模拟微重力促进骨髓间充质干细胞神经营养因子的表达

目的：探究微重力对干细胞向神经元分化的影响,为临床治疗神经退行性疾病提供新的思维和方法。方法：运用流式细胞术鉴定骨髓间充质干细胞及其微重力对凋亡的影响。运用反转录PCR检测微重力干预干细胞48h及72h后神经营养因子BDNF,CNTF,NGF的表达。运用ELISA检测其分泌营养因子的浓度。结果：流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,两组之间并无差异。CNTF分泌在微重力干预后有明显增加（p〈O．05）。BDNF浓度有轻度增加。结论：模拟微重力可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞神经营养因子的表达。     

丙二醛对体外培养下小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的诱导作用

为了探索丙二醛对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)凋亡的诱导作用及其机制,在不同浓度的丙二醛培养体系中孵育MSCs 24 h,用TUNEL法、流式细胞术检测MSC凋亡率,并用实时定量RT-PCR、Western印迹检测Bcl-2、Bax及Caspase-3基因的表达水平。结果发现,MDA能浓度依赖性地增加TUNEL阳性细胞百分率、亚G1峰细胞百分率,同时下调Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白的表达,上调Bax mRNA和Caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白的表达.这些结果表明:在体外培养条件下,丙二醛可诱导小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡,其作用机制与Bcl-2、Bax和Caspase-3基因表达水平的变化有关。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对急性脊髓损伤脱髓鞘病变的保护作用

骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)已被广泛应用于治疗脊髓损伤,但目前对其治疗机制了解甚少。BMSCs被移植至脊髓钳夹损伤模型大鼠,以研究其保护作用。通过LFB(Luxol fast blue)染色、锇酸染色、TUNEL(Td T-mediated d UTP nick-end labeling)染色和透射电镜对白质有髓神经纤维进行观察。免疫印迹检测BMSCs移植对脑源性神经营养因子(Brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和caspase 3蛋白表达的影响。通过脊髓损伤后1、7、14 d三个时间点移植BMSCs并进行后肢运动评分(Basso,beattie and bresnahan;BBB评分)和CNPase(2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase)、髓鞘碱性蛋白(Myelin basic protein,MBP)、caspase 3蛋白水平的检测。免疫荧光观察BMSCs移植到受损脊髓后分化情况及CNPase-caspase 3~+共表达情况。骨髓间充质干细胞移植7 d后,部分移植的BMSCs可表达神经元和少突胶质细胞标记物,大鼠后肢运动能力和髓鞘超微结构特征均明显改善。骨髓间充质干细胞移植后BDNF蛋白表达水平增加,caspase 3蛋白表达水平则降低。相对于脊髓损伤后1 d和14 d,7 d移植BMSCs后MBP和CNPase蛋白表达水平最高;caspase 3蛋白表达水平则最低。骨髓间充质干细胞移植后CNPase-caspase 3~+细胞散在分布于脊髓白质。结果表明,急性脊髓损伤后,BMSCs移植到受损脊髓有分化为神经元和少突胶质细胞的倾向,并促进BDNF的分泌介导抗少突胶质细胞凋亡而对神经脱髓鞘病变有保护作用,且最佳移植时间为脊髓损伤后7 d。     

TNF-α刺激大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的机制研究

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)刺激大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(marrow-derived mesenchymalstem cells,MSCs)的作用机制。方法:采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞(MNCs),于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物(PEX)诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)。经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,用TNF-α刺激骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs),通过酶联免疫吸附剂测定法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)观察比较不同组别细胞的生长因子分泌和蛋白印迹法(western blot)来观察细胞中蛋白的变化。结果:①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞的培养成功。②无TNF-α刺激组与TNF-α刺激组比较,TNF-α刺激组的生长因子分泌显著性增加,而通过磷酸化IκB的表达量显著性增加提示NF-κB被激活(P<0.05);同时TNF-α刺激组与TNF-α+NF-κB抑制剂组比较,TNF-α+NF-κB抑制剂组的生长因子分泌显著降低,而通过磷酸化IκB的表达量显著减少提示NF-κB的活性被抑制(P<0.05)。结论:NF-κB对TNF-α刺激下的骨髓间充质干细胞分泌生长因子有关键性作用。     

体外缺血缺氧条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生的机制研究

目的:研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)在缺血缺氧条件下发生凋亡的作用机制。方法:采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞(MNCs),于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物(PEX)诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)。经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在缺血缺氧条件下培养,通过Annexin V/PI双染细胞凋亡检测比较不同组别细胞的凋亡率和蛋白印迹法(western blot)来观察细胞中蛋白的变化。结果:①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞培养成功。②对照组(无缺血缺氧)与缺血缺氧组比较,缺血缺氧组的凋亡率显著性增加,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著性增加提示PI3K(Phosphoinosi-tide-3kinase)/Akt(ProteinkinaseB,PKB)信号通路被激活(P<0.05);同时缺血缺氧组与缺血缺氧+PI3K/Akt抑制剂(LY294002)组比较,缺血缺氧+PI3K/Akt抑制剂(LY294002)组的凋亡率显著降低,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著减少提示PI3K/Akt信号通路被抑制(P<0.05)。结论:PI3K/Akt信号通路对体外缺血缺氧条件下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生有关键性作用。     

恒磁场抑制缺血缺氧条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡

目的:研究恒磁场对体外缺血缺氧培养条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs) 凋亡的影响并探讨其作用机制.方法:采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞(MNCs),于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物(PEX)诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs).经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,将骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)在缺血缺氧条件下培养,通过TUNEL检测比较不同组别细胞的凋亡率和蛋白印迹法(western blot)来观察细胞中特定蛋白质的变化.结果:①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞培养成功.②缺血/缺氧组与缺血/缺氧+磁场组比较,缺血缺氧组的凋亡率显著性增加,Akt磷酸化水平显著上升(P＜0.05).提示恒磁场可以使PI3K(Phosphoinositide-3kinase)/Akt(ProteinkinaseB,PKB)信号通路被激活而抑制凋亡的发生.结论:恒磁场通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制体外缺血缺氧条件下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞的凋亡.     

调节TREK1对小鼠海马神经干细胞增殖和BDNF表达的影响

目的:观察调节TWIK相关的K+通道1(TREK1)对小鼠海马神经干细胞增殖和脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)表达的影响。方法:从孕10.5 d C57bl/6J小鼠胚胎海马中分离出神经干细胞并培养,待细胞达到70%～80%融合后,对细胞进行慢病毒干预,细胞分为sham组,Ctrl组(转染对照病毒),Plenti-TREK-1组(转染携带TREK1高表达载体病毒)和sh-TREK-1组(转染携带TREK1-shRNA病毒)。采用CCK-8法检测病毒干预后3天和7天各组神经干细胞的细胞活力,采用q RT-PCR检测病毒干预后7天各组神经干细胞TREK-1基因表达情况,并通过Elisa检测各组神经干细胞上清液BDNF表达水平。结果:与sham组相比较,(1)Plenti-TREK-1组TREK1基因表达上调,神经干细胞的神经球体积减小,细胞活力降低,细胞增殖减少,细胞上清BDNF水平下降;(2)sh-TREK-1组TREK1基因表达下调,神经干细胞的神经球体积增加,细胞活力增高,细胞增殖增加,细胞上清BDNF水平上调;(3)上述各项指标Ctrl组与sham组之间无统计学差异。结论:神经干细胞的增殖与TREK1通道密切相关,上调TREK-1可以抑制神经干细胞增殖及其BDNF的表达水平;下调TREK-1则可以促进神经干细胞增殖并上调其BDNF的表达水平。     

机械拉伸对骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响

目的:研究机械拉伸刺激对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响并探讨其相关分子机制。方法:应用单轴机械拉伸加载装置考察不同条件的周期拉伸刺激对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞迁移行为的影响,采用Transwell和划痕法评价细胞迁移能力,采用明胶酶谱法检测基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9(MMP-2,-9)表达的变化。结果:适宜的拉伸刺激可以明显促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移能力,1 Hz、10%应变拉伸8 h后可以使细胞迁移数量增加到对照组的1.58倍。拉伸刺激诱导骨髓间充质干细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9(MMP-2,-9)表达。抑制剂GM6001抑制了拉伸诱导的MMP-2,-9分泌增加,同时抑制了拉伸刺激对细胞迁移的促进作用。结论:机械拉伸刺激影响大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移行为,MMP-2,-9在此过程中可能起着重要介导作用。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的培养、鉴定和Survivin的表达研究

为培养及鉴定小鼠来源骨髓间充质干细胞,并测定细胞中Survivin的表达情况,采用全骨髓培养法获取骨髓间充质干细胞,绘制生长曲线,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物,行成骨、成脂检测,RT-PCR测定Survivin表达情况.结果表明培养出的细胞呈长梭状成纤维细胞样,经流式细胞仪检测细胞表面高表达CD29、CD34、CD44、SCA-1,低表达CD117;细胞曲线显示传代细胞培养1～3d生长缓慢,第4d生长加快并于第7d达到高峰;成骨诱导20d经茜素红染色呈红色结节,成脂诱导14d油红O染色显示有大量脂质沉淀;RT-PCR结果显示Survivin mRNA阳性表达.经全骨髓培养法可以培养出大量骨髓间充质干细胞,同时Survivin在小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中正常表达,提示可能参与骨髓间充质干细胞抗凋亡过程.     

体外缺血缺氧条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生的机制研究

目的：研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs）在缺血缺氧条件下发生凋亡的作用机制。方法：采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞（MNCs）,于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物（PEX）诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）。经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）在缺血缺氧条件下培养,通过Annexin V／PI双染细胞凋亡检测比较不同组别细胞的凋亡率和蛋白印迹法（western blot）来观察细胞中蛋白的变化。结果：①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞培养成功。②对照组（无缺血缺氧）与缺血缺氧组比较,缺血缺氧组的凋亡率显著性增加,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著性增加提示PI3K（Phosphoinositide-3kinase）／Akt（ProteinkinaseB,PKB）信号通路被激活（P〈0．05）;同时缺血缺氧组与缺血缺氧＋PI3K／Akt抑制剂（LY294002）组比较,缺血缺氧＋PI3K／Akt抑制剂（LY294002）组的凋亡率显著降低,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著减少提示PI3K/Akt信号通路被抑制（P〈0．05）。结论：PI3K／Akt信号通路对体外缺血缺氧条件下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生有关键性作用。     

Simulated microgravity using a rotary cell culture system promotes chondrogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the p38 MAPK pathway

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multi-potent, and the chondrogenesis of MSCs is affected by mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate, using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) bioreactor, the effects of microgravity on the chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs), which were cultured in pellets with or without the chondrogenic growth factor TGF-β1. In addition, we evaluated the role of the p38 MAPK pathway in this process. The real-time PCR and histological results show that microgravity has a synergistic effect on chondrogenesis with TGF-β1. The p38 MAPK pathway was activated by TGF-β1 alone and was further stimulated by microgravity. Inhibition of p38 activity with SB203580 suppressed chondrocyte-specific gene expression and matrix production. These findings suggest that the p38 MAPK signal acts as an essential mediator in the microgravity-induced chondrogenesis of ADSCs.     

Molecular genetic features of human mesenchymal stem cells after their osteogenic differentiation under the conditions of microgravity

Modified gravity is known to affect both the whole body and the molecular processes in individual cells. The purpose of the present study was to examine gene expression pattern in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of human bone marrow under the conditions of microgravity. Exposure of cell cultures on dRPM for 20 days resulted in significant changes in the expression of 144 genes. Thirty of these genes increased their expression, whereas the other 114 genes decreased their expression. Analysis of the genes revealed that most of them belonged to 11 principal groups according to their biological roles in the cell. Most genes with a changed expression were from the following groups: inflammatory responses and intercellular interactions, matrix and adhesion, metabolic processes, and signaling and regulation. We found that microgravity inhibited the expression of genes encoding the products, which play a key role in osteogenic differentiation including COL15A1, CXCL12, DPT, and WISP2 and are involved in intercellular interactions between MSCs and different types of bone marrow cells such as CXCL12 and SCG2. These molecular-genetic changes indicate the possible involvement of progenitor cells of osteogenic differon in the development of osteopeny under the conditions of microgravity.     

The Effect of the Microgravity Rotating Culture System on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We investigated the influence of the microgravity rotating culture system on the chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). During chondrogenic induction, MSCs combined with polyglycolic acid (PGA) were cultured by static culture or microgravity rotating culture and chondrocyte formation was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of a specific cartilage extracellular matrix protein (collagen type II and Aggrecan) were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Toluidine blue staining indicated the OD values of proteoglycans semi-determination were higher in the microgravity rotating culture group than the static culture group. Following chondrogenic induction, mRNA and proteins of collagen type II and Aggrecan were more significantly expressed in cells of the microgravity rotating culture group compared with the controls. Compared with routine three-dimensional static culture, the microgravity rotating culture system was more effective for the construction of tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro.     

Effects of microgravity simulation on the production of interleukins in culture of human mesenchymal stromal cells

The effects of microgravity that were simulated using clinoritation and cell exposure in a Random Positioning Machine (RPM; Dutch Space, Netherlands) on the production of interleukins by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of the human bone marrow were studied. Additionally, interleukins production was studied in osteogenic derivatives of MSCs induced by growth factors, such as 10⁻⁸ M dexamethasone, 0.2 mM ascorbic acid, and 10 mM β-glycerolphosphate. Twenty-day clinoritation resulted in an increase in the interleukin-8 (IL-8) level by a factor of 1.4–3.2 in the culture medium of MSCs and their osteogenic derivatives. Exposure of cells to RPM was followed by an increase in IL-8 production by factors of 1.5–6 and 1.6–2.1 after 10 and 20 days of the treatment, respectively. MSCs and their osteogenic derivatives exhibited a tendency towards a decrease in the release of IL-6 into the culture medium after simulation of microgravity with RPM. Thus, in different models, microgravity modified production of interleukins in MSCs and mature cells with the osteogenic phenotype.     

Monocytes of allergics and non-allergics produce, store and release the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have shown that neurotrophins (NTs) are involved in inflammatory processes. Elevated plasma levels of NTs were found allergic diseases with the highest levels in allergic asthma. However, the exact cellular sources involved in the regulation and release of neurotrophins in allergic inflammation are still not well defined. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess whether monocytes of allergic and non-allergic subjects produce, store and release the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3. METHODS: Monocytes of allergic and non-allergic donors were purified by immunomagnetic selection. APAAP-staining for the presence of NTs and their receptors was performed. RT-PCR and Western blot evaluated the production and storage of NTs. Monocytes were incubated and supernatants were collected for measurement of neurotrophic factors after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as inflammatory stimulus. The neurotrophin content in lysates and cell culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Human monocytes express the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3 but also their specific receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. RT-PCR amplification of isolated mRNA demonstrated expression of the examined neurotrophins. Proteins were detectable by Western blot. NTs were found in the monocyte lysates and supernatants at different levels in allergic and non-allergic donors. Cell stimulation with LPS leads to release of NGF and NT3. CONCLUSIONS: Monocytes, produce, store and release NGF, BDNF and NT-3. They are a possible source of elevated neurotrophin levels found in allergy and asthma.     

The primary effects of clinorotation on cultured human mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are specific cells capable of long-term proliferation and differentiation into various stromal tissue cell types. The state of MSCs depends on the cellular microenvironment and several soluble factors. We proposed that gravity could, in addition, influence MSCs features. To prove this hypothesis, we studied the effects of prolonged clinorotation on cultured human MSC morphology, proliferation rate and expression of specific cellular markers. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated by Histopaque-1.077 density centrifugation and cultured in DMEM-LG with 10% FBS. MSC cultures were composed of fibroblastoid cells negative for hemopoietic cell markers and positive for ASMA, collagen-1, fibronectin, CD54, CD105 and CD106. Cells were exposed to clinorotation from 1 hour to 10 days. It was shown that the proliferative rate was decreased in experimental cultures as compared to cells growing in normal conditions. Clinorotated MSCs appeared more flattened and reached confluence at a lower cell density. The obtained results suggest that cultured human mesenchymal stem cells sense the changes in gravity vector and may respond to microgravity by altered functional activity.     

模拟微重力对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及其向脂肪方向分化能力的影响

目的：探讨模拟微重力（SMG）对骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）的增殖及向脂肪方向分化能力的影响。方法：第一部分将第三代的MSCs分为两组,分别在正常重力下（NG组）及微重力下（SMG组,采用回转模拟装置以30r/min回转模拟微重力）,培养72h后,采用BrdU标记法检测两组细胞的增殖情况,细胞计数法绘制细胞生长曲线。Western Blot检测干细胞标志物Oct4、SSEA4的表达情况,第二部分将第三代MSCs分为三组：第一组在NG条件下培养后,加入脂肪方向诱导剂在NG条件下诱导、第二组在SMG条件下培养,在NG条件下诱导,第三组在SMG条件下培养,在SMG条件下诱导。7天后,油红O染色观察脂肪方向的诱导率,Western Blot检测过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ2（PPARγ2）以及Oct4的表达。结果：第一部分：流式细胞仪检测SMG组BrdU标记阳性率明显高于NG组,表明细胞增殖较快,Western Blot结果显示SMG组细胞中Oct4、SSEA4的表达量明显高于NG组,有统计学意义。第二部分：脂肪方向诱导后第一组细胞油红O染色阳性,Western Blot显示PPARγ2呈阳性表达,Oct4仅有微量表达,第二组油红O染色阳性表达率明显高于第一组,且PPARγ2表达较第一组增多,几乎未见Oct4的表达,第三组细胞油红O染色阴性,且几乎不表达PPARγ2,而Oct4表达较前两组升高。结论：模拟微重力可促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,提高其向脂肪方向分化的能力可能与微重力保持其未分化状态相关。     

The influence of simulated microgravity on proliferation and apoptosis in U251 glioma cells

Several studies have indicated that microgravity can influence cellular progression, proliferation, and apoptosis in tumor cell lines. In this study, we observed that simulated microgravity inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in U251 malignant glioma (U251MG) cells. Furthermore, expression of the apoptosis-associated proteins, p21 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), was upregulated and downregulated, respectively, following exposure to simulated microgravity. These findings indicate that simulated microgravity inhibits proliferation while inducing apoptosis of U251MG cells. The associated effects appear to be mediated by inhibition of IGFBP-2 expression and stimulation of p21 expression. This suggests that simulated microgravity might represent a promising method to discover new targets for glioma therapeutic strategy.