盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗不同部位矿质元素含量的影响

沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)是我国北方生态脆弱地区造林绿化的一个先锋树种,为进一步揭示其耐盐生理机制,本文采用温室水培方法,研究了0(CK)、100和200mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下沙枣实生幼苗不同部位(根、茎、叶和地上部分)Na、Cl、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、NO_3~--N、SO_4~(2-)-S、P等11种主要矿质元素含量、含量比值以及转移系数的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,盐胁迫沙枣幼苗根、茎、叶以及地上部分Na和Cl含量急剧增加,转移能力显著降低。200 mmol·L-1盐胁迫植株根、茎、叶和地上部分离子含量分别为对照的16.2、7.2、9.6和8.7倍(Na)以及4.8、2.7、3.7和3.4倍(Cl),Na和Cl转移系数分别为对照的53.6%和69.6%。根系成为Na和Cl含量最高的器官,200 mmol·L-1盐胁迫幼苗根Na含量分别是茎、叶Na含量的4.3和2.9倍,根Cl含量分别是茎、叶Cl含量的3.7和1.5倍;(2)盐胁迫沙枣幼苗根、茎、叶和地上部分K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、NO_3~--N、SO_4~(2-)-S、P含量均低于或显著低于对照,K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na比值均大幅低于对照,而Mg、Fe、Cu、SO_4~(2-)-S、P的转移系数则不同程度的高于对照;(3)Ca和Mn的转移系数随着盐胁迫浓度的升高而依次显著升高,K和Ca的转移系数始终维持在较高水平(分别为1.07~1.14和1.03~1.42),且植株体内的K、Ca和Mn优先向叶片分配。综合分析推测,沙枣耐盐主要是通过根系对Na和Cl的聚积与限制作用以及茎有效地限制Na向功能叶片运输来实现的,同时也与沙枣具有较强的K、Ca和Mn转移能力有关。     

中国南方生长于不同基质的天然林植物叶片元素含量特征比较

对比中国南方两个热带喀斯特森林、一个热带红树林和来自文献的一个亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片元素含量和计量特点。结果表明,受碳酸盐岩的影响,西双版纳和弄岗喀斯特森林植物叶片普遍富含Ca、Mg元素,因岩性差异,含有一定白云岩的弄岗地区的植物富集更多的Mg。西双版纳喀斯特森林存在K、Fe、Na、Zn元素的缺乏状况;由于白云岩矿物成分的特殊性和缓慢的风化速度,弄岗喀斯特植物有更高的叶片K、Zn、S含量。红树林植物富集P、Ca、Mg、Na、S元素,海水环境中大量的离子进入土壤被植物吸收利用,提高了红树的养分含量,并且在高盐环境下Na在叶片中大量富集。但是,红树植物表现缺乏Fe、Si、Zn。亚热带常绿阔叶林植物受酸性土影响大,Mn元素大量富集,P与Na的含量缺乏,并且相比其他生境,常绿阔叶林的N、P、Ca、Mg含量较低。西双版纳和弄岗的喀斯特森林植物叶片N/P比分别为14.27和18.26,说明前者受到N、P的共同限制,后者主要为P限制;红树植物N/P比为13.12,受N限制;常绿阔叶林植物本身严重缺P,N/P比为26.27,表现出明显的P限制。所研究的不同基质上的植物,叶片N与P元素之间均呈显著正相关,这种稳定的协同关系是植物适应环境的普遍规律。Ca与Mg两个二价阳离子元素在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而在红树林中则不存在相关性,分析表明Na盐胁迫下增加了Mg的吸收,改变了Ca、Mg的平衡关系。N与K元素在红树林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而由于喀斯特环境中Ca、Mg协同影响了K的吸收,改变了N、K的协同关系。P与Zn在喀斯特森林和红树林中都表现出协同关系,这与两种元素在植物代谢过程中都参与了酶的合成有关。红树植物表现K和Mn的拮抗关系,而在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中均未有相关性。S与P元素在弄岗喀斯特森林中表现出正相关,这种协同性可以帮助喀斯特植物缓解缺P的症状,而在高P的红树植物中没有相关性。研究结果对于森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环模拟和生态系统管理有重要参考意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量和分布的影响

以芦笋盐敏感品种‘NJ978’为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对Na Cl胁迫下芦笋幼苗生长及体内Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和分布的影响。结果表明:在Na Cl胁迫下,幼苗株高、鲜重、干重均显著降低,接种AMF可以有效缓解盐胁迫对芦笋幼苗生长的抑制;Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+含量显著高于对照,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量则显著减少;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗根系K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了76.9%、23.1%和22.5%,而Na+含量则减少了27.4%;AMF+Na Cl处理的芦笋幼苗地上部K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量与Na Cl处理相比,分别增加了58.4%、50.4%和76.0%,而Na+含量则减少了42.3%。与Na Cl处理相比,接种AMF可以降低盐胁迫下芦笋幼苗根系和地上部Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+,提高根系选择吸收性ASK,Na、ASCa,Na、ASMg,Na和根系向地上部的选择运输性TSK,Na、TSCa,Na、TSMg,Na。由此表明,盐胁迫下接种AMF可以通过调节芦笋体内的离子平衡,从而缓解盐胁迫对植株的伤害。     

英罗港红树植物群落不同演替阶段植物元素分布及其与土壤肥力的关系

 根据广西英罗港红树植物群落的演替过程, 研究了5个主要演替阶段红树植物群落优势种地上部分的7种元素 （N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Cl）含量、群落元素积累量及其与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：1）红树植物不同器官元素含量大小为：N、P、K均为花果＞叶＞枝＞皮＞干,Ca为皮＞枝、叶＞花果＞干,Mg为花果＞叶＞皮＞枝＞干, Na、Cl为叶、花果＞皮＞枝＞干;2）同一器官中各元素含量均以Cl、Na最多, 其次是N、Ca、K, 然后是Mg, 最少是P;3）随着进展演替, 红树植物群落优势种的N、P、K含量呈明显减少     

江苏海岸带陆生盐土植物矿质元素含量的特点及生物循环

陆生盐土植物在生长过程中吸收积累了大量的Cl和Na;从海向陆随着土壤和植被的生态演替,植物中Cl和Na的浓度逐渐降低;N与Cl、Na有相似的水平分布规律;植物种类是影响元素吸收积累的主要因素。在盐地碱蓬中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Cl、Mn和Zn的含量均是生长前期较高,随着其生长老化逐渐降低,大穗结缕草、白茅与盐地碱蓬相比,Ca的含量前期低后期高,Na、Mn、Cu和Zn的季节变化不明显。参加盐地碱蓬系统生物循环的元素中,Cl和Na的比例最大,在大穗结缕草和白茅生态系统中比例较小;由于白茅被收割利用,一些元素从此生态系统中流失。     

盐度对木榄幼苗某些金属元素累积的影响及钙的效应

通过对 40 0mmol·L^-1NaCl及不同浓度CaCl² 溶液处理的沙基培养的红树植物木榄幼苗各器官的K、Ca、Na、Mg含量的测定分析,结果表明,木榄幼苗在 40 0mmol·L^-1NaCl培养时各器官中积累大量的Na,造成K/Na和Ca/Na比值降低,幼苗干物质积累下降.补充Ca能减少Na在幼苗体内的累积,提高K/Na和Ca/Na,增加干物质积累,从而缓解盐胁迫,10～15mmol·L^-1CaCl² 为适宜浓度.本文的结论是在高盐度培养时木榄幼苗能够吸收大量的无机离子,增强渗透调节能力,保持对K/Na的高选择吸收性.这些特性是木榄对河口、海岸高盐度生境适应的主要生理机制,而生境土壤中适宜的Ca/Na也是其能够生存繁衍的重要原因之一.     

红花对土壤矿质元素的吸收和积累

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)检测红花不同部位和时期以及栽培土壤中K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ba、Ni和Al元素的含量。结果表明:红花各部位矿质元素含量差异明显。在红花各不同部位中K、Fe、Zn元素在幼苗中含量最高,Ca、Mg元素在成熟叶中含量最高,Cu元素在种子中含量最高;而K和Ca元素在种子中含量最低,Mg、Fe、Cu和Zn元素分别在花、茎、成熟叶和茎中含量最低。红花的幼苗和花对K元素吸收积累明显,幼苗和种子对Cu元素吸收积累明显,Ca元素在成熟叶中积累较多,相应元素含量远比土壤中相应的元素含量高。红花对土壤不同矿质元素的吸收利用差异较大,在长期栽培红花的土壤中应注意对吸收利用多的元素结合施肥进行补充。     

青杨雌雄幼苗对主要矿质元素的吸收与分配差异

研究了一年生青杨雌雄幼苗及其不同部位对主要矿质元素（N、P、K、Ca、Mg）的吸收与分配特性及其性别间差异。结果显示：青杨雌株总P、总Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,总K含量则显著低于雄株。青杨雌雄幼苗叶片N含量均显著高于根、茎N含量,P、K、Mg含量分别表现出根＞茎＞叶、叶＞根＞茎、根＞叶＞茎的趋势。青杨雄株Ca含量呈现出根＞茎＞叶的趋势,但雌株却表现出根＞叶＞茎的趋势。同时,青杨雌株根P、叶Ca的含量均显著高于雄株,根Mg含量则显著低于雄株。此外,矿质元素含量比例在雌、雄幼苗根、茎、叶中均分别表现为Ca＞K＞N＞Mg＞P,Ca＞N＞K＞P＞Mg,N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P。结果表明,尽管矿质元素的比例模式在青杨雌雄幼苗的根、茎和叶中均相似,但其含量和分配在雌雄幼苗间具有显著的性别差异。     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性玉米自交系萌动种子和幼苗离子稳态的影响

盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布,不同品种间存在差异。以玉米耐盐自交系81162和8723及盐敏感自交系P138为材料,研究了不同浓度(0、60、140、220 mmol/L)Na Cl胁迫下萌动期种子和幼苗的不同部位中Na+、K+、Ca2+含量以及K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+比值的变化,旨在探讨不同自交系耐盐性差异的原因。结果表明,在萌动种子中,3个玉米自交系中的Na+积累量表现为种皮胚胚乳,K+累积表现为胚种皮胚乳;幼苗中,Na+积累表现为根茎叶。随着Na Cl浓度的增加,3个玉米自交系萌动种子和幼苗中的Na+含量逐渐升高,但是萌动种子中耐盐自交系81162和8723的Na+增加幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138,Na+含量小于盐敏感自交系P138;幼苗中耐盐自交系81162和8723的Na+增加幅度大于盐敏感自交系P138,幼苗根中Na+含量大于盐敏感自交系P138;茎叶中的Na+含量小于盐敏感自交系P138。随着Na Cl浓度的增加,萌动种子和幼苗中的K+和Ca2+含量逐渐降低。K+离子在耐盐自交系81162和8723萌动种子和幼苗中的降低幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138;Ca2+离子在耐盐自交系81162和8723幼苗中的降低幅度小于盐敏感自交系P138;而在萌动种子中3个自交系Ca2+的流失差异不大。耐盐自交系81162和8723萌动种子和幼苗中K+含量都大于盐敏感自交系P138。耐盐自交系81162和8723的萌动种子和幼苗根中Ca2+含量都大于盐敏感自交系P138;幼苗叶片中则小于盐敏感自交系P138。萌动种子和幼苗中K+/Na+和Ca2+/Na+均随着Na Cl浓度的升高而降低,K+/Na+比值表现为耐盐自交系81162和8723大于盐敏感自交系P138。耐盐自交系81162和8723通过调节离子平衡维持萌动种子和幼苗中较高的K+/Na+比值从而提高耐盐性。     

根系与叶片盐处理对枇杷幼苗生长及体内矿质元素分布的影响

在温室培养条件下,分别用根系和叶片Na Cl胁迫对甜土植物枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)的幼苗进行处理,研究两种盐胁迫方式对其生长、矿质元素(Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、Cl-)和灰分含量在植物体各器官和叶片不同部位的影响。结果表明:在叶片盐胁迫下枇杷幼苗的叶片病斑较多分布于叶尖、叶缘,在根系盐胁迫下则较多分布于叶片中心区;根系盐胁迫促进枇杷幼苗的灰分含量积累,叶片盐胁迫则影响不大;两种方式盐胁迫枇杷幼苗体内的Na+和Cl-含量都呈极显著的正相关性;两种方式盐胁迫对枇杷幼苗的5种矿质元素含量影响相差不大,但它们影响矿质元素在植物中的重新分布;叶片盐胁迫对枇杷幼苗体内的离子毒害比根系盐胁迫的大。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

The identification of microRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by Illumina sequencing

MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.