可视荧光硅橡胶标志用于西伯利亚鲟幼鱼标志的初步评价

在渔业和水产养殖的研究中, 常采用标记(Marking)或标志(Tagging)方法来区分不同的个体或种群1。标志技术在鱼类个体生长、存活和种群补充和生产力研究中广泛应用, 标志回捕(Mark recapture)已成为评估渔业资源状况和洄游习性研究中的重要研究手段2-4。此外, 标志技术在选择育种上也得到了应用, 用以快速有效地区分不同选育群体5。如何提高标志检测率和保持率, 以及怎样减少标志操作对研究对象生长和存活影响, 是研究和选择标志方法时应考虑的主要问题。       

七种鲤科鱼类标志的研究

鱼类标志广泛应用于鱼类遗传育种,引种驯化,种群数量变动,鱼类洄游分布,鱼类资源评估等工作。所以,鱼类标志已成为一种重要的研究手段。我们在进行鲫鱼的选育中,深感标志的重要。过去,我们一直采用断伤截鳍(腹鳍或胸鳍)法,效果虽十分明显,但尚未消除截鳍是否影响鱼类生长的疑虑。为此,我们继1985年部分鲫鱼进行软鳍条标志法取得了初步效果后,又于1986年3—10月进行了标志工作,取得了比较满意的结果。       

五种鱼类标志对草鱼血液生化指标的影响

实验旨在研究鱼类标志对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)血液生化指标的影响。选用108尾体长(18.54±2.04 cm)、体重(109.04±36.36 g)的草鱼,设6个处理组,分别为超声波标志组、Passive Integrated Transponder(PIT)标志组、荧光标志组、切鳍标志组、T型标志组和对照组。每个处理组设置3个重复,每个重复6尾草鱼,并在标志后的1、7、15 d从每个重复组随机选2尾草鱼进行抽血检验。结果表明:超声波标志对草鱼血液生化指标的影响最大,标志后1 d草鱼血清球蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶浓度显著性升高,氯离子浓度在标志后7及15 d也维持在较高水平,标志后15 d球蛋白浓度降低,但仍然显著性高于对照组;PIT标志、切鳍标志及T型标志对草鱼血液生化指标影响相对较小,PIT标志组草鱼在标志后7 d氯离子浓度显著性升高,15 d后恢复正常;切鳍标志组草鱼在标志后1 d甘油三酯浓度显著性下降,7 d后恢复正常;T型标志组草鱼在标志后1 d谷草转氨酶浓度显著性升高,7 d后恢复正常;荧光标志对草鱼血液生化指标影响最小,标志后所有生化指标与对照组均无显著性差异。荧光标志适用于大规模标志,标志后即可放流;PIT标志、切鳍标志和T型标志对草鱼的生理状况都产生一定的影响,建议在标志后至少暂养7 d再放流;超声波标志后草鱼至少暂养15 d,待其伤口愈合,消除标志对其产生的负面影响后再放流。     

海洋动物档案式标志及其定位方法研究进展

档案式标志是一种可存储数据档案的电子标志,应用于水生动物尤其是大洋高度洄游性鱼类的研究,是获取海洋动物长时间、大空间尺度的活动信息和环境数据的有力工具.自20世纪90年代以来,档案式标志被大量用于海洋动物研究,取得了一系列成果,其不足之处在于需要回收标志来获取采样数据.90年代末,分离式卫星档案标志的问世解决了数据回收的问题,不再依赖于渔业捕捞,扩展了海洋动物研究的广度和深度.基于光亮度定位是研究海洋动物洄游路线的关键,其重点在于匹配光亮度与特定天顶角(如日出、日落),有3种方法：固定参照法、可变参照法和映射法.在过去的20年内,光亮度定位方法有所发展,并取得了一定的成果,但纬度向的定位还不够精确,有继续发展的空间.本文还总结了档案式标志定位的现存问题,展望了档案式标志及其定位方法的研究方向,并认为存在档案式标志小型化和传感器集成化、定位方法由单一光亮度反演向多因子反演的趋势.     

种群密度调查——标志重捕法的模拟实验

种群密度是生物种群最基本的数量特征．标志重捕法是估算动物种群密度的常用方法．在野生动物保护、农林业害虫、害兽的监控与防治、渔业资源的评估、利用与保护上有重要应用。鉴于在中学现有条件下。对兽鸟鱼虫进行实际的标志重捕实验难以展开,在新课程教学实践中,我们反复研究了几种版本中标志重捕法的说明,设计并实施了如下标志重捕法的模拟实验,教学效果反馈很好。     

衰老生物学标志

确定衰老生物学标志是多年以来老年医学研究追求的目标。目前关键问题是,其判断标准是什么？本文即集中讨论衰老生物学标志的目的,衰老生物学标志的含义及判断标准,并简要评价细胞水平及分子水平的生物学标志。     

浙江省农产品地理标志产业发展对策研究

从产业发展的角度出发,对浙江省农产品地理标志产业的重要性、发展现状、存在的问题等进行分析和研究,并结合实际,对加快推进浙江省农产品地理标志产业发展提出了对策和建议。     

超声波遥测在中华绒螯蟹产卵场研究中的应用

利用一种超声波标志的体外固定方法,采用超声波遥测法,分析了抱卵中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)在产卵场附近水域的水平和垂直活动规律。结果表明:超声波标志的体外固定对中华绒螯蟹死亡率无显著影响(P0.05);移动追踪系统对超声波标志的最大追踪距离为532±16 m;2014年12月共放流14只超声波标志的抱卵中华绒螯蟹,12月下旬至翌年5月上旬10次追踪分别追踪到10、12、13、9、9、9、9、6、4、2只标志蟹;标志蟹主要分布在深水航道的南北两侧的堤坝附近水域,1月标志蟹出现在中游区域的频次显著大于下游区域(P0.05),随后呈逐步东移的趋势,4月出现在下游区域的频次显著大于中游区域(P0.05);标志蟹的栖息水深在不同时间之间差异极显著(P0.01),1月上旬至2月上旬标志蟹逐步由水深8.25±3.35 m的水域移至水深11.10±2.64 m的水域栖息,2月下旬至4月上旬标志蟹偏好水深6.35 m左右的水域,4月下旬标志蟹的栖息水深为9.89±2.59 m。本文成果将为水生动物的生态习性、栖息地定位等研究提供技术支持。     

Jolly-Seber法中种群存活率估算的探讨

在Jolly Seber法中 ,存活率为其核心参数之一。一些作者指出 ,采用Jolly Seber法估算标志重捕数据有时候会出现存活率大于 1的情形。本文就这一情形做了相应的分析 ,认为产生这一现象的原因为标志个体间不具有等捕性或等存活率所致。在设计标志重捕取样的野外调查中 ,应设法提高重捕率以增加估计精度     

胚胎干细胞特异性分子标志

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES细胞)特异性分子标志是指ES细胞胞内或胞膜上特异表达的分子.已报道的包括转录因子、信号通路受体、黏附因子在内的ES细胞特异性标志与ES细胞的自我更新和全能性具有密切关系.ES细胞特异性分子标志的研究,有助于ES细胞的鉴定、分离纯化、质量控制,加快ES细胞的基础研究和临床应用.现对目前已经发现的ES细胞特异性分子标志及其研究方法和常用ES细胞分子标志的功能进行综述.     

Retention of loop,monel, and passive integrated transponder tags by wild,free‐ranging Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817)

Tagging or marking of fish is instrumental to fisheries biologists and managers seeking to distinguish groups of fish, track movement or migration patterns, and monitor population characteristics. However, tag loss can inhibit the ability of biologists and managers to reach these objectives. The ability of Lake Sturgeon to live for long periods of time and reach large sizes, in combination with their dynamic spawning activity, requires tags to be retained under a variety of environmental and physically demanding conditions. This study evaluated tag retention of loop, monel, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags on wild, free‐ranging Lake Sturgeon in Lake Huron and the St. Clair – Detroit River System. Lake Sturgeon in this study were double‐tagged with both a PIT tag under one of the three anterior‐most dorsal scutes and an external tag (loop or monel) at the base of the dorsal fin. Fish were at large for up to 16 years. Overall, tag loss for PIT tags was 1% followed by monel tags at 12% and loop tags at 36%. Tag loss for loop tags was higher when the initial length of Lake Sturgeon tagged was smaller. Tag loss for monel tags increased with time at large but was not related to length at initial tagging. Monel tags left behind abrasion marks when attached to smaller Lake Sturgeon. PIT tag retention was higher than reported in previous studies that tagged other sturgeon species in different body locations. Monel tag retention was higher than other external tag types evaluated in previous studies while loop tags had similar retention rates to external tag types. Most previous studies on tag retention of sturgeon species were of shorter duration and conducted in laboratory settings, therefore loop tags may have performed more favorably during studies under short term laboratory settings. Results of this study suggest that PIT tags inserted below dorsal scutes represent a viable option for long‐term tracking of Lake Sturgeon. Monel tags attached at the base of the dorsal fin also seem to be a viable option relative to other external tag types, but should be limited to larger sturgeon as they can leave behind abrasion marks.     

人工养殖中华鲟后备亲鱼摄食和 生长的周年变化

实现全人工繁殖是中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)物种保护的重要途径,建立中华鲟人工养殖亲鱼群体是人工繁殖的基础条件。本文以自然变温条件下人工培育的中华鲟后备亲鱼(年龄15龄,体长183~235 cm,体重71.5~180.5 kg,n=14)为研究对象,每天对摄食行为进行观察记录,每月对生长指标进行检查测量,通过持续12个月的跟踪观测,开展后备亲鱼摄食和生长特征研究。结果显示,后备亲鱼摄食比例、摄食频次具有明显的月际变化特征,均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),雌鱼、雄鱼均具有相似的周年变化规律,雌雄摄食比例仅9月存在显著差异(P<0.05),雌雄摄食频次同月均无显著差异(P>0.05);后备亲鱼配合饲料日饵率和鲜活饵料日饵率均呈现先下降后升高的变化趋势,配合饲料日饵率10月最低,为0.02%,1月最高,为0.19%,鲜活饵料日饵率6月最低,为0.12%,4月最高,为0.99%;配合饲料的年均摄食比例仅为18.39%±17.61%,鲜活饵料的年均摄食比例为62.57%±15.63%,配合饲料和鲜活饵料摄食比例存在极显著差异(P<0.01),可见实验对象对鲜活饵料具有明显摄食偏好;配合饲料日饵率、鲜活饵料日饵率、总摄食率、雌鱼摄食率、总摄食频次和雌鱼摄食频次与水温存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05);后备亲鱼体周长、体重、肥满度均呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势,呈现生长缓慢特征,不同月份肥满度存在显著差异(P<0.05),其他生长指标不同月份间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。在中华鲟后备亲鱼培育管理中,应注意加强水温调控,提供适宜养殖条件,减少人为干扰,改善摄食和生长效果。本研究对中华鲟后备亲鱼养殖技术的改进具有参考价值。     

野生中华鲟水族馆驯养观察

2005年4月3日~7月31日期间以捕捞于长江宜昌江段的野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)为研究材料,对其在水族馆中的驯养方法进行了研究。结果表明,野生中华鲟摄食的饲料品种由1种逐渐增加至6种,日摄食量由120 g逐渐增加至2 000 g并逐渐趋于稳定,说明水族馆驯养池的环境适合野生中华鲟的生存。     

5种养殖鲟鱼怀卵差异及周年繁殖

2007年11月至2009年11月通过对12批次(共计5 207尾个体)解剖观察,统计了5种性成熟鲟鱼[西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baeri)、俄罗斯鲟(A.gueldenstaedti)、施氏鲟(A.schrencki)、黑龙江杂交鲟(Huso dauricus ♀×A.schrencki ♂)和欧洲杂交鲟(H...     

埋植雌二醇对养殖中华鲟雌性幼鱼血清生理指标的影响

用硅橡胶作载体,将剂量30 mg/kg的雌二醇(estradiol)埋植入人工养殖11龄、平均体重46.00 kg的雌性中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的背部肌肉内。埋植前及埋植后的第30、120、200天从尾部取血,测定血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、血糖和卵黄蛋白原的含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,除血糖含量无显著变化外,实验组鱼血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、甘油三酯、总胆固醇和卵黄蛋白原的含量显著升高。此结果为进一步探索外源物质促进中华鲟卵巢发育的可能途径奠定前期基础。     

Generative and somatic production of female sturgeon at a research farm in Primorsky Krai as a basis for manufacturing gastronomic caviar

The generative and somatic characteristics of female sturgeon of five species and three hybrid forms, which were reared at the TINRO Center’s warm-water cage farm at the north of Primorsky Krai and used in caviar production, are considered. Data on the somatic growth, roe output, functional fecundity, mean egg weight, and gonadosomatic index of the female Amur Sturgeon, Kaluga, Siberian Sturgeon of the Lena and the Baikal populations, Sterlet of the Volga population, hybrids of Russian Sturgeon and Siberian Sturgeon, hybrids of Siberian Sturgeon and Amur Sturgeon, and hybrids of Kaluga and Amur Sturgeon are analyzed. The sexual maturity age and interspawning intervals are defined in the studied females. Domesticated females of all the species are shown to mature a few years earlier than those in natural conditions and to have a greater body weight. The interspawning intervals shorten by a few years in domesticated females. Most female Sterlet and some females from both populations of Siberian Sturgeon spawn annually, while the remainder spawn once in 2 years. The interspawning intervals in two species of sturgeon that inhabit the Amur River and in hybrid forms usually last for 2 years. With age, values of characteristics such as roe amount, fecundity, mean egg weight, and roe output relative to body weight grow in females spawning for the second time in the warm-water farm. The maximum roe output is found in female Kalugas at the second spawning. Then the species follow in the order of decreasing of roe output: Amur Sturgeon, hybrids of Amur Sturgeon with Kaluga, hybrids of Siberian Sturgeon with Amur Sturgeon, hybrids of Russian Sturgeon with Siberian Sturgeon, Siberian Sturgeon of the Baikal population, Siberian Sturgeon of the Lena population, and Sterlet. The hybrid between the Russian Sturgeon and Siberian Sturgeon shows the best processability and survivability characteristics; the Amur Sturgeon and Sterlet follow.     

不同喂食方法对产后野生中华鲟的摄食促进

2006年1月13日~7月15日,研究了不同喂食方法对产后野生雌性中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的摄食促进效果。研究表明,经人工繁殖后的中华鲟身体较虚弱,在人工环境下无主动摄食行为。野生中华鲟对投洒的人工配合饲料及天然饲料均无摄食反应,水下直接喂食天然饲料的效果依赖于中华鲟主动摄食能力的恢复,而采用导管喂食方法可以实现中华鲟的被动摄食,摄食量由76g逐步增加至382g,20d后开始出现主动摄食行为,日食量逐步上升至1822g并趋于稳定。导管喂食过程中健康状况也逐步得到改善,胸围和腹围开始提高,主动摄食后健康状况得到彻底改善。实验表明产后野生中华鲟的体能恢复有望在水族馆较好的环境条件中得以实现。     

Ontogenetic behavior of Kootenai River White Sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser transmontanus</Emphasis>, with a note on body color: A laboratory study

Laboratory studies indicated the following ontogenetic behavior and body color of wild Kootenai River White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, (hereafter, Kootenai Sturgeon), a landlocked population in the Kootenai River, a major tributary of the Columbia River (United States) and Kootenay Lake (Canada). Hatchling free embryos (hereafter, embryos) are photonegative and hide under cover at a spawning site, and have a grey body. Late-embryos are photopositive and weakly prefer white substrate, use cover less with age, and develop a black tail. Day 13 larvae forage in the day on the open bottom, use cover less with age, prefer bright habitat, have a light-grey body and black tail, and initiate a mostly nocturnal dispersal for about 21 days, and then, continue a weaker dispersal. As they age, the entire body and tail of larvae is a dark-grey color when they develop into juveniles (about 66 days). The common body and tail color of larvae from the Kootenai, Columbia, and Sacramento rivers indicate a common adaptation to signal conspecifics or avoid predators. Juveniles are variable for foraging height, do not hide in bottom cover, and continue a weak nocturnal downstream movement. Movement of larvae and juveniles in the artificial stream suggests wild Kootenai Sturgeon have a long slow dispersal style (disperse for months). The long dispersal style of young Kootenai Sturgeon may adapt larvae to dispersing all summer in a 100–200 km long reach with a low abundance of food. The final destination of Kootenai Sturgeon during their first rearing season is unknown, but the long dispersal suggests fish could easily move to the lower river or to Kootenay Lake. Ontogenetic behavior of Kootenai Sturgeon is slightly different from Columbia River White Sturgeon, which has a weak embryo dispersal, but both populations have a similar major dispersal by larvae. However, both of these populations differ qualitatively from Sacramento River White Sturgeon, in which juveniles initiate the major dispersal. Thus, major geographic behavioral variation exists among populations and should be considered in restoration programs.     

Survival of Pelagic Juvenile Loggerhead Turtles in the Open Ocean

Abstract: We deployed pop-up archival transmitting tags on 15 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) that had been lightly hooked in the United States pelagic longline fishery and on 10 loggerheads that we dip-netted off the surface to serve as controls in the North Atlantic Ocean. We received data from tags of 10 lightly hooked turtles and 7 control turtles. We used data transmitted by the tags in a known-fate model to estimate annual survival rates and determine if there were differences in survival between the 2 groups. The best model indicates there is no difference in survival between the lightly hooked and control turtles, and the estimated annual survival rate was 0.814 (95% CI = 0.557-0.939). Our results suggest that when all fishing gear is removed lightly hooked turtles may not suffer any additional mortality relative to control turtles.     

Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+和葡萄糖溶液作为授精-激活介质对中华鲟精子受精率的影响

以不同浓度的NaCl、KCl、MgCl2、CaCl2溶液和葡萄糖溶液作为授精介质,研究了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的受精效果.结果显示,适量的阳离子和葡萄糖作为激活授精介质时中华鲟卵受精率都有所提高.在实验设置浓度范围内25 mmol/L NaCI溶液、0.1 mmol/L KCl溶液、1 mmol/L MgCl2溶液、1 mmol/LCaCh溶液和50 mmol/L葡萄糖溶液浓度下,受精率分别可达到最高值,依次为87.72%、86.82%、82.24%、89.76%、80.92%.随着实验浓度继续增加,受精率反而呈下降趋势.结果显示,作为人工配制的中华鲟精子授精一激活介质,最适NaCI溶液浓度在25 mmol/L附近,最适葡萄糖溶液浓度在25 mmol/L附近,最适KCI溶液浓度≤0.1 mmol/L,最适MgCl2溶液浓度≤1 mol/L,最适CaCh溶液浓度≤1 mmol/L.