内质网分子伴侣GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中的时空表达

多细胞生物体发育的实质是基因的选择性表达,表达蛋白的成熟有赖于分子伴侣的协助,但迄今分子伴侣特别是内质网分子伴侣在脑发育过程中的作用尚不清楚。本文应用RT-PCR、蛋白质免疫印迹和免疫组织化学的方法研究了小鼠发育不同阶段的脑组织中GRP78的表达和定位分布随时间变化的情况。结果发现GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中呈时空性表达:胚胎早期表达较高,胚胎发育末期逐渐下降,出生后逐渐升高,至生后一周时达到成年鼠的水平;在胚胎期GRP78蛋白在脑组织的表达呈现从端脑到后脑逐渐降低的趋势。研究结果还表明GRP78蛋白的免疫染色阳性产物在神经细胞中出现的时间早于神经胶质细胞。这些首次观察到的结果提示GRP78与脑的早期发生和形态建成有一定的关系。     

内质网分子伴侣GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中的时空表达

多细胞生物体发育的实质是基因的选择性表达,表达蛋白的成熟有赖于分子伴侣的协助,但迄今分子伴侣特别是内质网分子伴侣在脑发育过程中的作用尚不清楚。本文应用RT—PCR、蛋白质免疫印迹和免疫组织化学的方法研究了小鼠发育不同阶段的脑组织中GRP78的表达和定位分布随时间变化的情况。结果发现GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中呈时空性表达：胚胎早期表达较高,胚胎发育末期逐渐下降,出生后逐渐升高,至生后一周时达到成年鼠的水平;在胚胎期GRP78蛋白在脑组织的表达呈现从端脑到后脑逐渐降低的趋势。研究结果还表明GRP78蛋白的免疫染色阳性产物在神经细胞中出现的时间早于神经胶质细胞。这些首次观察到的结果提示GRP78与脑的早期发生和形态建成有一定的关系。     

汉滩病毒核蛋白与热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27的相互作用

为研究汉滩病毒(Hantaan virus, HTNV)感染诱导乳鼠脑组织热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27与病毒蛋白的相互关系,选出生2～3d的昆明乳鼠实验性感染汉滩病毒,取8d后发病乳鼠脑组织部分制石蜡切片,用免疫组化结合共聚焦显微镜检测组织中病毒抗原及GRP94、HSP27的表达,部分制匀浆液,用ELISA、免疫共沉淀方法分析病毒抗原和GRP94、HSP27的关系.结果示汉滩病毒感染诱导乳鼠脑组织神经细胞高表达GRP94且与细胞内病毒抗原有共定位关系,但未见HSP27诱导高表达;免疫共沉淀显示汉滩病毒核心抗原(HINV-NP)与GRP94、HSP27呈非共价复合物形式存在.该结果为进一步探讨HSPs在病毒感染复制中的作用以及抗病毒感染方面提供了有意义的实验资料.     

GRP94 生物学特点与肿瘤的关系的研究进展

葡萄糖调节蛋白94又叫做内质网蛋白99,是一种内质网分子伴侣蛋白,与HSP90有50%的同源性。GRP94蛋白可以和Ca2+结合具有蛋白伴侣特性,能协助新合成的多肽转位、折叠、寡聚体的组装、降解,抑制错误折叠蛋白的分泌;GRP94还具有抗原呈递的作用,可以作为肿瘤细胞的伴侣蛋白,参与肿瘤细胞的新陈代谢,保护肿瘤细胞免受有害因素的侵害。GRP94可能与人类多种肿瘤的发生有关,其表达的增高可能是肿瘤发生发展的一个重要因素。GRP94在肿瘤组织中高表达提示相关研究者,应用基因手段抑制GRP94的表达可能能够抑制肿瘤细胞的生长、侵袭和转移、增加肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性等,并且利用GRP94作为一种新的肿瘤治疗的靶分子或介质可能为肿瘤的基因治疗带来更广泛的应用前景。     

GRP78 的表达与非小细胞肺癌生物学特性及预后的关系

目的:探讨GRP78在非小细胞肺癌和癌旁组织中的表达情况,并研究其与生物学特征及临床预后的关系 方法:收集非小细胞肺癌术后切除标本88例,及其癌旁组织20例作为对照.采用免疫组织化学方法检测GRP78的表达.结果:GRP78在非小细胞肺癌组织和癌旁组织中的表达有统计学差异.GRP78的表达与非小细胞肺癌的临床分期、分化程度有关,而与患者性别、年龄和病理类型无关.非小细胞肺癌中GRP78高表达的患者生存时间短于GRP78低表达的患者.GRP78的表达情况是影响非小细胞肺癌患者手术预后的独立危险因素.结论:非小细胞肺癌患者的GRP78的表达可能与肿瘤细胞的发生及发展有关,GRP78可以作为一个预测非小细胞肺癌患者预后的分子标志物.     

汉滩病毒核蛋白与热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27的相互作用

为研究汉滩病毒(Hantaan virus,HTNV)感染诱导乳鼠脑组织热休克蛋白GRP94、HSP27与病毒蛋白的相互关系,选出生2—3d的昆明乳鼠实验性感染汉滩病毒,取8d后发病乳鼠脑组织部分制石蜡切片,用免疫组化结合共聚焦显微镜检测组织中病毒抗原及GRP94、HSP27的表达,部分制匀浆液,用ELISA、免疫共沉淀方法分析病毒抗原和GRP94、HSP27的关系。结果示汉滩病毒感染诱导乳鼠脑组织神经细胞高表达GRP94且与细胞内病毒抗原有共定位关系,但未见HSP27诱导高表达;免疫共沉淀显示汉滩病毒核心抗原(HINV—NP)与GRP94、HSP27呈非共价复合物形式存在。该结果为进一步探讨HSPs在病毒感染复制中的作用以及抗病毒感染方面提供了有意义的实验资料。     

GRP94 和CD8 在宫颈病变组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨葡萄糖调节蛋白94(glucose-regulated protein94,GRP94)和CD8在宫颈病变组织中的表达及与HPV感染的关系。方法:采用免疫组化S-P法检测32例原发宫颈癌、27例宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及40例慢性宫颈炎组织中GRP94和CD8的表达及定位;采用western blot技术检测6例宫颈癌及6例正常宫颈组织中GRP94和CD8的表达。结果:①在宫颈癌、CIN2/3、CIN1及慢性宫颈炎组织中,GRP94的阳性表达率分别为87.5%、82.4%、40%和22.5%;CD8的阳性表达率分别为28.1%、64.7%、90%和97.5%;GRP94在宫颈癌和CIN2/3中的表达均显著高于慢性宫颈炎和CIN 1组织(P均<0.05);CD8在宫颈癌组的表达显著低于慢性宫颈炎组、CIN1组及CIN2/3组(P均<0.05)。②Western blot结果示GRP94在宫颈癌组织中的表达显著高于正常宫颈组织(P<0.01);CD8在宫颈癌组织中的表达显著低于正常宫颈组织(P<0.01)。③GRP94的表达与宫颈癌分化程度、有无脉管侵袭有关(P<0.05),而与年龄、病理类型、临床分期及有无淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05);CD8的表达与有无脉管侵袭有关(P<0.05),而与年龄、病理类型、临床分期、分化程度及有无淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05)。④宫颈病变组织中,GRP94的表达与HPV感染呈正相关(rs=0.377,P=0.000);CD8的表达与HPV感染呈负相关(rs=-0.395,P=0.000);GRP94与CD8的表达呈负相关(rs=-0.608,P=0.000)。结论:GRP94表达可能是宫颈CIN进展及宫颈癌预后判断的重要预测指标。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78在PTSD样情感行为异常大鼠大脑皮质中的表达及意义

目的观察创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)大鼠大脑皮质内质网应激标志物葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的表达变化,探讨内质网分子伴侣在PTSD发病机制中的作用。方法采用国际认定的SPS方法刺激建立大鼠PTSD模型,取成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为SPS模型的1d、4d、7d组及正常对照组,采用免疫荧光法、免疫印迹和逆转录--聚合酶链式反应检测大鼠前额皮质GRP 78的表达变化。结果 SPS刺激后大鼠前额皮质神经元细胞内GRP78于1d开始逐渐升高,7d时表达最多;GRP 78mRNA的变化与之相一致。结论大脑皮质GRP 78的表达变化,可能是PTSD大鼠情感行为异常的重要病理生理基础之一。     

猕猴早期胚胎脑的发育与凋亡相关蛋白P53的表达

目的探讨猕猴早期胚胎脑的发育及细胞凋亡相关蛋白P53的表达.方法建立猕猴早孕模型,获取早期胚胎,采用单克隆抗体链霉素亲生物蛋白过氧化酶 (SP)免疫组织化学方法,检测P53蛋白的表达.结果在猕猴25d、40d和55d胚胎脑均检测到P53免疫反应阳性神经细胞,随着胎龄的增加,P53免疫反应阳性表达率逐渐增大.结论在早期猕猴胚胎脑发育的不同时期内P53蛋白均有表达,并在胚胎脑发育过程中表达逐渐增加,调控脑的发育.     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78在子痫前期中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)mRNA及蛋白在胎盘组织的表达水平及其与子痫前期的发病关系。方法:选择2010年1月-2010年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院江苏省人民医院产科住院的子痫前期患者35例(子痫前期组),以同期正常孕妇35例为对照组。采用RT-PCR技术、蛋白印迹(western-blot)法和免疫组化检测两组孕妇胎盘组织中GRP78的mRNA与蛋白表达水平差异。结果:子痫前期组患者胎盘组织中GRP78mRNA与蛋白表达水平均显著高于相应孕周正常妊娠组。结论:子痫前期能够诱导GRP78表达,CHOP/GADD153表达的增高与子痫前期的发病有关。     

Decreased protein and mRNA expression of ER stress proteins GRP78 and GRP94 in HepG2 cells over-expressing CYP2E1

CYP2E1 causes oxidative stress mediated cell death; the latter is one mechanism for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cell. Unfolded proteins accumulate during ER stress and ER resident proteins GRP78 and GRP94 protect cells against ER dysfunction. We examined the possible role of GRP78 and GRP94 as protective factors against CYP2E1-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells). E47 cells expressed high levels of CYP2E1 protein and catalytic activity which is associated with increased ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and the elevated presence of ubiquinated and aggregated proteins as compared to control HepG2 C34 cells which do not express CYP2E1. The mRNA and protein expression of GRP78 and GRP94 were decreased in E47 cells compared to the C34 cells, which may explain the accumulation of ubiquinated and aggregated proteins. Expression of these GRP proteins was induced with the ER stress agent thapsigargin in E47 cells, and E47 cells were more resistant to the toxicity caused by thapsigargin and calcimycin, possibly due to this upregulation and also because of the high expression of GSH and antioxidant enzymes in E47 cells. Antioxidants such as trolox and N-acetylcysteine increased GRP78 and GRP94 levels in the E47 cells, suggesting that CYP2E1- derived oxidant stress was responsible for down regulation of these GRPs in the E47 cells. Thapsigargin mediated toxicity was decreased in cells treated with the antioxidant trolox indicating a role for oxidative stress in this toxicity. These results suggest that CYP2E1 mediated oxidative stress downregulates the expression of GRP proteins in HepG2 cells and oxidative stress is an important mechanism in causing ER dysfunction in these cells.     

Overexpression of GRP78 and GRP94 is involved in colorectal carcinogenesis

Glucose-related proteins (GRPs) are ubiquitously expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and assist in protein folding and assembly, consequently considered to be molecular chaperones. GRP78 and GRP94 expression was induced by glucose starvation and up-regulated in samples taken from several different malignant tissues. To clarify the roles of both molecules in tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal carcinomas, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue microarrays containing colorectal carcinomas, adenomas and the non-neoplastic mucosa (NNM) using antibodies against GRP78 and GRP94. Their expression was correlated with the clinicopathological parameters of carcinomas. Both proteins were also studied in colorectal carcinoma cell lines (DLD-1, HCT-15, SW480 and WiDr) by IHC and Western blot. There was a gradually increased GRP78 expression from colorectal NNMs, carcinomas, to low-grade and high-grade adenomas (P<0.05), while up-regulated GRP94 expression from NNM, low-grade adenoma, high-grade adenoma, to carcinoma (P<0.05). The expression was similar in all the carcinoma cell lines. GRP78 expression was negatively correlated with lymphatic invasion or low GRP94 expression of the carcinomas (P<0.05), while there was no correlation of GRP94 expression with other parameters of carcinomas (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that venous invasion, lymph node metastasis and UICC staging (P<0.05), but not age, sex, tumor size, differentiation, depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion, GRP78 and GRP94 expression (P>0.05), were independent prognostic factors for carcinomas. It is suggested that up-regulated expression of GRP78 and GRP94 could possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinomas.     

Mood stabilizing drug lithium increases expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells

The mood stabilizing drug lithium is a highly effective treatment for bipolar disorder. Previous studies in our laboratory found that chronic treatment with the mood stabilizing drug valproate in rat brain increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins GRP78, GRP94 and calreticulin. We report here that in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells, expression of GRP78, GRP94 and calreticulin are increased not only by valproate, but also by lithium after chronic treatment for 1 week at therapeutically relevant concentrations. However, two other mood stabilizing drugs carbamazepine and lamotrigine had no effect on expression of GRP78, GRP94 or calreticulin. Chronic treatment with lithium for 1 week increased both mRNA and protein levels of ER stress proteins. In contrast to a classic GRP78 inducer thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the ER Ca2+ -ATPase, chronic treatment with lithium or valproate for 1 week modestly increased GRP78 expression in neuronal cells, had no effect on basal intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and does not induce cell death. These results indicate that lithium and valproate may increase expression of GRP78, GRP94 and calreticulin in primary cultured rat cerebral cortical cells without causing cell damage. These results also suggest that the mechanism of GRP78 increase induced by lithium and valproate may be different from that of thapsigargin.     

ADP-ribosylation of the molecular chaperone GRP78/BiP

Starvation of mouse hepatoma cells for essential amino acids or glucose results in the ADP-ribosylation of the molecular chaperone BiP/GRP78. Addition of the missing nutrient to the medium reverses the reaction. The signal mediating the response to environmental nutrients involves the translational efficiency. An inhibitor of proteins synthesis, cycloheximide, or reduced temperature, both of which reduce translational efficiency, stimulate the ADP-ribosylation of BiP/GRP78. Inhibition of N-linked glycosylation of proteins results in the overproduction of BiP/GRP78. The over produced protein is not ADP-ribosylated suggesting that this is the functional form of BiP/GRP78. The over produced BiP/GRP78 can, however, be ADP-ribosylated if the cells are starved for an essential amino acid. BiP/GRP78 resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where it participates in the assembly of secretory and integral membrane proteins. ADP-ribosylation of BiP/GRP78 during starvation is probably part of a nutritional stress response which conserves limited nutrients by slowing flow through the secretory pathway.     

GRP78 expression and regulation in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal expression and regulation of GRP78 in the mouse uterus during the peri-implantation period. The GRP78 protein was mainly detected in the luminal and glandular epithelia on days 1–4 of pregnancy. On day 5 of pregnancy, the GRP78 protein was more highly observed around the implanted embryo at the implantation site. There was no detectable GRP78 protein signal on day 5 of pseudopregnancy. GRP78 mRNA and protein levels gradually increased on days 6–8 of pregnancy, and the expression pattern was also expanded, coinciding with the development of decidua. Similarly, GRP78 expression was also strongly expressed in decidualised cells following artificial decidualisation. Compared with the results obtained with the delayed uterus, a high level of GRP78 expression was detected in the implantation-activated uterus. In the uteri of ovariectomised mice, GRP78 expression increased and reached its highest level after injection of oestrogen, and progesterone seemed to have an antagonistic effect on oestrogen up-regulation of GRP78 expression. Our data indicate that GRP78 might play an important role during the process of mouse embryo implantation, and GRP78 expression was mainly regulated by active blastocysts and maternal oestrogen.