绿僵菌素对四种昆虫细胞的毒性

【目的】绿僵菌素(Destruxins)是绿僵菌产生的具有杀虫活性的次生代谢产物,本研究以家蚕Bombyx mori Bm12细胞、亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis血细胞(Ofh)、果蝇S2细胞和草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞为对象,探索绿僵菌素对不同昆虫细胞的毒性差异。【方法】采用MTT法和显微观察法比较绿僵菌素A、B(DA、DB)以及两者等量混合物(DABM)对上述4种昆虫细胞的影响,比较其IC50值和形态学变化。【结果】绿僵菌素处理24 h后,在较低处理剂量(<25μg/m L)下,Ofh细胞比Bm12、S2、Sf9细胞对DA、DB和DABM更为敏感,DA、DB和DABM对Ofh细胞IC50值分别219.19、112.29和34.86μg/m L,而对Bm12、S2、Sf9细胞的IC50值均大于250μg/m L;DA和DB对Ofh细胞具有协同增效作用,对Sf9细胞具拮抗作用,对Bm12和S2细胞具相加作用。显微观察发现,绿僵菌素处理后,6.25μg/m L的低剂量下,即可发现细胞的形态变化,剂量越高,变化越显著。Bm12细胞出现瘤状突起、细胞破碎、聚集、扩展及胞内空泡等现象,且细胞数量减少;Ofh细胞扩展,似乎回归到浆血细胞及类绛色细胞的形态,发生凝集现象,少数出现瘤状突起和细胞破碎;S2细胞出现明显的胞内空泡,少数发生扩展、破碎和聚集现象;Sf9细胞细胞膜收缩、细胞空泡、破碎,细胞数量减少等变化。【结论】玉米螟的血细胞Ofh对绿僵菌素最为敏感,而来自非寄主昆虫果蝇的S2细胞最不敏感。绿僵菌素对4种细胞的致死剂量较高,但引起细胞形态改变的剂量却非常低。     

植物源物质诱导的斜纹夜蛾细胞凋亡

为了研究植物源物质对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura离体培养细胞系SL-1的凋亡诱导作用,采用倒置相差显微镜观察了印楝素、喜树碱等9种物质各自对SL-1凋亡小体的浓度效应及时序性。结果表明：印楝素0.1～5.0 μg/mL和喜树碱0.5～20.0 μmol/L处理SL-1,24～48 h后均产生大量典型的凋亡小体;茶皂素、蓖麻碱、黄樟油、丹皮酚、烟碱、苦参碱和博落回碱0.1～20.0 μg/mL处理SL-1后,整个观察期72 h内均无明显凋亡小体出现,凋亡诱导作用不明显。印楝素0.75 μg/mL诱导SL-1 细胞凋亡,从凋亡小体判断,处理后0～36 h属细胞凋亡早期,36～60 h属细胞凋亡中期,60 h后为细胞凋亡晚期。喜树碱 5.0 μmol/L诱导SL-1细胞凋亡,处理后0～24 h属细胞凋亡前期,24～54 h属细胞凋亡中期,54 h后进入细胞凋亡晚期。初步认为印楝素和喜树碱对SL-1有凋亡诱导作用,并具有一定的浓度依赖性和时序性。     

绿僵菌素A对家蚕cecropin B和gloverin 4基因表达的影响

绿僵菌素A(DA)是由金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae产生的一种环缩羧肽类次生化合物,具有抗昆虫免疫作用,但是人们对其影响免疫相关基因调控的机理缺乏了解。本实验以家蚕Bm12细胞为材料,采用RNAi技术沉默相关转录因子,结合荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术,明确DA处理或沉默TOLL和IMD信号通路相关转录因子后抗菌肽cecropin B和gloverin 4基因表达的变化。实验发现,DA能引起抗菌肽cecropin B基因表达上调和gloverin 4基因表达下调。利用特异性siRNA分别沉默转录因子BmRelish1、BmRelish2、BmRel、Bm FOXg1后,发现只有沉默转录因子BmRelish时,cecropin B和gloverin 4基因表达才下调,说明这两种抗菌肽的合成均通过IMD信号通路调控。当沉默BmRelish1或BmRel基因及DA处理联合作用时,cecropin B基因显著下调,说明在抑制cecropin B合成时,DA与转录因子BmRelish1或者BmRel之间存在密切的协同效应;同样,在促进gloverin 4合成时,DA与转录因子BmRelish2之间也存在着协同效应。     

绿僵菌素的分离制备及其对蛴螬的毒力

以金龟子绿僵菌金龟子变种Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae菌株MaQ10发酵液为材料,采用萃取、浓缩、制备色谱及重结晶技术,分离纯化出5种绿僵菌素的晶体,经与标准样品以及参考文献相对照,此5种晶体与绿僵菌素A、A2、B、C和E相吻合。进而,采用浸渍法测定了绿僵菌素A和B对大等鳃金龟Exolontha serrulata (Gyllenhall) 和卵圆齿爪鳃金龟Holotrichia ovata Chang 1龄幼虫的触杀毒力。结果表明： 绿僵菌素A和B对大等鳃金龟的触杀活性,在处理后96～120 h内最高,LC₅₀分别为78.1571 mg/L和88.7562 mg/L; 处理浓度为300 mg/L时,LT₅₀分别为13.4159 h和10.5331 h。绿僵菌素A和B对卵圆齿爪鳃金龟的触杀活性,在处理后96 h时最高,LC₅₀分别为66.5308 mg/L和79.4309 mg/L;处理浓度为300 mg/L时,LT₅₀分别是13.6399 h和9.9451 h。     

绿僵菌素对爪哇棒孢霉SP053菌株的影响及其混用对小菜蛾的联合毒力

为了寻找更有效的利用虫生真菌爪哇棒孢霉Isaria javanicus防治小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的新方法, 测定了绿僵菌素（destruxin）对SP053菌株生长发育与产孢量与萌发率的影响, 利用协同毒力指数法和毒力回归分析法评价了两者混用对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的联合毒力。结果表明: 绿僵菌素对SP053菌株菌丝生长、孢子萌发率和孢子产量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。而一定浓度的绿僵菌素与SP053菌株分生孢子混用具有增效作用, S50-CD100（指爪哇棒孢霉SP053菌株的分生孢子浓度为50×10⁵个/mL和绿僵菌素粗毒素的浓度为100 mg/L的组合; 依此类推）、S25-CD100、S25-CD50及S12.5-CD100等混配组合都有显著的增效效果, 尤其以S25-CD100组合增效效果最好, 其48 h和72 h的协同毒力指数（c.f.）分别达到52.31和31.07。毒力回归分析结果也显示, 添加绿僵菌素粗毒素25~100 mg/L的混剂的LC50值明显降低, 比如添加100 mg/L绿僵菌素粗毒素的混剂（SP053-CD100）, 其48和72 h的LC50分别为17.45和10.55 （×10⁵个孢子/mL）, 而SP053菌株分生孢子单剂的LC50相应值为>50和35.85（×10⁵个孢子/mL）。本研究证明绿僵菌素与爪哇棒孢霉SP053菌株混用有增效作用, 对改进小菜蛾的生物防治方法有一定指导意义。     

印楝素对SL-1的细胞凋亡诱导作用

本文以喜树碱(camptothecin)作对比,以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)作对照,系统研究了印楝素（azadirachtin）对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura离体细胞系(SL-1)的凋亡诱导作用。印楝素0.75 μg/mL处理后SL-1细胞后12～72 h,倒置显微镜观察可见大量细胞皱缩,体积变小,胞膜气泡化,与邻周细胞脱落,胞浆浓缩,胞膜突起,细胞器密集,核染色质浓缩并凝聚在核膜周边,出现大量凋亡小体;AO染色荧光显微镜观察可见细胞核内致密明亮黄绿色荧光和亮绿色或橘黄色的凋亡小体;透射电镜观察可见细胞皱缩、微绒毛消失、染色质浓缩和边缘化、核膜皱缩界限模糊、部分线粒体嵴结构消失和数量明显增加的吞噬泡等细胞凋亡典型形态学特征;TUNEL实验可见大量被标记为小圆形或环形黄绿色或绿色荧光的阳性凋亡细胞。流式细胞仪测定表明,印楝素0.75 μg/mL处理后48 h凋亡率最高达11.45%,比对照提高381.3倍;而喜树碱以1.72 μg/mL处理亦对SL-1具有相似的诱导作用,处理后36 h凋亡率最高达到17.42%。扫描电镜观察表明,印楝素和喜树碱处理后,SL-1细胞表面没有形成明显的“孔"、“洞"、“门"之类的结构破坏。推测印楝素与喜树碱对SL-1的凋亡信号转导方式和途径不同,导致细胞凋亡时序性不同。     

番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫活性及对SL细胞的致凋亡作用

为了明确番荔枝内酯化合物布拉它辛的杀虫活性和探索杀虫作用机理,本研究采用浸叶法测定该化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫的生物活性,采用MTT检测法和流式细胞术,研究该化合物对斜纹夜蛾离体培养卵巢细胞（SL细胞）的细胞毒力和致细胞凋亡作用,以及对SL细胞线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明: 布拉它辛不仅对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性,处理后24 h,对2龄和3龄幼虫的AFC₅₀值分别为60.25 μg/mL和86.73 μg/mL,还对幼虫生长有良好的抑制作用。布拉它辛处理SL细胞后24 h和48 h,IC50值分别为22.32 μg/mL和10.03 μg/mL。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,布拉它辛对SL细胞具有明显的致凋亡作用,可导致SL细胞线粒体膜电位显著下降。本研究表明布拉它辛对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有良好的拒食活性与生长抑制作用, 并且该化合物能明显抑制SL细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,降低线粒体膜电位。因此,布拉他辛具有广阔的研究应用前景。     

苦瓜素Ⅰ和苦瓜苷B对亚洲玉米螟Ofh细胞的增殖抑制和致坏死作用

【目的】研究从苦瓜Momordica charantia叶乙醇提取物中分离出的苦瓜素Ⅰ和新化合物苦瓜苷B对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinina furnacalis幼虫血细胞(Ofh)的毒力作用,并探讨其作用机理。【方法】用CCK-8法比较了苦瓜素Ⅰ、苦瓜素Ⅱ、苦瓜苷B和印楝素A对Ofh细胞的增殖抑制作用;用倒置相差显微镜和荧光倒置显微镜观察了苦瓜素Ⅰ及苦瓜苷B对Ofh细胞形态结构的影响,并用台盼蓝染色法和流式细胞术研究了其对Ofh细胞的致坏死作用。【结果】苦瓜素Ⅰ、苦瓜素Ⅱ和苦瓜苷B对Ofh细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,36 h后的IC50值分别为7.566,24.340及8.514μg/m L,苦瓜素Ⅰ及苦瓜苷B对Ofh细胞的增殖抑制作用明显强于苦瓜素Ⅱ及对照药物印楝素A。苦瓜素Ⅰ和苦瓜苷B处理后的Ofh细胞表现为体积膨大、表面变得粗糙并有明显的空泡现象,严重破坏了Ofh细胞的形态结构。进一步的研究结果表明,8μg/m L的苦瓜素Ⅰ及苦瓜苷B处理Ofh细胞12~48 h,细胞死亡率均高于对照组,呈一定的时间依赖关系,说明苦瓜素Ⅰ对Ofh细胞的急性毒力高于苦瓜苷B。Ofh细胞经AO/EB染色后,用荧光显微观察发现,苦瓜素Ⅰ和苦瓜苷B处理组细胞膜破裂,细胞核受损严重,细胞呈不均匀桔黄色-橙红色荧光,呈典型的坏死特征。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,苦瓜素Ⅰ和苦瓜苷B对Ofh细胞具有明显的致坏死作用。8μg/m L苦瓜素Ⅰ和苦瓜苷B处理Ofh细胞36 h后,总坏死率分别为74.92%±2.02%和49.77%±1.69%。【结论】苦瓜素Ⅰ和新化合物苦瓜苷B对Ofh细胞均具有有效的增殖抑制和致坏死作用,这可能是苦瓜素类化合物对亚洲玉米螟的拒食作用及抑制其生长发育和生殖力的主要机制之一。     

印楝素A与印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾BTI-Tn-5B1-4的细胞毒性

为了明确印楝素A和B活性差异的机理,本研究比较了印楝素A和印楝素B对粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia ni离体培养胚胎细胞系BTI-Tn-5B1-4的毒性。结果表明：印楝素A与印楝素B对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞具有良好的增殖抑制活性,处理后3 d,其IC₅₀值分别为2.9 μg/mL和9.85 μg/mL,印楝素A的细胞毒力显著高于印楝素B。倒置显微镜观察发现,印楝素A和印楝素B处理可导致细胞变形,贴壁能力下降,并出现明显空泡,印楝素A的影响明显高于印楝素B。流式细胞仪检测结果表明,印楝素可导致BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞体积显著膨大,印楝素A处理细胞体积增大程度显著高于印楝素B;印楝素可以明显影响BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞膜电位,1.25 μg/mL印楝素A和印楝素B处理后3 d,细胞DiBAC4（3）荧光强度分别增加88.12%和55.37%,印楝素A的影响显著高于印楝素B。荧光显微镜观察发现,印楝素对BTI-Tn-5B1-4细胞核具有明显影响,印楝素B的影响明显高于印楝素A,印楝素B处理后,细胞核受损细胞数更多,受损程度更严重。结果显示印楝素A和印楝素B的细胞作用机理存在差异,本研究从细胞学水平解释了印楝素的生长发育抑制作用机理。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测感病蝗虫体内绿僵菌rDNA基因

根据绿僵菌23SrDNA的转录间隔区(ITS)和5.8S的基因序列,设计检测感病蝗虫体内绿僵菌菌体DNA分子的特异引物,通过优化感病蝗虫菌体DNA快速制备方法,建立了基于荧光定量PCR的定量检测体系。该检测方法专一、灵敏,检测下限为10pg/μl绿僵菌,并且能从刚侵染48h的东亚飞蝗血淋巴中,早期定量检测到在虫体血淋巴中增殖的绿僵菌的rDNA。     

Water content and water activity for the production of cyclodepsipeptides in solid-state fermentation by Metarhizium anisopliae

Metarhizium anisopliae was grown by solid-state fermentation on a series of compositions of rice, rice bran, or rice husk media for the production of cyclodepsipeptides, destruxins A and B. The best yield for destruxin A and destruxin B were 2.9 mg kg^–1 substrate and 227 mg kg^–1 substrate, respectively, after 14 days cultivation with rice/bran/husk medium at 71% water content together with water activity of 0.921.     

In vitro effect of fungal cyclodepsipeptides on leukemic cells: study of destruxins A, B and E.

The activities of three mycotoxins isolated from the hyphomycete Metarhizium anisopliae: destruxin A, B, and E (DA, DB and DE) are described and compared in vitro on leukemic cells. Their antitumor effect was investigated by flow cytometry on growth, cell viability and cell cycle perturbation 48 h after destruxin exposure. Against P388 leukemic cells, DE displayed greater antiproliferative activity than DA and DB. The minimum concentration required to inhibit 50% of cell proliferation is 0.33 microgram/ml for DE, 11.7 micrograms/ml for DA and 9.4 micrograms/ml for DB. Cell cycle modifications were only observed with DE at 50 and 10 micrograms/ml and consisted in an accumulation of the cells in G0/1 phase. DA and DB did not modify the number of cells in G0/1 of the cell cycle. Nevertheless a decrease in the number of cells in G2+M phase was induced by the three destruxins.     

A new destruxin as inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the course of our screening efforts to discover small molecules as selective inhibitors of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have identified eight active destruxins, 1-8, from the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. The structures were elucidated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, and MS spectrometry. One of these compounds, 8, a regioisomer of chlorohydrin destruxin E (7), is a new destruxin.     

Effects of the microbial metabolite destruxin A on ion transport by the gut and renal epithelia of Drosophila melanogaster

Destruxins have been implicated in the infection process by entomopathogenic fungi and have been also found to be highly toxic when applied topically or ingested by different insect species. To gain insight into the mechanism of action of this toxin on insect internal organs, we have evaluated the effects of destruxin A on Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian tubules and gut tissues. Destruxin A was toxic when injected into adults; the calculated EC₅₀ was 0.11 mM. Destruxin A significantly inhibited fluid secretion rate by Malpighian tubules as well; the calculated IC₅₀ was 0.25 μM. The Na⁺ concentration in the secreted fluid increased significantly when tubules were exposed to 0.25 μM destruxin A, whereas pH and the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ did not change. In gut, there was no effect of destruxin on H⁺ flux, but there was a significant decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ absorption. The concentration of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ in the hemolymph of destruxin A‐injected flies was not significantly different from those of control flies after 3 h. Taken together, these results show that destruxin A produces differential effects on ion transport by renal and gut tissues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Production of destruxins by coprotrophic Beauveria feline no. 7 strain

Beauveria feline No. 7 strain was isolated from the shrewmouse wool and characterized by production of a complex of destruxins cyclodepsipeptides. The strain was shown to produce significant quatities of destruxin B and pseudodestruxin C. The destruxins were found to be able to inhibit formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27833.     

Antifeedant Properties of Destruxins and their Potential Use with the Entomogenous Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for Improved Control of Crucifer Pests

Destruxins A, B and E, produced by the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, are insecticidal but comparatively low doses have antifeedant properties. Treatment of cabbage leaf discs with destruxins significantly reduced feeding by larvae of Plutella xylostella and Phaedon cochleariae in both choice and no-choice assays. The Antifeedant Index (AI) was dose related and there were significant differences between treated and untreated leaves. The AI and acute toxicity assays suggest that insect death was due to a combination of the starvation and toxicity effects of destruxins. In whole plant experiments, adults and larvae of P. cochleariae were found to be more susceptible to infection by M. anisopliae V245 if it was used in conjunction with a crude destruxin mixture. Destruxins drove larvae off the plant, irrespective of which leaf surface was treated. Adults could be forced to the adaxial or abaxial surface of leaves using the crude destruxin. Mortality was usually more consistent and generally greater if adults were forced to abaxial than adaxial surfaces inoculated with the fungus. High humidity on the abaxial surface favoured conidia germination and infection. Mortality was also greater for adults dusted with the pathogen and forced to the abaxial rather than to the adaxial leaf surface. The increased movement and starvation associated with destruxin treatment may also have stressed the insects making them more susceptible to infection.     

Transformation of the host-selective toxin destruxin B by wild crucifers: probing a detoxification pathway

The destruxin B detoxification pathway present in Sinapis alba is also present in three unrelated species, Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Eruca sativa, suggesting a conservation of this pathway across crucifers. The chemical structure of a destruxin B metabolite, (6'-O-malonyl)hydroxydestruxin B beta-D-glucopyranoside, was also establised. Considering that Camelina sativa and Capsella bursa-pastoris detoxify destruxin B and produce the phytoalexins camalexins, these wild crucifers appear to represent unique and perhaps useful sources of blackleg resistance in strategic plant breeding.     

Inhibition of the accumulation of lipid droplets in macrophage J774 by bafilomycin B1 and destruxin E.

Two microbial metabolites, bafilomycin B1 and destruxin E, have been found to inhibit significantly the oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced accumulation of lipid droplets at 3 nM and 0.5 microM, respectively, in macrophage J774. The incorporation of [14C]oleate into cholesteryl esters in the cells incubated with oxidized LDL was inhibited to the same extent by the two compounds. Both compounds had no effect on the cell surface binding at 4 degrees C and the internalization of oxidized 125I-LDL as well as on the activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. However, when incubated with these compounds at 37 degrees C, receptors for oxidized LDL were partially trapped within the cell. In accordance with receptor accumulation, ATP-dependent acidification of endosomes and lysosomes was significantly inhibited by 50 nM bafilomycin B1 and 1 microM destruxin E, respectively. From these results it was concluded that the inhibition of ATP-dependent acidification of endosomes and lysosomes by bafilomycin B1 and destruxin E resulted in the reduction of oxidized LDL-induced synthesis of cholesteryl ester and thereby caused a reduced accumulation of lipid droplets in macrophage J774.