林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

林火干扰是森林生态系统特殊而重要的生态因子,可改变生态系统的养分循环与能量传递。研究林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响,有助于理解森林生态系统中土壤碳固持和碳循环过程,为制定科学合理的旨在减缓全球变化的林火管理策略具有重要意义。从4个方面阐述了林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响及内在机制:分别从大尺度和小尺度两个方面阐述了林火干扰对土壤有机碳的影响及对森林生态系统碳循环与碳平衡的作用机制;探讨了不同林火干扰类型和林火干扰强度下,土壤活性有机碳对林火干扰的响应机制;阐明了林火干扰对土壤惰性有机碳的影响及作用机制;论述了林火干扰主要通过改变土壤有机碳的输入和输出过程进而影响土壤有机碳的稳定性及内在机制。最后提出了提高林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳影响定量化研究的4种路径选择:(1)全面比较研究不同林火干扰类型对土壤有机碳循环及其碳素再分配过程的功能特征;(2)进一步阐明林火干扰通过改变植被结构进而影响土壤生物群落结构,剖析土壤碳库循环的内在机制;(3)完善不同时空尺度下林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤碳库周转过程的定量化研究;(4)加强不同林火干扰类型土壤碳库稳定性差异的研究。     

土壤有机碳对外源氮添加的响应及其机制

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成, 在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。受元素化学计量平衡调控作用, 氮输入的增加将会对土壤有机碳库产生重要影响。然而, 目前关于陆地生态系统碳库对氮添加的响应主要集中在植被碳库, 对土壤碳库研究较少, 且研究结论争议较大, 尤其对其响应机制缺少系统梳理。该文作者通过对已有文献进行梳理, 认为生态系统类型、土壤碳变化的检测方法、土壤深度, 以及土壤稳定性碳和易变碳含量的差异可能是造成当前研究土壤碳汇增量(每克氮输入所增加的碳)差异的重要原因。氮添加条件下土壤有机碳的积累机制可能包括3个方面: 1)氮添加增加了凋落物输入, 促进了碳积累; 2)氮添加减少土壤碳输出, 尤其是抑制了稳定性碳的分解; 3)促进土壤腐殖质及稳定性碳的形成。此外, 该文结合当前研究中存在的不足, 提出今后需加强对深层土壤碳、土壤可溶性有机碳的淋溶及吸附, 以及不同土壤碳组分对氮添加的响应研究, 并通过改进检测方法减少氮添加条件下碳储量的测量误差。     

黄土典型坝系流域碳沉积特征及其源解析

沉积物信息能够反映流域侵蚀环境变化,研究沉积物碳赋存规律对流域侵蚀过程和生态恢复具有重要指示意义。本文选取黄土高原典型坝系流域,通过土壤沉积剖面取样和室内测试分析,同时利用稳定同位素技术,分析了坝地及沟道沉积土壤剖面的碳分布特征及其来源解析。结果显示：（1）淤地坝沉积土壤总碳含量和土壤有机碳含量变化范围分别为12.80-14.76 g/kg和1.34-3.53 g/kg;沟道沉积土壤总碳含量和土壤有机碳含量变化范围分别为13.61-17.86 g/kg和1.52-5.04 g/kg。（2）淤地坝土壤总碳含量在土壤深度0-100 cm和350-500 cm区间波动较为平缓,100-350 cm波动较大;沟道0-200 cm土壤层总碳含量沉积变化较大,而200-390 cm土壤层变化平缓。淤地坝和沟道沉积土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度增加呈现降低趋势。（3）淤地坝有机碳同位素变化范围为-23.96‰——22.09‰,整体上呈现表层土偏正,并随土壤深度增加而呈现偏负的趋势;沟道沉积土壤有机碳同位素变化范围为-27.04‰——24.58‰,随土壤随深度增加呈现偏正的趋势。（4）羊圈沟坝地表层土壤有机碳多来源于灌木（占96.80%）,沟道表层土壤有机碳则多来自于灌木和草地（分别占62.05%、32.4%）。     

易分解有机碳对不同恢复年限森林土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳库作为陆地生态系统最大的碳库,其微小的改变都将引起大气CO_2浓度的急剧改变。易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正/负激发效应加快/减缓土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化,并最终影响土壤碳平衡。以长汀县不同恢复年限森林(裸地、5年、15年、30年马尾松林以及天然林)土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养向土壤中添加~(13)C标记葡萄糖研究易分解有机碳输入对不同恢复阶段森林土壤激发效应的影响。研究结果表明,易分解有机碳输入引起的土壤激发效应的方向和强度因不同恢复阶段而异。易分解有机碳输入的初期对各恢复阶段森林土壤均产生正的激发效应,然而随着时间的推移,15年、30年马尾松林以及天然林相继出现负的激发效应。从整个培养期(59 d)来看,易分解有机碳的输入促进了裸地与5年生马尾松林土壤有机碳的矿化,有机碳的矿化量分别提高了131%±27%与25%±5%;但是减缓了15年生马尾松林土壤有机碳的矿化,使其矿化量减少了10%±1%;然而,易分解有机碳输入对30年生马尾松林及天然林土壤有机碳的矿化则无明显影响。土壤累积激发碳量与葡萄糖添加前后土壤氮素的改变百分比呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.44,P0.05),表明易分解有机碳输入诱导的土壤激发效应受土壤氮素可利用性的调控,土壤微生物需要通过分解原有土壤有机碳释放的氮素来满足自身的需求。     

培养条件下枯落物分解过程中微生物残体对土壤有机碳形成的贡献

采用黄土丘陵区多年生C3草本植物长芒草为对象,模拟“枯落物-土壤”转换界面,进行了为期512 d的室内分解试验,对枯落物分解过程中界面土层微生物残体和土壤碳组分动态进行了研究。结果表明：土壤微生物残体的形成在分解早期和中期由真菌主导,而在晚期由细菌主导。真菌残体碳对矿物结合态有机碳的贡献率(38.7%～75.8%)明显高于细菌(9.2%～22.5%),是细菌残体贡献率的3～4倍。土壤有机碳含量在枯落物分解过程中呈下降趋势。植物碳源的输入调动了微生物对土壤碳组分的利用。颗粒态有机碳分解早期和晚期持续下降,成为土壤有机碳含量减少的直接原因;而微生物残体碳和矿质结合态有机碳的波动变化对土壤有机碳含量的降低只起到间接作用。一次性外源添加枯落物引起的土壤微生物残体碳的增加并没有直接贡献土壤有机碳的积累。     

松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

基于1979—1985年全国第二次土壤普查和2015年实地采样数据,利用土壤类型法计算了近35年来松嫩平原及其各县农田表层土壤有机碳密度和土壤碳库储量;并分析了松嫩平原农田土壤有机碳密度的空间分布及变化特征;利用饱和值法对松嫩平原及其各县市农田土壤有机碳量的变化趋势进行拟合,估算其农田土壤的固碳潜力。结果表明:(1)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳密度平均值为1.61 kg/m~2,近35年来约有81.59%的农田土壤有机碳密度呈下降趋势,集中分布在松嫩平原北部、东部和东南部地区,以富裕县东部、依安县中部、肇东县西部、扶余县西部等地区土壤有机碳密度下降幅度最大;(2)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤有机碳库总储量为233.63 Tg,比全国第二次土壤普查减少了32.62 Tg;(3)2015年松嫩平原农田表层土壤总固碳潜力为-32.7 TgC,呈现出"碳源"趋势,农田土壤单位面积固碳潜力平均值为-1.793×10~(-3)Tg/km~2。     

黄土高原羊圈沟小流域土地利用时空变化的土壤有机碳效应

土地利用变化是影响土壤有机碳储量和分布变化的重要驱动因素,为进一步探讨土地利用变化对土壤有机碳的影响,根据土壤样点数据、土地利用类型图,分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区羊圈沟小流域2006—2011年土地利用变化及其对表层土壤有机碳密度和储量的影响,主要结论如下:(1)小流域土地利用发生较大变化,主要集中在乔木林地和灌木林地面积的增加,分别为39.697、46.404 hm2;以及草地面积的减少,为64.030 hm2;(2)土地利用方式的变化会导致土壤有机碳密度及储量的变化,其中转变用地类型的土壤有机碳储量增加587.25 kg,以荒草地转出类型增加的土壤表层有机碳储量最多,为441.64 kg;灌木林地转出类型减少的土壤表层有机碳储量最多,为-21.01 kg。草地-灌木林地、草地-乔木林地、坡耕地-草地、坡耕地-灌木林地、坡耕地-乔木林地、坡耕地-坝地、梯田-草地、梯田-灌木林地、梯田-乔木林地、梯田-坝地、坝地-草地、坝地-灌木林地、坝地-乔木林地等转换用地类型的表层土壤碳密度增加值高于保持用地类型碳密度的增加值,说明这些地类的转换有利于表层土壤有机碳储量的增加,即有利于表层土壤碳汇的形成;而其他地类转换造成了表层土壤的碳排放,应该引起足够的重视;(3)土壤固碳应着眼于长期效应,频繁的土地利用类型转化可能会降低土壤碳截流效果,黄土丘陵区植被重建的长期利用和保持更有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

氮输入对东北土壤碳蓄积氮素利用效率的影响

由于人类活动影响,通过沉降和施肥方式进入生态系统的活性氮显著增加,其对土壤有机碳库产生重要影响。氮素利用效率(NUE)作为深入理解陆地生态系统碳氮耦合关系的重要参数,对NUE时空规律的研究不仅可以评估目前氮输入对陆地生态系统碳汇增加的贡献,同时也有助于预测未来氮输入情况下陆地生态系统的碳平衡。利用生态系统过程模型——CEVSA2模型的模拟结果,分析了东北地区氮输入情况下,土壤碳的氮素利用效率(SNUE)的时空变化规律及其影响因素,结果表明:(1)1961—2010年,氮输入的显著增加促进了土壤碳的蓄积,但SNUE显著下降;(2)森林的平均SNUE最高,农田最低;灌丛的下降速率最大,森林的SNUE变化趋势最不显著;(3)三江平原和长白山地区以及大小兴安岭的部分地区SNUE最大,其次是辽河平原、松嫩平原地区;内蒙古高原、呼伦贝尔高原地区以及大、小兴安岭的部分地区SNUE出现负值,说明在这些地区,外援氮输入抑制了土壤碳的蓄积;(4)氮输入的空间分异和不同生态系统响应氮输入的差异共同决定了SNUE及其变化的空间格局。该研究结果可为进一步分析不同区域氮促汇潜力和预测未来氮输入情景下的区域碳平衡提供参考。     

常绿阔叶林与杉木林的土壤碳矿化潜力及其对土壤活性有机碳的影响

采用室内土壤培养法,比较分析了湖南省会同地区常绿阔叶林、杉木纯林土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累计矿化量,分析了有机碳矿化量与土壤活性有机碳初始含量的关系。结果表明:常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累计矿化量均显著高于杉木纯林。在培养的第21天,在培养温度为9℃和28℃条件下,常绿阔叶林0～10和10～20cm土层的土壤有机碳累计矿化量为杉木纯林的1.7～2.7倍。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例高于杉木纯林。林地土壤有机碳矿化量受土壤微生物碳、可溶性有机碳初始含量的影响(P<0.01)。土壤有机碳矿化使土壤微生物碳增加而可溶性有机碳下降,但变化幅度均不大。温度从9℃升高到28℃后,林地土壤有机碳矿化速率提高3.1～4.5倍;2林地有机碳矿化对温度的敏感性无显著差异。     

生态恢复对红壤侵蚀地土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响

为了研究红壤侵蚀区生态恢复过程中土壤有机碳的组成与动态变化,选择红壤侵蚀区生态恢复10 a和30 a的马尾松林为对象,以侵蚀裸地和次生林为对照,应用土壤有机碳物理分组方法,研究了侵蚀地植被恢复过程中表层土壤粗颗粒态有机碳(cPOC)、细颗粒态有机碳(f POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)含量及POC/MOC比值的变化。结果表明:生态恢复显著提高了土壤有机碳含量(P0.05),土壤中不同组分有机碳含量也相应增加。生态恢复10 a,土壤有机碳主要以f POC形式积累,cPOC和MOC没有显著变化,其中0—10 cm土层POC占总土壤有机碳(SOC)比例高达64.1%,但稳定性较差。与恢复10 a相比,生态恢复至30 a时,0—10 cm土壤f POC含量相对不变,cPOC和MOC含量均显著增加(P0.05),10—20 cm土壤f POC和MOC增加量达到显著水平,而cPOC含量仍未显著增加,说明生态恢复过程中土壤固碳模式符合SOC饱和理论。生态恢复过程中土壤POC/MOC比值呈先升高后降低的趋势,且表层土壤大于亚表层土壤,说明随着生态恢复时间的增加,土壤有机碳稳定性逐渐提高,且亚表层土壤高于表层。因此,生态恢复对于侵蚀地碳固定的长期有效性具有重要意义。     

Losses of soil organic carbon under wind erosion in China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage generally represents the long‐term net balance of photosynthesis and total respiration in terrestrial ecosystems. However, soil erosion can affect SOC content by direct removal of soil and reduction of the surface soil depth; it also affects plant growth and soil biological activity, soil air CO₂ concentration, water regimes, soil temperature, soil respiration, carbon flux to the atmosphere, and carbon deposition in soil. In arid and semi‐arid region of northern China, wind erosion caused soil degradation and desert expansion. This paper estimated the SOC loss of the surface horizon at eroded regions based on soil property and wind erosion intensity data. The SOC loss in China because of wind erosion was about 75 Tg C yr^?1 in 1990s. The spatial pattern of SOC loss indicates that SOC loss of the surface horizon increases significantly with the increase of soil wind erosion intensity. The comparison of SOC loss and annual net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem was discussed in wind erosion regions of China. We found that NPP is also low in the eroded regions and heavy SOC loss often occurs in regions where NPP is very small. However, there is potential to improve our study to resolve uncertainty on the soil organic matter oxidation and soil deposition processes in eroded and deposited sites.     

Soil organic carbon dust emission: an omitted global source of atmospheric CO2

Soil erosion redistributes soil organic carbon (SOC) within terrestrial ecosystems, to the atmosphere and oceans. Dust export is an essential component of the carbon (C) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) budget because wind erosion contributes to the C cycle by removing selectively SOC from vast areas and transporting C dust quickly offshore; augmenting the net loss of C from terrestrial systems. However, the contribution of wind erosion to rates of C release and sequestration is poorly understood. Here, we describe how SOC dust emission is omitted from national C accounting, is an underestimated source of CO₂ and may accelerate SOC decomposition. Similarly, long dust residence times in the unshielded atmospheric environment may considerably increase CO₂ emission. We developed a first approximation to SOC enrichment for a well‐established dust emission model and quantified SOC dust emission for Australia (5.83 Tg CO₂‐e yr^?1) and Australian agricultural soils (0.4 Tg CO₂‐e yr^?1). These amount to underestimates for CO₂ emissions of ≈10% from combined C pools in Australia (year = 2000), ≈5% from Australian Rangelands and ≈3% of Australian Agricultural Soils by Kyoto Accounting. Northern hemisphere countries with greater dust emission than Australia are also likely to have much larger SOC dust emission. Therefore, omission of SOC dust emission likely represents a considerable underestimate from those nations’ C accounts. We suggest that the omission of SOC dust emission from C cycling and C accounting is a significant global source of uncertainty. Tracing the fate of wind‐eroded SOC in the dust cycle is therefore essential to quantify the release of CO₂ from SOC dust to the atmosphere and the contribution of SOC deposition to downwind C sinks.     

Stocks and dynamics of SOC in relation to soil redistribution by water and tillage erosion

Soil organic carbon (SOC) displaced by soil erosion is the subject of much current research and the fundamental question, whether accelerated soil erosion is a source or sink of atmospheric CO₂, remains unresolved. A toposequence of terraced fields as well as a long slope was selected from hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China to determine effects of soil redistribution rates and processes on SOC stocks and dynamics. Soil samples for the determination of caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs), SOC, total N and soil particle size fractions were collected at 5 m intervals along a transect down the two toposequences. ¹³⁷Cs data showed that along the long slope transect soil erosion occurred in upper and middle slope positions and soil deposition appeared in the lower part of the slope. Along the terraced transect, soil was lost over the upper parts of the slopes and deposition occurred towards the downslope boundary on each terrace, resulting in very abrupt changes in soil redistribution over short distances either side of terrace boundaries that run parallel with the contour on the steep slopes. These data reflect a difference in erosion process; along the long slope transect, water erosion is the dominant process, while in the terraced landscape soil distribution is mainly the result of tillage erosion. SOC inventories (mass per unit area) show a similar pattern to the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, with relatively low SOC content in the erosional sites and high SOC content in depositional areas. However, in the terraced field landscape C/N ratios were highest in the depositional areas, while along the long slope transect, C/N ratios were highest in the erosional areas. When the samples are subdivided based on ¹³⁷Cs‐derived erosion and deposition data, it is found that the erosional areas have similar C/N ratios for both toposequences, while the C/N ratios in depositional areas are significantly different from each other. These differences are attributed to the difference in soil erosion processes; tillage erosion is mainly responsible for high‐SOC inventories at depositional positions on terraced fields, whereas water erosion plays a primary role in SOC storage at depositional positions on the long slope. These data support the theory that water erosion may cause a loss of SOC due to selective removal of the most labile fraction of SOC, while on the other hand tillage erosion only transports the soil over short distances with less effect on the total SOC stock.     

Soil C erosion and burial in cropland

Erosion influences the lateral and vertical distribution of soil in agricultural landscapes. A better understanding of the effects of erosion and redistribution on soil organic carbon (C) within croplands would improve our knowledge of how management practices may affect global C dynamics. In this study, the vertical and lateral distribution of soil organic C was characterized to evaluate the amounts and timescales of soil organic C movement, deposition and burial over the last 50 years in different agroecosystems across Canada. There was strong evidence that a substantial portion of eroded sediment and soil organic C was deposited as colluvium close to its source area, thereby burying the original topsoil. The deepest aggraded profile was in a potato field and contained over 70 cm of deposited soil indicating an accumulation rate of 152 Mg ha yr^?1; aggraded profiles in other sites had soil deposition rates of 40–90 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1. The largest stock of soil organic C was 463 Mg ha^?1 (to 60 cm depth) and soil C deposition ranged from about 2 to 4 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1 across all sites. A distinct feature observed in the aggraded profiles at every site was the presence of a large increase in soil organic C concentration near the bottom of the A horizon; the concentration of this C was greater than that at the soil surface. Compared to aggraded profiles, the SOC concentration in eroded profiles did not differ with depth, suggesting that dynamic replacement of soil organic C had occurred in eroded soils. A large amount of soil organic C is buried in depositional areas of Canadian croplands; mineralization of this stock of C appears to have been constrained since burial, but it may be vulnerable to future loss by management practices, land use change and a warming climate.     

黑土坡耕地有机碳及其组分累积-损耗格局对耕作侵蚀与水蚀的响应

耕作与水蚀是黑土区坡耕地碳库退化的主导因素,为进一步探究土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分对不同侵蚀驱动力(耕作、水力)的响应格局,基于该区耕作侵蚀与水蚀模型,在定量表达耕作侵蚀-沉积量与水蚀量的基础上,利用地统计学的方法,分析了东北黑土区典型漫岗地形坡面尺度SOC及其3种组分的空间分布特征.结果表明: 耕作侵蚀与沉积速率分别表现为坡上>坡下>坡中>坡脚和坡脚>坡下>坡中>坡上;水蚀速率表现为坡下>坡脚>坡中>坡上;坡下陡坡位置耕作侵蚀与水蚀协同引起严重的土壤流失.虽然耕作侵蚀速率(0.02～7.02 t·hm^-2·a^-1)远小于水蚀速率(5.96～101.17 t·hm^-2·a^-1),但耕作侵蚀在全坡面范围均可对SOC产生不同程度的影响,而水蚀则主要在坡下径流汇集区显著影响SOC的累积-损耗.受水蚀与耕作侵蚀-沉积作用影响,SOC、颗粒有机碳、水溶性有机碳在侵蚀点含量低于沉积点,而微生物生物量碳变化趋势相反;耕作侵蚀通过影响颗粒有机碳参与SOC的积累-损耗过程.     

东北黑土区坡耕地表层土壤颗粒有机碳和团聚体结合碳的空间分布

北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定不同侵蚀程度地形部位表层土壤不同粒级有机碳、水稳性团聚体及其结合碳含量,探讨土壤侵蚀和沉积作用对表层土壤有机碳（SOC）损失、迁移和累积的影响.研究结果表明：与侵蚀微弱的坡顶相比,严重侵蚀的坡肩部位表层土壤水稳性大团聚体、矿质结合碳（IOC）和团聚体结合碳含量分别减少23﹪、17.5﹪和8.7﹪,而土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）含量无明显差异.长期处于沉积状态的坡脚部位,表层土壤大团聚体、POC和大团聚体结合碳含量分别较坡顶低56.1﹪、47.9﹪和67﹪;而IOC和微团聚体结合碳分别较坡顶高10﹪和18.7﹪.研究结果反映了土壤侵蚀以及耕作倾向于破坏水稳性大团聚体,其内部包裹的轻质、细颗粒物质易被地表水流迁移流失,加上下层土壤的稀释作用,导致侵蚀部位SOC减少.轻质活性碳组分在迁移和累积过程中易被微生物利用分解,沉积区土壤以IOC和微团聚体碳为主,形成一个惰性碳汇.     

1995～2000年中国沙地空间格局变化的遥感研究

利用遥感方法 ,在覆盖全国的 Landsat-TM数据的基础上 ,对 1 995年和 2 0 0 0年中国沙地的空间分布格局与动态变化进行了调查。结果显示了 2 0 0 0年中国沙地总面积为 5 9× 1 0 4 km2 ,主要分布于各主要沙漠和我国的 7个主要省份。1 995～ 2 0 0 0年 ,有 470 9.7km2的土地转化为沙地 ,同时又有 2 1 5 6.4km2的沙地转化为其它土地利用类型 ,沙地总面积扩大了2 5 5 3 .3 km2 。对变化为沙地的土地进行分析 ,发现草地占主要部分 ,但耕地所占的比重也非常突出 ,同时也表明有部分沙地变化为草地和耕地。根据土地沙化的空间分布特征 ,将土地沙化过程分为 5种格局 :沙地 -绿洲型、沙漠型、沙地 -黄土过渡型、沙地 -草地型和高原风蚀型。通过对中国发生土地风蚀沙化的主要省份在 1 995～ 2 0 0 0年间的土地利用动态变化发现 ,土地利用变化是促使土地发生沙化的一个重要因素。在 5 a的时间里 ,7个省份耕地总面积扩大了 90 3 9.7km2 ,草地减少了 1 1 5 97.9km2。耕地的增加部分几乎均表现为对草地的侵占 ,土地变为沙地也主要发生在草地区。人为因素导致的耕地面积扩大是促使土地沙化的重要原因。对主要省份的土地利用方式进行分析 ,探讨不同地区减轻土地沙化趋势下的土地利用布局。     

Digging deeper: A holistic perspective of factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems

The global magnitude (Pg) of soil organic carbon (SOC) is 677 to 0.3‐m, 993 to 0.5‐m, and 1,505 to 1‐m depth. Thus, ~55% of SOC to 1‐m lies below 0.3‐m depth. Soils of agroecosystems are depleted of their SOC stock and have a low use efficiency of inputs of agronomic yield. This review is a collation and synthesis of articles published in peer‐reviewed journals. The rates of SOC sequestration are scaled up to the global level by linear extrapolation. Soil C sink capacity depends on depth, clay content and mineralogy, plant available water holding capacity, nutrient reserves, landscape position, and the antecedent SOC stock. Estimates of the historic depletion of SOC in world soils, 115–154 (average of 135) Pg C and equivalent to the technical potential or the maximum soil C sink capacity, need to be improved. A positive soil C budget is created by increasing the input of biomass‐C to exceed the SOC losses by erosion and mineralization. The global hotspots of SOC sequestration, soils which are farther from C saturation, include eroded, degraded, desertified, and depleted soils. Ecosystems where SOC sequestration is feasible include 4,900 Mha of agricultural land including 332 Mha equipped for irrigation, 400 Mha of urban lands, and ~2,000 Mha of degraded lands. The rate of SOC sequestration (Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) is 0.25–1.0 in croplands, 0.10–0.175 in pastures, 0.5–1.0 in permanent crops and urban lands, 0.3–0.7 in salt‐affected and chemically degraded soils, 0.2–0.5 in physically degraded and prone to water erosion, and 0.05–0.2 for those susceptible to wind erosion. Global technical potential of SOC sequestration is 1.45–3.44 Pg C/year (2.45 Pg C/year).     

Quantifying carbon sequestration as a result of soil erosion and deposition: retrospective assessment using caesium-137 and carbon inventories

The role of soil erosion in the global carbon cycle remains a contested subject. A new approach to the retrospective derivation of erosion‐induced quantitative fluxes of carbon between soil and atmosphere is presented and applied. The approach is based on the premise that soil redistribution perturbs the carbon cycle by driving disequilibrium between soil carbon content and input. This perturbation is examined by establishing the difference between measured carbon inventories and the inventories that would be found if input and content were in dynamic equilibrium. The carbon inventory of a profile in dynamic equilibrium is simulated by allowing lateral and vertical redistribution of carbon but treating all other profile inputs as equal to outputs. Caesium‐137 is used to derive rates of vertical and lateral soil redistribution. Both point and field‐scale estimates of carbon exchange with the atmosphere are derived using the approach for a field subject to mechanized agricultural in the United Kingdom. Sensitivity analysis is undertaken and demonstrates that the approach is robust. The results indicate that, despite a 15% decline in the carbon content of the cultivation layer of the eroded part of the field, this area has acted as a net sink of 11 ± 2 g C m^?2 yr^?1 over the last half century and that in the field as a whole, soil redistribution has driven a sink of 7 ± 2 g C m^?2 yr^?1 (6 ± 2 g C m^?2 yr^?1 if all eroded carbon transported beyond the field boundary is lost to the atmosphere) over the same period. This is the first empirical evidence for, and quantification of, dynamic replacement of eroded carbon. The relatively modest field‐scale net sink is more consistent with the identification of erosion and deposition as a carbon sink than a carbon source. There is a clear need to assemble larger databases with which to evaluate critically the carbon sequestration potential of erosion and deposition in a variety of conditions of agricultural management, climate, relief, and soil type. In any case, this study demonstrated that the operation of erosion and deposition processes within the boundaries of agricultural fields must be understood as a key driver of the net carbon cycle consequences of cultivating land.     

科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化

通过地面调查,研究了沙漠化对科尔沁沙地农田和草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量的影响.结果表明,随着沙漠化的发展,科尔沁沙地土壤碳、氮含量明显下降.和非沙漠化农田相比,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化农田土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别下降12.3%和15.3%、22.2%和24.7%、39.5%和44.7%、64.4%和63.5%;和非沙漠化草地相比,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别下降了56.3%和48.7%、78.4%和74.4%、88.9%和84.6%、91.6%和84.6%.截至2000年,科尔沁沙漠化总面积已经达到50197.5 km2,由于沙漠化而导致的土壤有机碳和全氮损失总量分别为36.39 Mt和7.89 Mt,其中草地分别占91.12%和86.06%,农田分别占8.88%和13.94%.相关分析结果表明,土壤有机碳和全氮的损失主要源于风蚀所引起的土壤粘粉粒的减少.因此,在科尔沁沙地,防治土壤风蚀对于减少农田和草地土壤碳、氮损失极为重要.