MOULT IN THE SHAG PHALACROCORAX ARISTOTELIS, AND THE ONTOGENY OF THE "STAFFELMAUSER"

There are three main types of plumage in the Shag, the juvenal which is brown, the post-juvenal which is dark brown and the nuptial which is black-green. The replacement of these plumages and the ontogeny of the Staffelmauser was studied in a sample of 566 Shags mainly from northeast England. The replacement of the juvenal primaries starts at the age of eight months with the loss of the innermost primary and continues outwards at a rate of about one primary per 17 days. Another cycle starts when the first reaches the 8th primary but both cycles soon pause for the winter. Successive cycles are established annually in August or September in this way, so that cycles which take longer than one year to complete result eventually in a Staffelmauser in which each feather is replaced once annually. Most individual Shags in a breeding population will retain feathers from two or three cycles, but a large sample of breeding adults of the same age will retain the feathers of four cycles. The winter pause is considered an adaptation to the increased probability of adverse conditions at this time. The system described for the ontogeny of the Staffelmauser is applicable to those other sea-birds which have been studied in detail, and is probably advantageous since it combines slow moult during the difficult early years with a highly efficient moult during the breeding years, especially where moult and breeding occur together.     

"东谷坨石核"类型的命名与初步研究

本文以新的观察角度和定位方式,介绍了泥河湾盆地早更新世东谷坨遗址石器工业研究中“东谷坨石核”类型的发现、初步研究和命名。文中略述了“东谷坨石核”和华北旧石器晚期楔形石核的密切关联。评价了“东谷坨石核”类型在华北旧石器早期文化研究中的意义,提出了对今后研究的启示,认为“东谷坨石核”有可能成为研究华北小石器文化发展脉络及探索细石器文化传统渊源的新的重要线索。     

岗柴与刹柴(茅柴)的茎秆与纤维的比较解剖观察

荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)属禾本科多年生草本植物,在长江流域以南分布很广。它不仅是草类纤维中主要的造纸原料植物,而且也有防沙固堤,净化污水等作用。目前湖北省主要是采用荻的茎秆作造纸原料。但湖北省的老苇田里,常有与岗柴形     

DISCOVERY OF THE "PEKING MAN" AND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION

On October 16, 1927 Dr. Birger Bohlin, a Swedish paleontologist, recovered at Zhoukoudian in Fangshan County a hominid lower molar tooth, the first tooth of the Peking Man to have been identified on spot in the field. The late Prof. Davidson Black, a Canadian anatomist and anthropologist, made a detailed study of the tooth, together with two teeth excavated previously from the same site by the Austrian paleontologist, Otto Zdansky during the field season of 1921 and 1923. The result of the study was published in the same year of 1927, as a fascicle in volume Ⅶ of the monographic series Palaeontologica Sinica. It was in this article that the first Chinese Ape-Man was christianized as "Sinanthropus pekinensis", coauthored by Black and Zdansky,with Bohlin's lower molar as its type specimen.     

"TOTAL EVIDENCE" AND THE EVOLUTION OF HIGHLY SOCIAL BEES

Abstract— Recent cladistic analyses of the relationships of the tribes of apine bees have produced conflicting results. The question of single or multiple origins of advanced eusociality in the group is thus unresolved. However, the previous studies have each treated only a limited part of the character data available. A "total evidence" analysis is essayed here, combining the published morphological characters with sequence data from rRNA and mtDNA. The resulting cladogram is: Euglossini + (Bombini + (Meliponini + Apini). This supports a single origin of advanced eusociality, from a stage of primitive eusociality.     

关于龙爪沟群"Aucellina"问题--兼论"假丝梳"的分类意义

对龙爪沟群“Ａｕｃｅｌｌｉｎａ”的鉴定问题进行讨论,根据新发现的铰合构造,沙金庚等鉴定为Ａｕｃｅｌｌｉｎａ的标本应归Ｂｕｃｈｉａ属的晚侏罗世种类。还对海扇类的“假丝（ｐｓｅｕｄｏｃｔｅｎｏｌｉｕｍ）现象进行探索性研究,沙金庚等认为它是Ａｕｃｅｌｌｉｎａ区别于Ｂｕｃｈｉａ的关键,但笔者发现,假丝梳仅是一类种内变异现象,它时而出现,时而消失,在化石和现生标本上均极不稳定,不能作为分类标志,它可能与生境     

抗生素23-21和1779对小白鼠艾氏腹水瘤的作用

抗生素被作为制癌药物的研究对象,早自本世纪初叶已开始(Reilly,1953)。40多年前 Uhlenhuth 和 Beck 报告的绿脓酶(Pyocyanase),可认为系最早被分离的有制癌效能的抗生素。但因其毒性甚大,使这一研究未能继续进行。以后由于青霉素的发现,及其在制菌方面研究的进展,使得抗肿瘤药物的研究也被引至这方面。Cornman,1944,1945;Beard,1944;Lewis,1944;Gey,Gey,Inui和 Vedder,1945;Stock,Sugiura 和 Rhoads,1949等人进行了各种青霉素的抗     

WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE OF THE OCEANIC ULTRAPLANKTER, PRASINOCOCCUS CAPSULATUS (PRASINOPHYCEAE), THE DIAGNOSTIC "GOLGI-DECAPORE COMPLEX" AND THE NEWLY DESCRIBED POLYSACCHARIDE "CAPSULAN"

A nonmotile green nanoalga was isolated from the waters over the Cayman Trench in March 1979 and has been maintained in culture as clone URI 266G (CCMP 1202). It was observed to form a copious polysaccharide capsule that presumably originated in the Golgi body and was secreted through a crown of 10 pores in the cell wall, the “decapore.” This multilaminate apical area, lying adjacent to the Golgi, underwent structural changes during morphogenesis. The polysaccharide precursors that coalesced to form the capsule apparently became stainable and visible as they exited the decapore when they cross-linked with divalent ions in seawater. Cell wall precursors, or a cell wall lamina, surrounded the daughter cells both during synchronous binary fission and after cell separation, with the maternal capsule perhaps acting as a template. Similar prasinophyte isolates have been obtained from widespread areas of the North Atlantic and were divided into two subgroups on the basis of their pigment complement (Hooks et al. 1988). One subgroup, typified by clone Ω 48-23 (CCMP 1203), was described by Guillard et al. (1991) as Pycnococcus provasolii Guillard within a new family, the Pycnococcaceae. The other subgroup, typified by clone URI 266G (CCMP 1202), contained two unique carotenoids, one of which was uriolide (Foss et al. 1986). Subsequently, Miyashita et al. (1993) described an alga from the western Pacific Ocean that is indistinguishable from URI 266G in both pigment composition and ultrastructure that they named Prasinococcus capsulatus Miyashita et Chihara and placed tentatively in the Pycnococcaceae. They described a curious asexual budding fission. Here we suggest an alternative form of cell division analogous to that observed in the other described Pycnococcaceae. We used theultrastructure of cells in exponential and stationary phases of growth to illustrate synchronous asexual binary fission, the “Golgi-decapore complex,” and its apparent role in capsule formation. A unique sulfated and carboxylated polyanionic polysaccharide named capsulan is released from this complex.     

蕲州地区的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈的考订

<正> 蕲州是我国中药材主要产地之一,是湖北省蕲春县的一个集镇,,是我国中医药大师李时珍的家乡。该地区生长的菊科蒿属植物Artemisia Linn。颇多,其中入药的有十余种,并在李时珍《本草纲目》中曾有记载。这里仅对该地区常见入药的蕲艾、青蒿、黄花蒿与茵陈结合《本草纲目》记载的材料作初步的考订。     

CHARACIOCHLORIS AND CHARACIOSIPHON FORM A SISTER GROUP TO THE "DUNALIELLA" LINEAGE

This presentation will review the 1976 discovery of the enzyme complex in cellulose biosynthesis in Oocystis apiculata. A linear terminal complex (TC) was found to be associated with a microfibril, and from other freeze fracture applications, TCs have been found in many different algal genera. In fact, the algae have the most diverse and complex TCs among all organisms. TC diversity in terms of the evolution of cellulose biogenesis will be discussed. Combining the latest information from biochemistry and molecular genetics, the multiplicity of cellulose biogenesis will be reviewed. Cellulose molecular weight, crystalline structure, and mode of glycosylation for polymer formation all indicate that cellulose biogenesis is an extremely complex process. Major questions still remain, and the enzymes for cellulose biosynthesis have yet to be crystallized and their structure elucidated; however, the wealth of new information on cellulose structure and biosynthesis from algae to vascular plants, including bacteria and tunicates, all point to a very exciting and useful area of research. The algae have played key roles in our understanding of nature's most abundant macromolecule.