秦岭独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态研究

对秦岭地区独叶草种群个体和构件生物量动态进行了系统研究．结果表明,独叶草种群个体生长发育过程中构件生物量与年龄关系可用Logistic方程表示．种群叶和芽的生物量比率随年龄增长降低,而根系和根状茎的生物量比率增加．不同海拔地域的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量显著不同(P＜0．05),海拔2700-2900m的种群个体生物量和各构件生物量较低海拔和高海拔地区大．叶生物量比率随海拔升高降低,而根状茎的比率却增加．在较适生地域,根系生物量比率较低,而芽的比率较高．种群个体生长和各构件生物量动态与环境条件关系密切．     

葎草种群自疏过程中幼苗构件性状及生物量分配变化

以雌雄异株攀援草本植物葎草为材料,通过每10 d测量1次,连续6次,测定幼苗期葎草种群的密度和高度、个体构件性状和生物量分配等参数,分析种群自疏过程中种群密度与个体构件性状及生物量分配的关系,研究葎草种群的自疏规律。结果表明:幼苗期葎草种群存在显著的自疏现象,种群密度60 d内下降了71%;幼苗期葎草由直立生长向横向生长时,种群密度和株高显著降低;自疏过程中存留植株的茎性状有显著变化,变化大小为节间长主茎长茎直径,节间长增加,叶性状变化大小为叶面积叶柄长叶厚叶宽叶长总叶数保留叶片数,根性状变化大小为总根长根体积根数根长最大根长;自疏过程中存留植株的构件生物量、单株生物量显著增加,而单位面积累积生物量呈阶段性下降;留存植株的地上生物量分配比相对稳定(P0.05),根茎比和叶茎比有极显著变化(P0.01);叶、茎、叶柄生物量与根生物量和地上生物量之间均呈极显著的异速关系(P0.01),茎随地上生物量增长呈等速生长,而叶、叶柄和根随地上生物量增长呈异速生长,地上生物量与叶、茎、叶柄及根生物量极显著相关(P0.01);茎生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则,叶、叶柄和根生物量并不满足-3/2或-4/3或-1自疏法则;地上和单株总生物量与密度极显著相关(P0.01),存留单株的地上生物量和总生物量与密度的异速关系遵循最终产量恒定法则。     

不同纬度地区互花米草生长性状及适应性研究

互花米草是我国沿海潮间带分布面积最广的入侵植物, 研究不同纬度地区间互花米草的生长特征和适应对策有助于揭示该植物对大范围异质生境的入侵适应机制。对我国沿海10 个省市26 个地区互花米草生长情况的调查发现:1)不同地区间互花米草的株高、节长、基茎、单株地上生物量、种群密度等性状特征均存在显著差异(P<0.01), 其变化规律与纬度密切相关: 随着纬度的升高, 互花米草的株高、节长、基茎、单株地上生物量、种群地上生物量总体呈现先升后降的规律, 而种群密度呈现为先降后升的规律。2)边缘区的互花米草种群密度优势明显: 植物个体矮小细密,种群密度最高达到2668 株·m–2, 是分布区中部的20 多倍, 较高的种群密度大幅度增加了个体或分株数量, 提高了生存概率, 降低了因种群面积过小带来的种群灭绝风险; 分布区中部的互花米草植株个体优势明显: 植株种群密度较低, 但植株个体高大粗壮, 单株地上生物量最高达到48.81 g, 是分布区边缘的30 倍; 表明中心区和边缘区的互花米草种群分别表现出“表现最大化”和“种群维持”的适应对策。3)温度是影响不同地区间互花米草生长差异的主要因素, 降水次之, 而pH 和盐度影响较小。     

海草形态、生长的种间差异及其相关生长关系

海草是海洋沉水高等植物,属典型的根茎克隆植物.根状茎直径和分株重分别是其个体大小的第一、二表征指标,个体大小是海草重要的种间识别特征.对海草6个形态构件指标和18个生长指标的综合分析表明:果实大小、单株叶面积、分株重具有显著的种特异性;分株发出的时间差、水平根状茎分枝率、叶年产量、分株寿命和垂直茎分枝率是海草种特异性最强的5个生长动态指标,海草生长动态的差异主要体现在克隆生长能力强弱和分株生活史长短上;大海草趋于游击型克隆构型,而小海草则趋于密集型,但小海草Cymodocea nodosa例外;大海草基株水平扩展能力较小海草差.海草个体大小与生长特征的相关生长关系表明:随个体的增大,海草在有机构件生长上表现出两相邻叶、相邻分株、相邻节发出的时间差延长,分株、叶、茎寿命延长的特点;在克隆生长水平上表现出根状茎节间长变短、延伸速率降低,分枝率和根状茎上年产分株数降低,分枝角度变小和间隔子增大的趋势;在克隆片段水平上表现为生理整合性增强;在种群层面则表现出生物量增大和种群密度降低的特点.因此,海草个体大小对其形态、生长特征、克隆构型、种群密度和生产力起到了决定作用.大小海草不同的形态、生长动态和克隆构型特征导致它们的生存策略及生态功能也不同,这一点可能对海草场修复基础理论研究具有一定的指示作用.     

红葱种群地上和地下构件的密度制约调节

虽然个体大小和密度的关系是植物生态学研究的中心问题, 但是大多数基础研究只观测植株地上部分的生物量, 即地上部分大小-密度关系, 而对于地下构件大小-密度关系的研究十分薄弱。因为植物个体的生长是构件变化的过程, 所以个体大小和密度的关系不仅表现为种群水平和个体水平, 也表现为构件水平。该文研究了5个密度(36、49、64、121和225株·m^-2)的红葱(Allium cepa var. proliferum)种群地下构件密度制约调节规律及其与地上构件密度制约调节规律的关系, 地下部分和全株(包括地上部分和地下部分)的密度制约调节规律, 及二者与地上部分密度制约调节规律的关系。结果表明: (1)不同密度环境下, 植物的表型可以通过各器官形态的可塑性反应发生调整; 植株地下构件和地上构件的各个特征(株高、叶片长、叶片数、鳞茎直径、分蘖重)均与密度呈显著的线性相关关系; (2)平均根、鳞茎、叶片和鞘生物量均与密度呈显著的幂函数负相关关系, 但异速指数不同: 鳞茎(-1.14)<叶片(-1.03)<根(-0.78)<鞘(-0.49), 表明地下构件的大小和地上构件的大小随密度的变化不一致; (3)平均地下、地上和个体生物量均与种群密度呈显著的幂函数负相关关系, 但异速指数不同, 分别为: -1.13、-0.95和-0.98, 表明地上部分大小和全株大小随种群密度的变化基本一致, 但与地下部分大小的变化不一致。总之, 密度制约对植株地下构件的调节作用大于地上构件, 对地下部分的调节作用大于地上部分, 红葱种群对地下资源的竞争占主导地位。     

不同生境下假臭草生长特征分析

通过测定庄稼地、弃耕地、桉树林、公路边4种生境下假臭草叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、LDMC和株高等形态特征、植株各构件生物量及生物量分配比和假臭草种群盖度、密度等种群数量性状,研究不同生境类型下假臭草个体的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群生长状况的差异。结果表明:光照和土壤养分对假臭草的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群数量性状的影响显著;低光照、高土壤养分生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较高,假臭草叶片的LDMC较小,植株的花序数较少,生物量主要向叶和茎器官进行分配,根和花果器官的生物量分配则受到限制;高光照、养分贫瘠生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较低,假臭草叶片的LDMC较大,生物量主要向根和花果器官进行分配,种群的盖度、密度、生物量和高度等种群数量性状较低,种群生长状况较差;高光照、肥沃养分生境为假臭草的最适生境,假臭草构件的资源配置较为优化,株高、基径粗、冠宽和花序数等形态指标较大,种群盖度、密度、生物量等种群数量性状较大,种群生长较好。     

密度制约决定的植物生物量分配格局

基于自然环境下红葱(Allium cepa var.proliferum)个体各器官生物量积累动态、生物量分配比例动态、生物量比率动态和形态性状对不同种群密度(36、49、64、121和225株·m-2)响应的模拟实验,分析了密度制约对其生物量分配格局的影响。结果表明:红葱地上部分、叶和鞘的生物量分配比例均随密度的增加而增加,地下部分和鳞茎的分配比例随密度的增加而下降,而根的分配比例未随密度发生显著变化。除根:叶、根:地上比在密度处理间无显著差异外,各器官间生物量比率均表现出明显的密度依赖性。随着个体的生长,根:鞘、根:叶、根:地上比逐渐减小,鳞茎:叶、鳞茎:鞘、鳞茎:地上比先减小后增加,而地上:地下比先增加后减小。比叶面积与密度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),叶面积和根长与密度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而比根长不受密度的影响。由此可见,种内竞争水平会对植物体内的资源分配产生较大影响;植物生物量分配格局响应不同密度具有可塑性,随着密度的增加,红葱个体会增加地上营养器官的生物量分配,并以减小地下无性繁殖器官的生物量分配为代价。最优化分配理论仅在无竞争存在的情况下适用,当竞争发生时,种群密度及其制约性调节是决定...     

密度对三种莎草科植物克隆生长的影响

以三种莎草科克隆植物藨草(Scirpus triqueter), 海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和糙叶苔草(Carex scabrifolia)为研究对象, 通过盆栽受控实验, 探讨三种初始种植密度处理(1 株/盆、4 株/盆和16 株/盆)对个体表现与种群增长的影响。结果表明, 三种植物种群经过一个月左右的适应后均开始加速增长, 生长季后期增长率逐渐降低, 而海三棱藨草种群甚至出现了一定程度的衰退。生长季中前期藨草在中低密度处理下密度增长率高于高密度和整簇种植处理, 而海三棱藨草、糙叶苔草种群的整体密度增长与初始种植密度成反比。最终收获时, 藨草和海三棱藨草不同处理下的密度、冠层高度、最高高度、地上生物量和地下生物量均没有显著差异, 糙叶苔草在低种植密度下的密度最低, 中等种植密度下冠层高度最高。藨草、海三棱藨草的单株平均生物量与密度呈显著负相关, 而藨草、糙叶苔草的总生物量与密度呈显著正相关, 三种莎草科植物的根冠比都没有随密度发生显著变化。三种莎草科植物在高密度下的种内竞争效应均强于中密度。     

桤柏混交林种群生物量动态与密度调节

研究了四川省盐亭县桤柏混交林中桤木和柏木种群的生物量动态、密度动态及 种群密度对生物量动态的调节．结果表明,桤木种群生物量在１８ ａ内符合逻辑斯蒂增长, 柏木种群生物量在２０ ａ内呈幂函数增长．而种群密度在 １８ ａ内均呈负幂函数降低在桤 柏混交林中．密度制约是决定种群生物量动态的主要因素,棺木和柏本平均单株生物量较 符合Ｙｏｄａ提出的－３／２自疏定律为快,其自疏系数分别为一２．３３和一３．９７．个体平均生 物量的增长比由密度下降引起的生物量降低快,因此,两种群生物量在密度调节过程中仍 然保持增长状态．其中柏木是生物量增长旺盛的种群．     

外来入侵植物大狼把草种群构件生物量结构研究

大狼把草是广泛分布于我国的外来入侵植物之一,通过样方调查,从构件水平定量分析了大狼把草种群各构件的结构特征及其生物量间的关系模型,并探讨了其与入侵性的关系。结果表明:大狼把草种群各构件生物量之间的关系为茎>花序>根>叶。各构件生物量所占比率表现为茎>花序>叶>根。大狼把草种群各构件生物量之间及各构件生物量与植株高度之间都呈显著正相关关系,均可用幂函数模型较好地表达。大狼把草种群各构件较强的表型可塑性及其在生殖器官中较高的生物量投资分配特性,极大地提高了其入侵能力。     

不同放牧强度下矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）无性系分株种群的动调

以矮嵩草无性系分株和分蘖分别作为其种群的基本单元,对不同放牧强度下种群的动态与调节进行了研究。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,每分株的分蘖数、叶片数及分株个体地上生物量均增加．分蘖死亡率和叶片死亡率在各处理间差异不显著。分蘖死亡率的高峰出现在生长季末,叶片死亡率在生长初期和末期较高,而且都不属于密度制约性的死亡。矮嵩草多重种群结构水平的数量调节是由最外层次（叶片层次）的数量变化引起的,进而影响到较内层次上结构单元的大小和数量。     

不同倍性冬小麦种内竞争能力的比较研究

通过3个不同倍性冬小麦材料(两倍体栽培一粒、四倍体栽培两粒、六倍体现代品种长武134),在不同水分条件下进行密度实验,研究了不同材料的株高、生物量累积和分蘖动态的变化,以及产量对密度变化的反应。结果表明随着群体的增大,不同倍性材料个体间竞争明显加剧,相互抑制作用增强,种群内部个体大小等级差异增大;在不同群体下各倍性材料的个体生长存在差异,表现为四倍体栽培两粒竞争能力两倍体栽培一粒六倍体现代品种长武134,且长武134受种群大小影响最为显著,但长武134产量累积的投入比例最高,产量最高,低竞争能力的个体更适合生产上的需求,是群体高产的基础。研究结果为旱地小麦的高产栽培和育种提供了理论基础。     

Factors affecting population density, group size and territory size of the European badger, Meles meles

This paper discusses the relationship between the distribution and biomass of the main prey of European badgers, Meles meles and the badgers group size, territory size and population density. The distribution of areas rich in earthworms, Lumbricus spp., is correlated with badger range size, whilst badger group size increases with the biomass of worms per badger territory and badger density increases with overall worm biomass. Regulation of badger density in an area is likely to take place through regulation of group size, in the absence of other factors such as persecution and lack of suitable sett-sites.     

Density-dependent growth as a key mechanism in the regulation of fish populations: evidence from among-population comparisons.

It is generally assumed that fish populations are regulated primarily in the juvenile (pre-recruit) phase of the life cycle, although density dependence in growth and reproductive parameters within the recruited phase has been widely reported. Here we present evidence to suggest that density-dependent growth in the recruited phase is a key process in the regulation of many fish populations. We analyse 16 fish populations with long-term records of size-at-age and biomass data, and detect significant density-dependent growth in nine. Among-population comparisons show a close, inverse relationship between the estimated decline in asymptotic length per unit biomass density, and the long-term average biomass density of populations. A simple population model demonstrates that regulation by density-dependent growth alone is sufficient to generate the observed relationship. Density-dependent growth should be accounted for in fisheries' assessments, and the empirical relationship established here can provide indicative estimates of the density-dependent growth parameter where population-specific data are lacking.     

Altitudinal Variations in Reproductive Allocation of Bergenia purpurascens (Saxifragaceae)

The strategy of resource allocation between vegetative and reproductive functions, quantitative relationship between size and reproductive output are central aspects of plant life history. To test the tactics of resource allocation and its altitudinal trend, we examined the reproductive allocation (RA) of Bergenia purpurascens (Saxifragaceae), in six populations along a shady slope in Sejila Mountain of southeast Tibet, at an altitude gradient from 4 200 m to 4 640 m. Our results showed that (1) with increasing altitude, vegetative biomass, reproductive biomass, total aboveground biomass, flower number per plant and length of flower stalk decreased significantly, but the number of leaves did not change greatly. However, the change of RA did not show a monotonic trend when altitude increased, shifting from significantly decreasing below the tree line to slightly increasing above it; (2) vegetative biomass was positively correlated with reproductive biomass, but negatively correlated with RA in all populations, but the level of significance was different among the populations; (3) RA decreased with individual size in all populations, whereas the relationship between absolute resource allocated to reproduction and individual size was allometric; (4) reproductive allometry and a size threshold for reproduction did exist in this alpine perennial, but the obvious altitudinal trend was only found along the populations below the tree line, not above it. We then concluded the altitude could not fully explain the change of resource allocation strategy of this alpine perennial, and different effects of size and habitat on RA may result from various environmental constraints along the altitudinal gradient or genetic background. Therefore, each individual within a population will follow its own developmental trajectory shaped by its genotype and the habitats. The most innovative finding was plant adaptation and resource trade off might be sharply altered at the tree line, which is a sensitive area in alpine mountains. Further investigations are needed to better understand the relationship between the reproductive allocation and changing environmental conditions.     

岩白菜（虎耳草科）不同海拔居群的繁殖分配

资源分配策略是植物生活史研究的重要内容之一,植物用于繁殖的相对资源比例（即繁殖分配）与植株的生活史特征、个体大小及植株的生境密切相关。本文研究了藏东南色季拉山一个阴坡上海拔4200m～4640m范围内6个不同居群的虎耳草科多年生草本植物岩白菜（Bergenia purpurascens）的繁殖分配特征,结果发现：（1）繁殖器官生物量、营养器官生物量、地上部分总生物量、花数目、花序轴长度均随海拔的升高而显著降低,而叶数目随海拔变化不大,繁殖分配值则先降低后升高,转折点在林线过渡带（海拔4400m）处;（2）各居群（海拔4300m居群除外）营养器官生物量与繁殖器官生物量均显著正相关,而营养器官生物量与繁殖分配则负相关,但各居群的显著性不同;（3）各居群繁殖器官生物量与植株个体大小（营养器官生物量）呈不同程度的异速增长,而繁殖分配则与植株个体大小负相关;（4）各居群植株都存在一个繁殖所需的个体大小阈值,而且这一阈值在林线以下区域随海拔的升高而显著增大,在林线以上区域变化不显著。研究结果表明,海拔并不是影响岩白菜繁殖分配策略的唯一生态因子,不同居群的生境状况和植株个体大小都与其资源分配策略密切相关,高山地区林线的存在对植物资源的权衡方式会产生巨大影响。     

Local performance of six clonal alien species differs between native and invasive regions in Germany and New Zealand

Exotic plant invasions are widely observed to have strong biogeographic patterns with invasive species occurring at higher abundances in their introduced range when compared with their native range. However, only few field studies have validated this assumption by comparing plant populations of multiple species in their native and introduced ranges and have evaluated to what extent changes in sexual and clonal reproduction potentially have contributed to the success of plant invasions. Here, we present the results of a comparative field study in both the native (Germany) and the introduced (New Zealand, NZ) ranges of six clonal plant species with different invasive status: Achillea millefolium L., Pilosella officinarum Vaill., Hypericum perforatum L., Prunella vulgaris L., Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. and Lotus pedunculatus Cav. We hypothesized that all six species show better performance in introduced NZ than in native German populations and tested if population structures investigated at different scales provide a useful tool to identify differences between native and introduced occurrences. In 10 populations per species and country we assessed plant density and flowering proportion at the population scale and around individual plants, thereby identifying the ‘crowdedness’ of the populations. Furthermore, we collected individual plants and determined the number of attached clonal organs and plant biomass. For all six species crowdedness in NZ populations was higher than in German populations. Additionally, overall population density of four species and the production of clonal organs (expressed as total number or per biomass ratio) of three species were higher in NZ than in Germany. When measured around individual plants, the flowering proportion was higher in native German populations of Pilosella officinarum, Hypericum perforatum and Leucanthemum vulgare. Although the study species differed in their invasive status, our findings show that for all six species performance was better in introduced than in native populations. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that multiple measures of plant performance, different spatial scales and differences among species should be taken into account when trying to identify biogeographic differences in the performance of weed species.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY,NITROGEN, AND POPULATION DENSITY ON THE SURVIVAL,GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTION OF ATRIPLEX TRIANGULARIS (CHENOPODIACEAE)

Populations of Atriplex triangularis were grown under laboratory conditions in a growth chamber and manipulated in an inland Ohio saline pond in order to examine the relative effects of salinity, nitrogen fertilization, and population density on growth, reproduction, and survival. For laboratory plants, nitrogen fertilization was the most important variable, with biomass and reproductive effort being greatest at the high nitrogen level. As salinity increased, biomass decreased only in plants not limited by nitrogen. Increasing density caused biomass per plant to decrease at both high and low nitrogen levels. For field plants, density was the most important variable, with biomass per plant and survival both decreasing as density increased. As density increased, size inequality among individuals increased but biomass per unit area and individual reproductive effort remained relatively constant. Nitrogen fertilization slightly enhanced survival, but did not affect biomass. It is suggested that density-dependent processes may be significant even in relatively harsh physical environments.     

Biomass dynamics in a logged forest: the role of wood density

Wood density (WD) is believed to be a key trait in driving growth strategies of tropical forest species, and as it entails the amount of mass per volume of wood, it also tends to correlate with forest carbon stocks. Yet there is relatively little information on how interspecific variation in WD correlates with biomass dynamics at the species and population level. We determined changes in biomass in permanent plots in a logged forest in Vietnam from 2004 to 2012, a period representing the last 8 years of a 30 years logging cycle. We measured diameter at breast height (DBH) and estimated aboveground biomass (AGB) growth, mortality, and net AGB increment (the difference between AGB gains and losses through growth and mortality) per species at the individual and population (i.e. corrected for species abundance) level, and correlated these with WD. At the population level, mean net AGB increment rates were 6.47 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 resulting from a mean AGB growth of 8.30 Mg ha^?1 year^?1, AGB recruitment of 0.67 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 and AGB losses through mortality of 2.50 Mg ha^?1 year^?1. Across species there was a negative relationship between WD and mortality rate, WD and DBH growth rate, and a positive relationship between WD and tree standing biomass. Standing biomass in turn was positively related to AGB growth, and net AGB increment both at the individual and population level. Our findings support the view that high wood density species contribute more to total biomass and indirectly to biomass increment than low wood density species in tropical forests. Maintaining high wood density species thus has potential to increase biomass recovery and carbon sequestration after logging.