基于网络药理学的大黄治疗阿尔茨海默病作用机制研究

基于网络药理学探讨大黄治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的作用机制。借助TCMSP数据库及Uniprot数据库筛选出大黄有效成分及靶点基因。通过Drugbank、Dis Ge NET和TTD数据库筛选出阿尔茨海默病的靶点基因;成分靶点与疾病靶点映射后使用Cytoscape 3.7.1软件构建药物有效成分-靶点蛋白相互作用网络,使用String数据库绘制靶点蛋白-靶点蛋白相互作用网络;对靶点蛋白利用Metascape数据库进行GO分析和KEGG分析,最后采用MTT实验、ELISA法、比色法和荧光实时定量PCR对网络药理学主要分析结果进行验证。研究共筛选出大黄的有效成分17个,对应靶点276个,与阿尔茨海默病相关靶点共107个,KEGG相关信号通路前10条,GO分析前20个生物学过程。细胞实验证实了大黄能有效提高PC12细胞的细胞存活率及抑制PC12细胞的炎症反应、细胞凋亡、氧化应激反应,并促进PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路的激活,下调NF-κB信号通路。大黄主要是通过抗炎、抗凋亡、抗氧化应激等对阿尔茨海默病产生重要的治疗作用,为后续临床治疗阿尔茨海默病提供新的思路。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接探索桑白皮治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的潜在机制

本研究运用网络药理学和分子对接方法对中药桑白皮治疗糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的活性成分、潜在作用靶点和信号通路进行研究,探索桑白皮治疗DPN的可能作用机制。首先从中药系统药理学数据库(TCMSP)筛选出桑白皮的活性成分及靶点基因。通过GeneCards数据库及OMIM数据库筛选出DPN的疾病靶点基因,并用Cytoscape软件构建"药物-有效成分-靶基因-疾病"中药调控网络图。将有效成分靶标与疾病靶标上传到STRING数据库,构建蛋白互作网络图(PPI),并使用R语言对得到的PPI进行核心基因的筛选。运用R语言对关键靶点进行GO富集分析和KEGG通路富集分析。其次从活性成分及靶点基因中根据degree值筛选出前3个关键成分,并将该网络中的基因靶点以degree值高低进行排序,选择前3个核心靶点,然后从RCSB数据库下载相关蛋白的结构,使用Pymol软件去除溶剂分子与配体,使用AutoDock软件进行分子对接。最后通过酶联免疫吸附实验和荧光光谱实验验证网络药理学富集分析的结果。最终预测到31个桑白皮活性成分,312个活性成分相关靶点,120个桑白皮-糖尿病周围神经病变共同有效靶点。活性...     

基于网络药理学与分子对接探究黄芩有效成分对酒精性肝病的作用机制及效果验证

通过网络药理学和分子对接技术探究中药黄芩治疗酒精性肝病的作用机制，并通过体外细胞实验验证黄芩有效成分对酒精性肝病的治疗效果。在TCMSP、Swiss ADME和Swiss Target Prediction数据库中检索获得黄芩有效成分及其作用靶点；在GeneCards、OMIM、DisGeNET、TTD和PharmGKB数据库中检索获得酒精性肝病相关的疾病靶点；利用String数据库构建靶点相互作用网络；通过Metascape数据库对关键靶点进行京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析、基因本体(GO)富集分析。采用Cytoscape 3.8.0软件构建黄芩治疗酒精性肝病的“有效成分-靶点-通路”互作网络，并筛选出黄芩有效成分和关键靶点进行分子对接。基于网络药理学和分子对接结果，采用体外细胞实验初步验证预测结果。将黄芩有效成分进行ADME筛选后共获得27个，且这27个有效成分可以通过257个基因靶点对酒精性肝病起到治疗作用，其中关键核心靶点有SRC、AKT1、PIK3R1、STAT3、PIK3CA等。KEGG信号通路富集分析结果显示，黄芩治疗酒精性肝病的主要信号通路包括癌症的途...     

基于网络药理学的苦参-苍术药对治疗痔疮作用机制研究

目的:探讨苦参-苍术药对治疗痔疮的作用机制.方法:通过中药系统药理学(TCMSP)分析平台筛选苦参、苍术的活性成分,整理并校正其对应的作用靶点.通过GeneCards、OMIM、Drugbank数据库收集痔疮相关的基因靶点,运用Venny 2.1.0筛选出苦参、苍术治疗痔疮的关键靶点,将关键靶点上传至STRING数据库...     

基于网络药理学探讨“黄芪-白术-熟地黄”组方防治肾病综合征的作用机制

本研究旨在通过网络药理学方法和分子对接技术探讨黄芪-白术-熟地黄组方(HBS)治疗肾病综合征的作用机制.通过多个数据库获取肾病综合征基因并进行功能模块分解,找出肾病综合征基因参与的主要生物学过程.通过文献以及数据库查找HBS活性成分和基因靶点,筛选出HBS治疗肾病综合征的有效靶点.通过有效靶点的KEGG和GO富集分析,...     

基于网络药理学的丹参-川芎药对治疗阿尔茨海默病的作用机制分析

利用网络药理学方法研究丹参-川芎药对治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的作用机制。经数据库查找及文献检索,获得丹参和川芎的有效成分,利用STITCH与TCMSP数据库得到有效成分作用靶点,并构建药物-靶标网络、PPI网络,利用Metascape数据库对丹参-川芎作用靶点进行GO分析以及KEGG代谢通路富集分析。最后利用MTT实验、ELISA法、流式细胞仪和荧光定量PCR实验验证丹参-川芎对PC12细胞的保护作用。结果显示筛选出丹参-川芎药对25个活性成分和作用于AD的靶点105个,GO分析相关度前20个靶点分子功能,前10条重要信号通路。细胞实验证实了丹参-川芎可显著提高PC12细胞的细胞存活率和拮抗PC12细胞的炎症反应及降低PC12细胞的凋亡率,并抑制p38MAPK/NF-κB信号通路的激活。丹参-川芎药对具有多种有效成分以协同的方式与多个靶点、多种途径相互作用,主要通过抗细胞凋亡、抑制炎症反应等对AD发挥主要的治疗作用,为其临床应用提供了理论依据。     

基于网络药理学的杜仲-山茱萸配伍治疗糖尿病的作用机制

为探讨杜仲-山茱萸治疗糖尿病的作用机制。研究利用网络药理学的方法,首先通过中药系统药理学数据库筛选出杜仲和山茱萸的活性成分和相关靶点,再利用DisGeNET、DrugBank等数据库筛选出糖尿病的潜在靶点。以STRING数据库对活性靶点构建蛋白互作网络(PPI)分析,采用Cytoscape3.7.0软件绘制其“成分-靶点-通路”的相互作用网络,通过CludterProfiler对靶蛋白进行生物过程、细胞组分及分子功能分析;京都基因与基因组(KEGG)的代谢通路分析。实验结果筛选得到杜仲-山茱萸有效成分30个,其中槲皮素、山奈酚、β-谷甾醇等成分对PTGS2、DPP4、ADRB2、PPARG等相关靶点通过IL-17信号通路、钙信号通路、脂肪细胞脂解的调控等参与氮化合物代谢过程、血液循环、脂肪细胞分化和血压调节等过程。综上,杜仲-山茱萸配伍治疗糖尿病存在多成分和多重药理作用机制,为进一步研究其治疗糖尿病药理实验提供了参考,也为其他中药的相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术的天麻-川芎药对治疗高血压作用机制研究CSCD

借助网络药理学和分子对接探究天麻-川芎药对治疗高血压活性成分的靶点和作用机制。通过中药系统药理学数据库(TCMSP),限制口服生物利用度和类药性范围获取天麻、川芎两味药的活性成分及靶点。通过Drugbank和CTD筛选出疾病高血压靶点,借助韦恩图筛选出药对治疗疾病的共同潜在靶点;通过Cytoscape 3.2.1软件构建药对-疾病-成分-靶点的网络图,进一步用STRING数据库构建蛋白互作图,最后进行基因本体(GO)分析以及京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)分析;应用Discovery Studio 4.5软件对活性成分与关键靶点进行分子对接验证。天麻-川芎药对共筛选出107个有效成分,对应1010个靶点;高血压对应得到2268个靶点;最终筛选出活性成分70个,共同靶点为83个;药对-疾病-成分-靶点调控网络包含155个节点,1217条边;GO分析,主要途径有血液循环,循环系统过程,核受体活性,转录因子活性等。KEGG分析,主要涉及神经活性配体-受体相互作用、Ca^(2+)信号通路、癌症的途径、cAMP信号通路等。分子对接显示,核心靶点与间羟基苯甲酸、油酸、亚油酸乙酯、反式β-金合欢烯和十四烷有较强的亲和力。天麻-川芎药对治疗高血压可能是通过TNF、PTGS2、EDN1等关键靶点发挥作用,同时通过调控神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路、Ca^(2+)信号通路、癌症的途径等多种通路发挥作用。初步揭示了天麻-川芎药对是通过多成分、多途径和多靶点协同治疗高血压的作用机制,为筛选治疗高血压的药物提供理论依据。     

胶质母细胞瘤预后相关基因的数据挖掘分析

胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma, GBM）是恶性程度最高的颅内恶性肿瘤，目前临床上缺乏有效治疗药物，复发率高且预后差，开发新的抗GBM药物是目前临床上亟待解决的问题。为了筛选与GBM预后密切相关的基因，为寻找新的药物靶点提供线索，采用GEO2R工具从GEO数据库中的269个肿瘤组织和61个正常组织中初步筛选出差异表达基因，然后利用Cluster Profiler数据库进行基因功能富集分析，STRING及Cytoscape进一步筛选出37个差异表达基因，采用GEPIA交互分析对这37个基因在GBM肿瘤组织中的表达进行验证。为了进一步探索这些差异表达基因与患者预后的关系，研究中利用GEPIA工具对TCGA数据库中与患者预后相关的数据进行深入挖掘，最终发现PTTG1、RRM2、E2F7与患者中位生存期呈显著性负相关。研究筛选出的与患者预后密切相关的基因不仅可以为评估患者预后提供参考，同时也为开发新的抗GBM药物提供了潜在的靶点。     

基于网络药理学、分子对接及实验验证探讨黄柏治疗痛风的作用机制CSCD

采用网络药理学、分子对接和体外细胞实验探讨黄柏抗痛风(gout)的物质基础与潜在作用机制。首先通过TCMSP数据库获得黄柏主要活性成分及其对应作用靶点信息;通过GeneCards、OMIM、TTD数据库获得痛风相关疾病靶点;将黄柏有效成分对应靶点与痛风靶点取交集,借助STRING平台及Cytoscape3.9.0软件,绘制交集基因蛋白互作(PPI)网络图;利用基因注释与分析平台(Metascape)数据库对核心靶点进行基因本体(GO)功能及京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析,通过微生信云平台对富集结果可视化;借助AutoDock Tools软件对核心成分及关键靶点基因进行分子对接,并对核心化学成分抗痛风炎症作用进行实验验证。共筛选出25个黄柏抗痛风活性成分和70个关键交集靶点,PPI网络分析获得5个关键靶点包括蛋白激酶B1(AKT1)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ(PPARγ)、白介素6(IL-6)、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶(PTGS 2);GO功能和KEGG通路富集显示,黄柏作用于细胞迁移的正向调控、细胞分化的负调控、炎症反应等生物学过程,调控PI3K-Akt、MAPK等信号通路,进而发挥抗痛风作用。分子对接结果显示,黄柏的5个主要活性成分与关键靶点间存在分子结合位点且结合能较强,均小于-5 kcal/mol;体外实验显示核心化学成分对尿酸钠诱导的炎症反应有较好的抑制作用,本研究初步揭示了黄柏具有多种潜在的抗痛风活性成分,其作用机理可能是通过作用于多靶点和多通路来实现的。     

Autophagy and Alzheimer’s Disease

Autophagy is an essential degradation pathway in clearing abnormal protein aggregates in mammalian cells and is responsible for protein homeostasis and neuronal health. Several studies have shown that autophagy deficits occurred in early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Autophagy plays an important role in generation and metabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ), assembling of tau and thus its malfunction may lead to the progress of AD. By considering the above evidences, autophagy may be a new target in developing drugs for AD. So far, a number of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent and independent autophagy modulators have been identified to have positive effects in AD treatment. In this review, we summarized the latest progress supporting the role for autophagy deficits in AD and the potential therapeutic effects of autophagy modulators in AD.     

Cholesterol impairs autophagy-mediated clearance of amyloid beta while promoting its secretion

Macroautophagy/autophagy failure with the accumulation of autophagosomes is an early neuropathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD) that directly affects amyloid beta (Aβ) metabolism. Although loss of presenilin 1 function has been reported to impair lysosomal function and prevent autophagy flux, the detailed mechanism leading to autophagy dysfunction in AD remains to be elucidated. The resemblance between pathological hallmarks of AD and Niemann-Pick Type C disease, including endosome-lysosome abnormalities and impaired autophagy, suggests cholesterol accumulation as a common link. Using a mouse model of AD (APP-PSEN1-SREBF2 mice), expressing chimeric mouse-human amyloid precursor protein with the familial Alzheimer Swedish mutation (APP695swe) and mutant presenilin 1 (PSEN1-dE9), together with a dominant-positive, truncated and active form of SREBF2/SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element binding factor 2), we demonstrated that high brain cholesterol enhanced autophagosome formation, but disrupted its fusion with endosomal-lysosomal vesicles. The combination of these alterations resulted in impaired degradation of Aβ and endogenous MAPT (microtubule associated protein tau), and stimulated autophagy-dependent Aβ secretion. Exacerbated Aβ-induced oxidative stress in APP-PSEN1-SREBF2 mice, due to cholesterol-mediated depletion of mitochondrial glutathione/mGSH, is critical for autophagy induction. In agreement, in vivo mitochondrial GSH recovery with GSH ethyl ester, inhibited autophagosome synthesis by preventing the oxidative inhibition of ATG4B deconjugation activity exerted by Aβ. Moreover, cholesterol-enrichment within the endosomes-lysosomes modified the levels and membrane distribution of RAB7A and SNAP receptors (SNAREs), which affected its fusogenic ability. Accordingly, in vivo treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin completely rescued these alterations, making it a potential therapeutic tool for AD.     

Early Presymptomatic Changes in the Proteome of Mitochondria-Associated Membrane in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Intracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation is an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Recently, it has been uncovered that presenilins (PSs), the key components of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and the β-amyloid producing γ-secretase complex, are highly enriched in a special sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functionally connected to mitochondria, called mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). A current hypothesis of pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) suggests that MAM is involved in the initial phase of AD. Since MAM supplies mitochondria with essential proteins, the increasing level of PSs and β-amyloid could lead to metabolic dysfunction because of the impairment of ER-mitochondrion crosstalk. To reveal the early molecular changes of this subcellular compartment in AD development MAM fraction was isolated from the cerebral cortex of 3 months old APP/PS1 mouse model of AD and age-matched C57BL/6 control mice, then mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteome analysis was performed. The enrichment and purity of MAM preparations were validated with EM, LC-MS/MS and protein enrichment analysis. Label-free LC-MS/MS was used to reveal the differences between the proteome of the transgenic and control mice. We obtained 77 increased and 49 decreased protein level changes in the range of ??6.365 to +?2.988, which have mitochondrial, ER or ribosomal localization according to Gene Ontology database. The highest degree of difference between the two groups was shown by the ATP-binding cassette G1 (Abcg1) which plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism and suppresses Aβ accumulation. Most of the other protein changes were associated with increased protein synthesis, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD), oxidative stress response, decreased mitochondrial protein transport and ATP production. The interaction network analysis revealed a strong relationship between the detected MAM protein changes and AD. Moreover, it explored several MAM proteins with hub position suggesting their importance in Aβ induced early MAM dysregulation. Our identified MAM protein changes precede the onset of dementia-like symptoms in the APP/PS1 model, suggesting their importance in the development of AD.     

Autophagy in microglia degrades extracellular β-amyloid fibrils and regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome

Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and resultant inflammation are critical pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microglia, a primary immune cell in brain, ingests and degrades extracellular Aβ fibrils via the lysosomal system. Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades native cellular components, however, the role of autophagy in Aβ degradation by microglia and its effects on AD are unknown. Here we demonstrate a novel role for autophagy in the clearance of extracellular Aβ fibrils by microglia and in the regulation of the Aβ-induced NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome using microglia specific atg7 knockout mice and cell cultures. We found in microglial cultures that Aβ interacts with MAP1LC3B-II via OPTN/optineurin and is degraded by an autophagic process mediated by the PRKAA1 pathway. We anticipate that enhancing microglial autophagy may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for AD.     

Epigenetics,oxidative stress,and Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose clinical manifestations appear in old age. The sporadic nature of 90% of AD cases, the differential susceptibility to and course of the illness, as well as the late age onset of the disease suggest that epigenetic and environmental components play a role in the etiology of late-onset AD. Animal exposure studies demonstrated that AD may begin early in life and may involve an interplay between the environment, epigenetics, and oxidative stress. Early life exposure of rodents and primates to the xenobiotic metal lead (Pb) enhanced the expression of genes associated with AD, repressed the expression of others, and increased the burden of oxidative DNA damage in the aged brain. Epigenetic mechanisms that control gene expression and promote the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage are mediated through alterations in the methylation or oxidation of CpG dinucleotides. We found that environmental influences occurring during brain development inhibit DNA-methyltransferases, thus hypomethylating promoters of genes associated with AD such as the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). This early life imprint was sustained and triggered later in life to increase the levels of APP and amyloid-β (Aβ). Increased Aβ levels promoted the production of reactive oxygen species, which damage DNA and accelerate neurodegenerative events. Whereas AD-associated genes were overexpressed late in life, others were repressed, suggesting that these early life perturbations result in hypomethylation as well as hypermethylation of genes. The hypermethylated genes are rendered susceptible to Aβ-enhanced oxidative DNA damage because methylcytosines restrict repair of adjacent hydroxyguanosines. Although the conditions leading to early life hypo- or hypermethylation of specific genes are not known, these changes can have an impact on gene expression and imprint susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage in the aged brain.     

综述:星形胶质细胞介导的β-淀粉样蛋白代谢与阿尔茨海默病早期的关系

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中含量最丰富的细胞,研究表明,星形胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)病程有关,尤其是对AD主要致病蛋白β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)的产生、内化和降解过程起着重要的调节作用．本文讨论星形胶质细胞中Aβ的产生,星形胶质细胞对Aβ的内化、降解和清除的机制,并阐释星形胶质细胞在Aβ代谢中的作用与AD早期发病机制的关系．     

综述:金属离子代谢平衡失调与阿尔茨海默病早期发病机制

研究表明,脑内金属离子代谢失衡与阿尔茨海默病(AD)有关,但其机理尚需深入探讨．结合本实验室研究结果,作者对金属离子代谢紊乱与氧化应激,金属离子代谢紊乱与β-淀粉样蛋白、转铁蛋白和转铁蛋白受体、铁调节蛋白、二价金属离子转运体以及天然抗氧化剂通过调节金属离子代谢平衡缓解β-淀粉样蛋白的毒性和保护细胞的作用进行探讨．提出：铁、铜等金属离子缺乏可能主要与AD早期关系密切,而铁、铜等金属离子过载可能主要与AD后期损伤关系密切的学术观点．     

Neuronal Autophagy: Self-eating or Self-cannibalism in Alzheimer’s Disease

Autophagy is a major intracellular degeneration pathway involved in the elimination and recycling of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins by lysosomes. Many of the pathological factors, which trigger neurodegenerative diseases, can perturb the autophagy activity, which is associated with misfolded protein aggregates accumulation in these disorders. Alzheimer’s disease, the first neurodegenerative disorder between dementias, is characterized by two aggregating proteins, β-amyloid peptide (plaques) and τ-protein (tangles). In Alzheimer’s disease autophagosomes dynamically form along neurites within neuronal cells and in synapses but effective clearance of these structures needs retrograde transportation towards the neuronal soma where there is a major concentration of lysosomes. Maturation of autophago-lysosomes and their retrograde trafficking are perturbed in Alzheimer’s disease, which causes a massive concentration of autophagy elements along degenerating neurites. Transportation system is disturbed along defected microtubules in Alzheimer’s disease brains. τ-protein has been found to control the stability of microtubules, however, phosphorylation of τ-protein or an increase in the total level of τ-protein can cause dysfunction of neuronal cells microtubules. Current evidence has shown that autophagy is developing in Alzheimer’s disease brains because of ineffective degradation of autophagosomes, which hold amyloid precursor protein-rich organelles and secretases important for β-amyloid peptides generation from amyloid precursor. The combination of raised autophagy induction and abnormal clearance of β-amyloid peptide-generating autophagic vacuoles creates circumstances helpful for β-amyloid peptide aggregation and accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease. However, the key role of autophagy in Alzheimer’s disease development is still under consideration today. One point of view suggests that abnormal autophagy induction causes a concentration of autophagic vacuoles rich in amyloid precursor protein, β-amyloid peptide and the elements crucial for its formation, whereas other hypothesis points to marred autophagic clearance or even decrease in autophagic effectiveness playing a role in maturation of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review we present the recent evidence linking autophagy to Alzheimer’s disease and the role of autophagic regulation in the development of full-blown Alzheimer’s disease.     

Resveratrol Attenuates Aβ<Subscript>25–35</Subscript> Caused Neurotoxicity by Inducing Autophagy Through the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 Signaling Pathway

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and loss of neurons. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that has been found to be beneficial for AD through attenuation of Aβ-induced toxicity in neurons both in vivo and in vitro. However, the specific underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, autophagy was found to protect neurons from toxicity injuries via degradation of impaired proteins and organelles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of autophagy in the anti-neurotoxicity effect of RSV in PC12 cells. We found that RSV pretreatment suppressed β-amyloid protein fragment 25–35 (Aβ_25–35)-induced decrease in cell viability. Expression of light chain 3-II, degradation of sequestosome 1, and formation of autophagosomes were also upregulated by RSV. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine abolished the favorable effects of RSV on Aβ_25–35-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, RSV promoted the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), as well as tyrosyl transfer-RNA (tRNA) synthetase (TyrRS). Nevertheless, RSV-mediated autophagy was markedly abolished with the addition of inhibitors of SIRT1 (EX527), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (STF-118804), PARP1 (AG-14361), as well as SIRT1 and TyrRS small interfering RNA transfection, indicating that the action of RSV on autophagy induction was dependent on TyrRS, PARP1 and SIRT1. In conclusion, RSV attenuated neurotoxicity caused by Aβ_25–35 through inducing autophagy in PC12 cells, and the autophagy was partially mediated via activation of the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 signaling pathway.