海草克隆性及其种群遗传效应

海草是适应在海洋环境中生存和繁殖的单子叶植物,由于所处环境常存在潮汐、风暴等的干扰,海草形成了一系列适应特征,克隆性是其中突出的一个.所有的海草都具有水平根状茎,许多海草也具有垂直根状茎,在一些海草中,也观察到无性生殖(无融合生殖).与克隆生长有关的参数(如节间长度、间隔子长度、分枝角度以及延伸速率和分枝率等)对于海草的克隆生长有着决定性影响,但繁育系统对克隆斑块大小也有较大影响.强烈的克隆性影响着海草的遗传变异.总体来看,海草种群内遗传多样性比陆生植物低,也低于另一类海洋高等植物-红树植物,利用DNA标记观察到的多样性高于等位酶标记.在一些海草植物种群中观察到较高的克隆多样性,但也有一些种群由单一基因型或少量基因型组成,其原因主要是由于奠基者效应和克隆生长.通常克隆植物中基因流有限,但是海草的克隆片段可能远距离扩散,从而提高种群间的基因流.就克隆生长对种群空间结构和交配系统的影响进行了综述.     

不同生境中淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征

为探求淫羊藿资源的保护策略,通过野外样地调查、室内测定和统计分析等方法,对林缘旷地、林缘和林下三种不同生境中淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornum)克隆构型及其分株种群特征进行了研究,并初步分析环境因子对淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征的影响.结果表明:分枝强度、间隔子长度、分枝高度、根状茎长度及分株种群密度在3种生境中差异显著,且与生境相对光强和土壤含水量有较强的回归关系.群落相对光强、土壤含水量在淫羊藿的克隆生长过程中起着重要作用.淫羊藿以地下根茎为克隆器官进行克隆生长,有着较强的克隆构型可塑性.结合克隆植物对资源的利用策略,讨论不同生境中淫羊藿克隆构型和分株种群特征可塑性的生态适应意义及淫羊藿保护机制.     

内蒙古锡林河流域不同生境中羊草的克隆构型和分株种群特征

 克隆植物的形态可塑性在基株和种群水平上分别表现为克隆构型和分株种群特征的变化。研究对象为内蒙古锡林河流域草地、林地、沙地3种生境下的羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群,通过对羊草根茎节间长度、间隔子长度、分枝强度、分枝角度、株高和分株密度等指标的测定和分析,对这3种不同生境中羊草的克隆构型及分株种群特征进行了研究。结果表明羊草克隆构型相关特征,如,根茎节间长度,根茎节间长度频次分布格局、间隔子长度、间隔子长度频次分布格局,在不同生境差异较大。同时,羊草的分枝角度在不同生境间差异显著。而每间隔子所     

不同水位梯度下克隆植物大米草的生长繁殖特性和生物量分配格局

通过温室模拟控制实验,研究了不同水位梯度处理对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica) 衰退种群的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响.实验共设置5种水位处理,分别为淹没至大米草株高的1/2, 淹没至株高的1/3,表面水淹0 cm,低于土表5 cm (-5 cm),以及低于土表10 cm (-10 cm).结果表明:水位梯度对大米草的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量的积累与分配格局等部分指标均有显著影响(p < 0.05);株高、克隆分株数、根状茎节数、根状茎总长、间隔子长度及生物量在0 cm至1/3株高水位梯度处理下均显著高于-10 cm和1/2株高水位处理(p < 0.05),但与-5 cm处理无显著差异(p > 0.05);-10 cm水位处理的地上生物量分配和根状茎生物量分配显著低于其它处理(p < 0.05).综合大米草衰退种群的形态特征、克隆生长特性、生物量积累及分配格局对水位处理的响应格局,认为大米草种群较适宜的水位梯度为表面积水至淹没株高的1/3处,而水位的变化可能是大米草种群自然衰退的原因之一.     

不同光照条件下聚花过路黄的克隆构型和分株种群特征

以都江堰灵岩山常绿阔叶林林下、林缘和林缘旷地3种不同光照环境中匍匐茎草本聚花过路黄(Lysimachla congestiflora)为对象,对其匍匐茎节间长、分枝强度、分枝角度、分株种群密度、分株种群生物量等指标进行了测定和分析．结果表明,聚花过路黄的匍匐茎节间长、分枝强度、分株种群密度和分株种群生物量在3种生境间差异显著．Kruskal Wallis检验表明,匍匐茎节间长度和分枝角度的频次分布在3种生境间差异显著．3种生境中匍匐茎节间长度分布偏斜度(skewness)的大小分别为：林缘旷地>林缘>林下．林缘旷地与林缘和林下生境在分枝角度、分株种群高度和分株种群根冠比差异显著,而且林缘旷地生境中分枝角度分布偏斜度最小．林缘和林下生境在分枝角度、分株种群高度和分株种群根冠比差异不显著．从林缘旷地、林缘到林下,聚花过路黄的克隆构型和分株种群特征发生了相应改变．结合克隆植物对资源的利用对策,讨论了不同生境中聚花过路黄克隆构型和分株种群特征可塑性的生态适应意义．     

干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛扩展对策

通过对内蒙古干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿集群的灌丛结构、分株特征、繁殖倾向和分枝特征的调查,探讨荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿的繁殖特点和灌丛扩展对策。研究表明：在荒漠区,狭叶锦鸡儿的营养繁殖占主导地位,主要是由根萌蘖产生无性系分株,其克隆生长构型为密集型。根系萌蘖、枝条的不定根繁殖、地上枝条不断分枝和新老个体形成复合灌丛是荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿冠幅增大的主要原因。狭叶锦鸡儿通过克隆繁殖、灌丛扩大化和发达的根系适应荒漠区的干旱贫瘠环境,使其成为荒漠区的优势种。     

六种沉水植物的克隆生长特征

为构建种群动态模型以指导沉水植被修复工程实践, 研究采用同质园实验方法对6种常见沉水植物(竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii)、眼子菜(P. distinctus)、光叶眼子菜(P. lucens)、穿叶眼子菜(P. perfoliatus)、扭叶眼子菜(P. intortifolius)和苦草(Vallisneria natans)的克隆生长模式进行了连续观测研究, 获取了分株形成速率、空间扩张速率、株高增加速率等种群扩张动态参数,及分株数、间隔子长度、分株高度等克隆构件特征参数。结果表明, 6种沉水植物的分株数从28d开始增长, 其中苦草的分株形成速率最高, 平均为1.09株/d, 分株形成最大速率出现在55d之后; 穿叶眼子菜和扭叶眼子菜的分株形成速率低于苦草, 但是高于竹叶眼子菜、眼子菜和光叶眼子菜, 最大速率出现在41d之后。虽然苦草的分株最多, 但是分株的株高最低, 其株高增长速率均值为0.2 cm/d。眼子菜属物种中竹叶眼子菜和眼子菜株高增长速率最高, 光叶眼子菜的株高增长速率和分株形成速率都最低。克隆系占据面积随时间的扩张速率为穿叶眼子菜(113.22 cm2/d)>扭叶眼子菜(71.70 cm2/d)>苦草(35.48 cm2/d)>竹叶眼子菜(12.09 cm2/d)>眼子菜(3.07 cm2/d)>光叶眼子菜(0.53 cm2/d)。此外, 研究还发现眼子菜属植物普遍表现出匍匐茎上“节”的形成, 而苦草则不具备这种特性, 匍匐茎“节”的形成及随之形成的不定根在眼子菜属植物空间扩张过程中具有重要的生态功能, 并在种群构建方面与苦草等其他物种发生分异。基于眼子菜属植物匍匐茎上的“节”可以形成跳跃性的分株, 在种群面积扩张方面更具优势; 而苦草形成分株的数量更多、速度更快, 在提高种群密度保障种群稳定方面更有优势。     

不同土壤质地和淤积深度对大米草生长繁殖的影响

盐沼湿地生态系统中的土壤质地和淤积深度由于受到潮汐和生物的协同作用会发生相应的变化, 将对植物个体生长与湿地植被分布产生影响。本文通过智能温室人工模拟控制土壤质地和淤积深度实验, 分析了不同土壤质地(粘土和混合土)及淤积深度(无淤积、淤积植株高度1/4、淤积植株高度1/2及淤积植株高度3/4)对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica)种群的生长繁殖特征及生物量积累的影响。结果表明: 粘土促进叶面积、叶片数及根状茎数的增加, 并增加根状茎总长、根状茎生物量及地上生物量的积累; 而混合土(粘土与沙土体积比为1:1)增加了克隆分株数、总生物量、地下生物量及根生物量。除叶面积在淤积株高3/4处理下达到最大值外, 其他指标均在淤积株高1/2处理下达到最大值。由此推断, 大米草种群较适宜的土壤质地及淤积深度为粘土淤积株高的1/2处。据此推测, 可通过相应的生物及工程措施来改良土壤质地及通过改变淤积深度来有效管理我国海岸带大米草的分布, 为控制大米草在海岸带盐沼中的入侵与种群扩张提供了理论依据。     

不同生境下假臭草生长特征分析

通过测定庄稼地、弃耕地、桉树林、公路边4种生境下假臭草叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、LDMC和株高等形态特征、植株各构件生物量及生物量分配比和假臭草种群盖度、密度等种群数量性状,研究不同生境类型下假臭草个体的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群生长状况的差异。结果表明:光照和土壤养分对假臭草的形态特征、生物量及生物量分配和种群数量性状的影响显著;低光照、高土壤养分生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较高,假臭草叶片的LDMC较小,植株的花序数较少,生物量主要向叶和茎器官进行分配,根和花果器官的生物量分配则受到限制;高光照、养分贫瘠生境下假臭草的LA、SLA、株高较低,假臭草叶片的LDMC较大,生物量主要向根和花果器官进行分配,种群的盖度、密度、生物量和高度等种群数量性状较低,种群生长状况较差;高光照、肥沃养分生境为假臭草的最适生境,假臭草构件的资源配置较为优化,株高、基径粗、冠宽和花序数等形态指标较大,种群盖度、密度、生物量等种群数量性状较大,种群生长较好。     

克隆生长对被子植物传粉过程的影响

克隆植物与其传粉者的相互作用是植物繁殖生态学的重要研究领域之一。植物克隆生长与有性繁殖通常相伴进行, 往往产生较大的花展示与复杂的克隆空间结构, 通过传粉过程对有性繁殖过程产生影响, 共同决定植物的适合度。本文回顾了克隆生长对被子植物传粉过程影响的国内外研究进展, 从植物克隆大小、花资源空间配置、克隆构型与种群遗传结构四个方面讨论了克隆生长对传粉过程的影响及其生态学与进化生物学意义。早期研究预期, 随着克隆增大, 同株异花授粉水平增加, 因而通过增大自交率或花粉阻塞效应降低植物的适合度。但是, 后来的一些模拟与野外实验研究发现, 传粉者在同一克隆内访问的花数量并不会随克隆增大而一直增加, 访花行为也主要发生在分株内; 而且分子标记的自交率组分分析也表明自交主要发生在分株内。另一方面, 人工模型模拟以及传粉者访问行为研究表明, 当花朵数量相同时, 与所有花集中生长在同一分株上相比, 将花朵分散在多个分株上的克隆生长方式不会增加, 反而降低了同株异花授粉的发生水平。如果花序内花雌雄同熟, 花朵同时提供与接收花粉, 克隆生长会使植物接收到更高比例的异交花粉, 在提高后代质量的同时不增加同株异花授粉概率。这是从传粉生物学角度对植物克隆生长习性进化的一个全新的解释。今后, 克隆植物传粉生物学研究需要针对传粉者与克隆生长之间的相互作用建立理论模型, 探究克隆大小、克隆构型、花资源空间配置模式对传粉者访问频率和行为、花粉散布、交配格局的影响。同时, 需要在自然种群中, 尤其是克隆与非克隆的近缘类群、同一物种克隆与非克隆种群开展比较研究, 利用更高效的分子标记来研究克隆生长的生态与进化意义。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.