海平面上升对中国红树林影响的几个问题

海平面上升对分布在海岸交错带的红树林有着直接的影响。温度、波浪与潮汐、底质与盐度等因素控制着红树林的分布。海平面上升引起潮汐浸淹程度增加影响红树林在潮滩上的横向分布,红树林向陆地一侧迁移。在中国,海平面上升与海堤的阻隔共同威胁着红树林的生存,红树林主要分布地的小潮差增加了红树林对海平面上升的敏感性。中国红树林对海平面上升异常敏感。目前国内关于海平面上升对红树林影响的研究主要存在的问题是:缺乏从红树林群落结构角度研究海平面上升与海堤对红树林的影响,红树林地面高程变化研究薄弱,亟需建立一个红树林应对海平面上升的监测网络——地面高程水平标志层监测网络。     

不同潮汐和盐度下红树植物幼苗秋茄的化学计量特征

借助室内潮汐模拟系统,分析秋茄幼苗的叶片、茎,根在不同淹浸时间梯度和盐度梯度下N、P、K、Ca、Cl、Mg、Al、Fe、Zn、Cu、B等元素的化学计量特征变化.结果表明水文因子能够显著影响秋茄不同器官的化学计量特征;幼苗的元素化学计量在盐度和淹浸两类水文因子下表现出不同的响应特征:特别是N、K、Ca、Cl、Mg、Na、Zn,Cu元素含量在不同程度的水文胁迫下存在明显的差异;盐度组内,幼苗对Na,Cl的选择性吸收随盐度增高而增强,同时对K、Ca,Mg的吸收减弱;随盐度的增大,盐分(Na、Cl、K、Ca、Mg)在不同器官中的含量表现出趋同效应;淹浸组N:P比为3-11,盐度组N:P比为6-15,明显小于同类研究.综合分析认为秋茄幼苗受到N元素限制,而P元素始终未成为限制因子,随水文胁迫的加强,N限制也加大,且盐度胁迫比淹浸胁迫表现的更明显.通过化学计量学和水文学的分析,为摸清中国红树林保护和恢复的主要红树植物秋茄的适生环境提供科学依据.     

五种红树植物通气组织对人工非潮汐生境的响应

红树植物自然条件下生长于河口、海岸潮间带。受潮汐作用影响,红树植物在生理、形态、结构上对渍水环境产生了相应的适应机制。其中红树植物通气组织的发达程度与其耐淹水的能力具有很高的相关性,是衡量红树植物耐淹浸能力的重要依据。利用测定孔隙率和石蜡切片面积比两种方法揭示了华南地区5种红树植物优势种：白骨壤 (Avicennia marina)、红海榄 (Rhizophora stylosa)、木榄 (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、秋茄 (Kandelia candel)和桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)在自然条件和人工生境下根通气组织的发育规律,并用石蜡切片研究了茎和叶的通气组织发育状况。结果表明：两种方法测得根的通气组织发育程度的结果相关性显著（P<0.05）。5种红树植物通气组织主要产生于根部,茎和叶发育较少,除了潮汐生境中白骨壤根的通气组织为根、茎、叶总和的48.16%、非潮汐生境中桐花树根为43.81%,其余树种根部通气组织占总体的50%以上。自然潮间带生境中,桐花树、木榄、白骨壤、秋茄、红海榄,通气组织分别为(14.98±3.34)%、(27.83±2.3)%、(29.64±3.17)%、(3009±4.12)%、(42.12±3.14)%,通气组织比例与其在潮间带上的分带性和演替序列较为吻合。非潮汐人工生境下,红海榄、木榄、秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤根部通气组织较自然生境下均有所增加,说明各树种对非潮汐淹浸条件具备一定的适应力。根据非潮汐生境下通气组织的比例可判定它们对恒定水位的适应能力依次为：桐花树>白骨壤>秋茄>木榄>红海榄。红树植物对非潮汐淹浸条件的适应有利于在沿海地区开展人工生境下红树林的栽培与推广应用,研究结果对提高栽培成活率,更大限度地发挥红树林的生态服务价值,具有重大的实践意义。     

闽江河口区淡水和半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌多样性

为认识盐度对河口潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的影响,应用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口区淡水-半咸水盐度梯度上分布的4个短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构进行研究。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构受盐度影响明显,位于下洋洲和塔礁洲的短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的香农-威纳多样性指数值分别为2.81和2.65,位于蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌香农-威纳多样性指数值分别仅为2.33和2.27。系统发育分析表明:短叶茳芏沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌类群主要有甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales),包括Methanobacterium、Methanobrevibacter和Methanobacteriaceae;甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales),主要有Methanoregula,以及甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),主要有Methanosarcina和Methanococcoides。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌有Methanoregula、Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,而短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌则转化为仅以Methanoregula为主。     

环境因子对盐田蚕豆虫(Fabrea salina Henneguy)生长的影响

本研究所用的两个克隆的盐田蚕豆虫(Fabrea sarlina)Z_3、Z_4分别从青岛南万盐场及新疆艾比湖分离出来。Z_3虫体的平均大小为200×118μ,Z_4为228×150μ;孢囊大小Z_3为134×108μ,Z_4为135×108μ。Z_3、Z_4对盐度的耐受范围分别为9—150‰,9—180‰。Z_3、Z_4对温度的耐受范围均为-5℃-40℃。Z_3、Z_4对pH的耐受范围分别为4.01-12.27、3.36-11.70。Z_3在盐度60—100‰及40℃时生长得最好,而Z_4在盐鹿100‰及30℃时生长得最好。     

连云港海岸岩相潮间带海葵的多样性及生物量

研究了连云港海岸岩相潮间带海葵的分布多样性及生物量。结果表明,海葵的水平分布多样性和生物量与盐度、干扰、海岸开敞度有关;垂直分布多样性和生物量与种类抗干燥度、浪击度、潮汐和食物有关;岩石的空间异质性对海葵的分布多样性具有一定的影响。     

四个类群海洋蛭弧菌类生物生长特性的比较

研究了噬菌弧菌科(Bacteriovoracaceae) 4个类群共12株海洋蛭弧菌类生物(Bdellovibrio- and-like organisms, BALOs)的生长温度和盐度范围及其对6种常见对虾病原弧菌的裂解能力, 并通过透射电镜分析了其中4个代表菌株的形态特征。结果表明, 同一群或亚群内菌株的生长温度或盐度相同, 即类群IV、VI、IX、X菌株的生长温度范围分别为20°C~35°C、15°C~35°C、15°C~ 40°C和10°C~40°C, 最适生长温度为30°C或35°C; 生长盐度范围分别为5‰~40‰、2.5‰~30‰、5‰~60‰和5‰~60‰, 最适生长盐度分别为10‰、5‰、20‰和20‰。测试的6种弧菌中有3种可被全部BALOs裂解, 而其它弧菌仅被部分BALOs裂解, 但即使同一类群菌株, 对某些弧菌也表现不同的裂解能力。形态上, 4株不同类群BALOs均呈典型的弧状细胞, 具极生单鞭毛。     

关注红树林

红树林是热带海岸潮间带的木本群落。由于温暖洋流的影响,有的可分布到亚热带,有的受潮汐影响,也可分布子河口海岸和水陆交迭的地方。因此,红树植物具有在每日浸润的潮间带生长的真红树植物和只有高洪潮方可浸润的高潮带以上的两栖性的半红树植物。红树植物只包括木本植物,一般都没有包括群落周围的统称为伴生植物的草本植物、藤本植物和附生植物。     

孟加拉国红树林

红树林是热带、亚热带海岸的一种特殊的森林群落,其大致分布于南、北回归线之间的范围内,以马来半岛及附近岛屿的生长最繁茂,种类最丰富.世界红树林可分为东、西两群系.东方群系见于印度洋和西太平洋海岸;西方群系分布于热带美洲、西印度群岛及西非海岸.而孟加拉湾(Bay of Bangle)分布的红树林,是印度洋海岸最集中、最典型的,也是世界面积最大的红树林分布区之一.其中孟加拉国占有60%,印度40%.盂加拉国红树林植物计有17科、18属、23种.主要树种是小叶银叶树、海漆、盂加拉角果木、无瓣海桑、药     

半红树植物玉蕊对淹水-盐度胁迫的生长及生理响应

玉蕊(Barringtonia racemosa)是典型的半红树植物,具有重要的药用及观赏价值,目前已被列为濒危植物,亟需保护。为探明不同淹水水位、淹水时长以及水体盐度对玉蕊生长的影响,筛选出适合玉蕊生存的最佳环境组合,该文以二年生玉蕊实生苗为试验材料,模拟全日潮,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验设计,对其生长及生理指标进行分析。结果表明:(1)第1组(淹水水位为地径高、淹水时长为4 h、水体盐度为4‰)、第4组(淹水水位为枝下高、淹水时长为4 h、水体盐度为8‰)、第6组(淹水水位为枝下高、淹水时长为12 h、水体盐度为4‰)最适合玉蕊生长。(2)第5组(淹水水位为枝下高、淹水时长为8 h、水体盐度为12‰)的植株叶片MDA含量最大,POD、CAT活性及可溶性糖含量也达到最大值,表明其通过启动保护酶系统及调节渗透物质有效抵抗逆境。(3)第7组至第9组(淹水水位为植株高)均出现死亡株,死亡率分别为33.33%、8.33%、25%,其中第9组在株高、地径、叶片数的增长量均为最小值。综上结果发现,玉蕊在淹水水位≤枝下高、淹水时长≤12 h、水体盐度≤12‰的环境组合中均表现出积极的形态适应及较强的抗性,能在一定的深度、淹长时长及盐度的潮汐水淹环境下生长,而淹水水位和水体盐度对玉蕊生长影响显著,淹水时长对植株整体影响不大。     

人工红树林幼林藤壶危害及防治研究进展

随着近年来红树林恢复性造林面积的扩大,海洋污损生物藤壶对红树林幼林的危害问题日益突出.文中综述了藤壶附着的生物化学、藤壶在红树林附着的生态学、藤壶对人工红树林幼林的危害和国内所采用的化学药物防治措施等方面的研究进展,以及今后的研究方向.藤壶在红树林的附着和分布模式受海水盐度、浸淹深度、林分郁闭度、水文条件等环境因素和生物因素的影响.而藤壶胶粘蛋白的氨基酸组成、一维结构,胶粘蛋白在水下的交联、组装和胶粘的过程与机制,以及藤壶危害红树幼苗的机制和危害权重尚需要深入探讨.研究红树植物对藤壶附着的响应和长期适应机制将为藤壶的防治提供更多的启示.     

Differentiation between true mangroves and mangrove associates based on leaf traits and salt contents

Aims Mangrove species are classified as true mangroves and mangrove associates. However, as for some fringe species found mainly on the landward transitional zones of mangroves, no consensus among scientists could be reached in favor of this classification and much debate arises. We hypothesized that true mangroves differ from mangrove associates physiologically and ecologically in their ability to survive in mangrove environment.Methods To test this hypothesis, leaf structural traits and osmotic properties were used to describe variation in 33 mangrove species (17 true mangroves, 6 mangrove associates and 10 controversial species).Important findings Specific leaf area (SLA) of true mangroves as well as leaf nitrogen concentration on a leaf mass (Nmass) were lower than that of mangrove associates; leaf succulence was, in general, twice as high in true mangroves compared to mangrove associates; true mangroves accumulated 8–9 times more Na and Cl than mangrove associates and the former had K/Na ratios <0.5, but the latter had K/Na ratios>0.5. These results indicated that true mangroves differed reliably from mangrove associates in leaf traits and osmotic properties. True mangroves are true halophytes and mangrove associates are glycophytes with certain salt tolerance. Combining distribution pattern information, the 10 controversial species were reclassified.     

Recent progresses in mangrove conservation,restoration and research in China

Aims In this paper, we highlighted some key progresses in mangrove conservation, restoration and research in China during last two decades.Methods Based on intensive literature review, we compared the distribution and areas of existing mangroves among selected provinces of China, discussed the issues associated with mangrove conservation and restoration and highlighted major progresses on mangrove research conducted by key institutions or universities in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao.Important findings The population boom and rapid economic developments have greatly reduced mangrove areas in China since 1980s, leaving only 22?700 ha mangroves in mainland China in 2001. Chinese government has launched a series of programs to protect mangroves since 1980s and has established mangrove ecosystems as high-priority areas for improving environmental and living resource management. During last three decades, a total of 34 natural mangrove conservation areas have been established, which accounts for 80% of the total existing mangroves areas in China. Mangrove restoration areas in Mainland China accounted for <7% of the total mangroves areas in 2002. A great deal of research papers on Chinese mangroves has been published in international journals. However, more systematic protection strategies and active restoration measurements are still urgently needed in order to preserve these valuable resources in China.     

Impact of expected climate change on mangroves

There is a consensus of scientific opinion that the activities of man will cause a significant change in the global climate over the next hundred years. The rising level of carbon dioxide and other industrial gases in the atmosphere may lead to global warming with an accompanying rise in sea-level. Mangrove ecosystems grow in the intertidal zones in tropical and sub-tropical regions and are likely to be early indicators of the effects of climate change. The best estimates of predicted climate change in the literature are presented. It is suggested that a rise in mean sea-level may be the most important factor influencing the future distribution of mangroves but that the effect will vary dramatically depending on the local rate of sea-level rise and the availability of sediment to support reestablishment of the mangroves. The predicted rise in mean air temperature will probably be of little consequence to the development of mangroves in general but it may mean that the presence of mangroves will move further north and south, though this will depend on a number of additional factors. The effect of enhanced atmospheric CO₂ on the growth of mangroves is unknown at this time but that there is some evidence that not all species of mangroves will respond similarly. The socio-economic impacts of the effects of climate on mangrove ecosystems may include increased risk of flooding, increased erosion of coast lines, saline intrusion and increased storm surges.     

红树林植被对大型底栖动物群落的影响

大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性.     

1960-2010年广西红树林空间分布演变机制

为全面摸清1960—2010年广西红树林空间分布及其演变机制,采用多源遥感数据提取不同年度的红树林空间分布信息,分析了广西红树林空间分布动态特点,采用基于斑块的红树林空间演变机理分析方法,研究了1960/1976—2010年广西红树林空间演变机制。结果表明:1960/1976年、1990s年、2001年、2007年和2010年广西红树林斑块数量分别为1020、829、1094、1718个和1712个,面积分别为9062.5、7430.1、7015.4、6743.2、7054.3 hm2,近50年间红树林面积减少了22.16%,年均减少0.53%,斑块数量增加了67.8%;斑块平均面积由1960/1976年的8.9 hm2减小至2010年的4.1 hm2,大斑块数量显著减少,斑块破碎化严重;不同时期、不同区域和海湾,红树林面积和斑块数量的变化量、变化速率均不同;1960/1976年的斑块中,只有24个斑块至2010年时尚保持稳定,占2.4%,绝大部分斑块都发生了某种程度的变化。进一步分析结果表明:1960/1976—2010年,斑块消失(46.1%)、碎化(40.4%)、萎缩(13.5%)是面积减少的主要途径,新增(70.0%)和碎化(29.9%)是斑块数量增加的主要途径,但在不同时期,斑块数量和面积在各个途径上发生的变化量不尽相同;养殖塘和盐田建设(80.0%)、工程建设(10.9%)和围垦(9.1%)是面积净减少的驱动因子,自然过程(92.6%)和人工造林(7.4%)是斑块数量净增加的驱动因子,不同驱动因子在不同时期对斑块数量和面积变化的影响程度不同;斑块数量变化主要由自然过程作用下通过新增(39.6%)、消失(-9.1%)两个途径,以及养殖塘和盐田作用下通过消失(-15.3%)、碎化(14.5%)两个途径发生,斑块面积变化主要由自然过程影响下通过新增(17.5%)、扩张(12.6%)、消失(-6.1%),以及养殖塘和盐田建设驱动下通过斑块消失(-14.8%)、碎化(-13.9%)、萎缩(-6.6%)3个途径发生。     

Filling the gaps: phylogeography of the self-fertilizing Kryptolebias species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) along South American mangroves

Mangrove killifishes of the genus Kryptolebias have been historically classified as rare because of their small size and cryptic nature. Major gaps in distribution knowledge across mangrove areas, particularly in South America, challenge the understanding of the taxonomic status, biogeographical patterns and genetic structuring of the lineages composing the self-fertilizing “Kryptolebias marmoratus species complex.” In this study, the authors combined a literature survey, fieldwork and molecular data to fill major gaps of information about the distribution of mangrove killifishes across western Atlantic mangroves. They found that selfing mangrove killifishes are ubiquitously distributed across the Caribbean, Central and South American mangroves and report 14 new locations in South America, extending the range of both the “Central clade” and “Southern clade” lineages which overlap in the Amazon. Although substantial genetic differences were found between clades, the authors also found further genetic structuring within clades, with populations in Central America, north and northeast Brazil generally showing higher levels of genetic diversity compared to the clonal ones in southeast Brazil. The authors discuss the taxonomic status and update the geographical distribution of the Central and Southern clades, as well as potential dispersal routes and biogeographical barriers influencing the distribution of the selfing mangrove killifishes in the western Atlantic mangroves.     

Ecology of mangrove fungi and their role in nutrient cycling: what gaps occur in our knowledge?

Recent investigations have increased our knowledge of the ecology of mangrove fungi. In this paper this information is reviewed with emphasis on biogeography, biodiversity, differences in the tropical and subtropical mycoflora, fungal distribution on mangroves trees, host specificity, vertical zonation and distribution with salinity. Gaps in our knowledge are discussed. There is little knowledge of the role of mangrove fungi in nutrient cycling which is also reviewed. Areas in which knowledge is deficient include quantification techniques for fungal abundance, the nature and activities of fungal extracellular enzymes and fungal modification of mangrove detritus matter, especially the dissolved form.     

Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data

Aim Our scientific understanding of the extent and distribution of mangrove forests of the world is inadequate. The available global mangrove databases, compiled using disparate geospatial data sources and national statistics, need to be improved. Here, we mapped the status and distributions of global mangroves using recently available Global Land Survey (GLS) data and the Landsat archive. Methods We interpreted approximately 1000 Landsat scenes using hybrid supervised and unsupervised digital image classification techniques. Each image was normalized for variation in solar angle and earth–sun distance by converting the digital number values to the top‐of‐the‐atmosphere reflectance. Ground truth data and existing maps and databases were used to select training samples and also for iterative labelling. Results were validated using existing GIS data and the published literature to map ‘true mangroves’. Results The total area of mangroves in the year 2000 was 137,760 km² in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Approximately 75% of world's mangroves are found in just 15 countries, and only 6.9% are protected under the existing protected areas network (IUCN I‐IV). Our study confirms earlier findings that the biogeographic distribution of mangroves is generally confined to the tropical and subtropical regions and the largest percentage of mangroves is found between 5° N and 5° S latitude. Main conclusions We report that the remaining area of mangrove forest in the world is less than previously thought. Our estimate is 12.3% smaller than the most recent estimate by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. We present the most comprehensive, globally consistent and highest resolution (30 m) global mangrove database ever created. We developed and used better mapping techniques and data sources and mapped mangroves with better spatial and thematic details than previous studies.     

1995-2019年广西山口红树林国家级自然保护区互花米草和红树林面积变化

互花米草根系发达,适应环境的能力强,在与其他植物争夺空间和养分的过程中容易占据优势.其作为外来入侵物种已对我国海岸带生态系统造成危害.为了探讨互花米草的入侵对我国红树林生长和扩张所造成的影响,本研究以广西山口红树林国家级自然保护区的红树林为例,通过对1995-2019年8景Land-sat多光谱遥感影像的解译,分析互花...