨酸的谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)为原始菌株,利用注入低能氮离子束进行一系列诱变,获得一株稳定的高产L-缬氨酸突变菌株。摇瓶培养96h后发酵能力可达38.0g·L-1,较出发菌株提高18.01%。通过对摇瓶中葡萄糖、玉米浆浓度及培养条件进行优化,发酵能力达到40.6g·L-1,50L发酵罐的发酵能力可达70g·L-1左右。     

乳酸菌酸胁迫反应机制研究进展

乳酸菌可发酵糖类产生乳酸,并广泛应用于食品、药物和饲料等工业。由于有机酸的积累,乳酸菌大部分的生长代谢都在低pH的酸性环境中进行,具有酸胁迫反应。pH的自我平衡、ATR反应机制、对大分子的保护和修复作用及细胞膜的变化等是乳酸菌酸胁迫反应的主要机制,其中,pH自我平衡包括F0F1-ATPase质子泵、精氨酸脱氨酶途径(ADI)和谷氨酸脱羧酶途径(GAD)等。由此可见,乳酸菌酸胁迫反应机制涉及到基因和蛋白的表达调控等,是非常复杂的网络调控体系。     

Enzymatic Formation of Hexadecenoic Acid from Palmitic Acid

Desaturation of palmitic acid was investigated in an enzyme system prepared from rat liver. 2-trans-Hexadecenoic acid as well as 9-cis-hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid) were found to be formed as monoenoic acid in this system.     

乌索酸与齐墩果酸衍生物的合成进展

乌索酸和齐墩果酸在多种植物中均有分布.二者互为同分异构体,均属于五环三萜类化合物,由于其结构多样性而具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗艾滋病、抗溃疡、抗炎、免疫调节等功能.有关这两种活性物质的衍生化研究一直为科研人员所关注,本文主要综述了近10年来二者衍生物合成方面的新进展,为寻找活性先导化合物、合理设计药物分子提供依据.     

Biotransformation of Cinnamic Acid,p-Coumaric Acid,Caffeic Acid,and Ferulic Acid by Plant Cell Cultures of Eucalyptus perriniana

Biotransformations of phenylpropanoids such as cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were investigated with plant-cultured cells of Eucalyptus perriniana. The plant-cultured cells of E. perriniana converted cinnamic acid into cinnamic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, p-coumaric acid, and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcoumaric acid. p-Coumaric acid was converted into 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcoumaric acid, p-coumaric acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcoumaric acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, a new compound, caffeic acid, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid. On the other hand, incubation of caffeic acid with cultured E. perriniana cells gave 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid, 3-O-(6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid, a new compound, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, ferulic acid, and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylferulic acid. 4-O-β-D-Glucopyranosylferulic acid, ferulic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester, and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylferulic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester were isolated from E. perriniana cells treated with ferulic acid.     

Synthesis of l-(+)-Tartaric Acid from l-Ascorbic Acid via 5-Keto-d-Gluconic Acid in Grapes

5-Keto-l-idionic acid (5-keto-d-gluconic acid, d-xylo-5-hexulosonic acid) was found as a metabolic product of l-ascorbic acid in slices of immature grapes, Vitis labrusca L. cv `Delaware'. Specifically labeled compounds, recognized as metabolic products of l-ascorbic acid in grapes, were fed to young grape tissues to investigate the metabolic pathway from l-ascorbic acid to l-(+)-tartaric acid.     

Bacterial Degradation of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid and Homoprotocatechuic Acid

A species of Acinetobacter and two strains of Pseudomonas putida when grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid gave cell extracts that converted 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) into carbon dioxide, pyruvate, and succinate. The sequence of enzyme-catalyzed steps was as follows: ring-fission by a 2,3-dioxygenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent dehydrogenation, decarboxylation, hydration, aldol fission, and oxidation of succinic semialdehyde. Two new metabolites, 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic acid and 2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-diene-1,7-dioic acid, were isolated from reaction mixtures and a third, 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelic acid, was shown to be cleaved by extracts to give pyruvate and succinic semialdehyde. Enzymes of this metabolic pathway were present in Acinetobacter grown with 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid but were effectively absent when 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or phenylacetic acid served as sources of carbon.