副粘病毒血凝素-神经氨酸酶蛋白结构与功能的研究进展

副粘病毒的血凝素-神经氨酸酶和融合蛋白具有重要的生物学活性,其中前者具有受体识别活性、神经氨酸酶活性和促进融合蛋白的细胞融合作用.本文对近年来血凝素-神经氨酸酶结构和功能方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

clpE基因缺失对肺炎链球菌毒力的影响

【目的】 探索clpE基因缺失对肺炎链球菌毒力的影响。【方法】 用长臂同源多聚酶链式反应(LFH-PCR)方法失活clpE基因,用PCR、测序鉴定缺失菌株,通过动物实验观察clpE基因缺失株毒力改变情况, 同时用细胞实验比较clpE基因缺失株和野生菌对宿主细胞的粘附和侵袭能力,最后用实时荧光定量PCR分析自溶素(major autolysin A,lytA)、表面黏附素A(pneumococcal surface adhesion A,psaA)、溶血素(pneumolysin,ply)、肺炎球菌表面蛋白A（pneumococcal surface protein A, pspA)和神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase, nanA）的表达。 【结果】小鼠毒力实验表明野生菌株半数致死时间54h,而缺失株半数致死时间为21d,两者比较有统计学差异（P<0 .0l）;缺失菌在对宿主细胞的粘附能力明显低于野生菌株（P<0.05）。实时荧光定量PCR显示clpE缺失株的五个毒力因子mRNA表达水平均低于野生菌,两者比较有统计学差异（P<0. 05）;【结论】ClpE通过调控肺炎链球菌多种毒力因子表达,而影响其毒力。     

肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因的筛选及初步鉴定

为筛选鉴定肺炎链球菌宿主体内诱导的基因,寻找潜在的抗生素作用靶点和疫苗候选者,应用体内表达技术,以肺炎链球菌荚膜合成的关键基因galU作为体内报告基因,利用其缺陷体不能合成荚膜多糖,从而不能在宿主体内存活的特点,筛选鉴定肺炎链球菌体内诱导基因。首先,把肺炎链球菌基因组DNA的随机酶切片段(200~500bp)克隆到含有体内、体外双重报告基因(galU-lacZ)的报告载体pEVP3-galU的BglⅡ位点,将获得的质粒库转化肺炎链球菌galU缺陷菌株,得到肺炎链球菌体内启动子诱捕文库,将此文库去感染BALB/c小鼠,经过两轮体内筛选,在涂布有X-gal的TSA血清平板上得到了165个白色菌落,对插入的随机片段进行测序及生物信息学分析,共证实15个不同的体内诱导基因片段,8个为单独的ORF,7个为含有多个ORFs的操纵子结构,它们分别参与细菌在宿主体内的定植与粘附、能量代谢、物质转运、转录调节、DNA复制与重组、细胞壁合成等,另外还包括功能不明的假想蛋白。其中部分ORFs可能与细菌毒力相关,可以作为候选疫苗和药物的靶标。     

迟缓爱得华氏菌溶菌蛋白NlpD的致病性研究

目的：以牙鲆为模式生物检测了迟缓爱得华氏菌一个潜在的毒力相关蛋白NlpD的生物学功能。方法：对NlpD蛋白序列进行分析,在大肠杆菌中进行了蛋白重组表达,并通过同源重组原理采用插入失活的方式构建了nlpD的突变型菌株TNlpD。结果：NlpD由316个氨基酸组成,与已知的细菌NlpD具有很高的同源性;生物信息学分析表明,NlpD包含两个结构域：N-端的细胞溶解酶结构域和C-端的肽酶结构域,在大肠杆菌中获得的重组蛋白具有溶菌活性;与野生型菌株相比,TNlpD的生长情况基本无变化,但对牙鲆的致死率以及在牙鲆组织内的扩散和增殖能力大幅下降,此外,TNlpD抵抗牙鲆巨噬细胞活性氧的杀伤能力也明显降低。结论：迟缓爱得华氏菌的NlpD具有溶菌活性,是一种毒力相关因子,在宿主体内扩散增殖、抑制巨噬细胞呼吸爆发等过程中发挥重要作用。     

肺炎链球菌毒力基因体内荧光报告系统的构建*

以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为体内研究的分子探针,将肺炎链球菌毒力基因与gfp融合构建肺炎链球菌自杀性荧光报告质粒,利用同源重组的原理,使gfp整合入肺炎链球菌基因组中,建立体内研究肺炎链球菌基因表达的荧光报告系统,并用荧光激发、生物学特征和生理活性测定等实验手段进行评价,证实这一肺炎链球菌荧光融合表达系统可在体内外报告肺炎链球菌的毒力基因表达,为进一步在体内分析和鉴定肺炎链球菌毒力因子的功能奠定基础。     

细菌效应蛋白对宿主细胞Rho小G蛋白信号通路的调节作用

病原体细菌通过自身分泌系统分泌效应蛋白并注入宿主体内,修饰宿主的信号转导系统,破坏宿主细胞中天然免疫有关信号通路,发挥毒性作用使宿主产生疾病。吞噬作用在天然免疫系统中发挥重要作用,这个过程涉及肌动蛋白细胞骨架的重排。Rho(Ras homolog family)小G蛋白家族成员作为细胞骨架结构的重要调控蛋白可调节这一过程,其相关信号通路成为细菌效应蛋白的作用靶点。细菌效应蛋白可以模仿Rho的调节因子破坏信号通路,可以通过剪切Rho C-端的尾部结构使其从细胞膜解离并失去活性,可以直接模仿Rho发挥调控功能,可以影响Rho上游的调控事件影响其活性,也可通过对Rho进行直接的翻译后修饰使其失活,形成有利于细菌生存、繁殖、毒力释放的环境。由此导致的Rho信号通路功能紊乱使宿主产生智力缺陷、免疫功能障碍、癌症等多种疾病。     

假想的脂蛋白连接酶对肺炎链球菌毒力的影响

【目的】探索假想脂蛋白连接酶(putative lipoate-protein ligase,LPL)对肺炎链球菌毒力的影响。【方法】采用长臂同源多聚酶链式反应(LFH-PCR)的方法失活lpl基因,通过PCR、测序鉴定缺陷菌株,采用细胞实验比较缺陷菌和野生菌对宿主细胞的粘附能力,并通过动物实验观察lpl基因缺陷后菌株毒力的变化。【结果】小鼠毒力实验表明野生菌株和缺陷株半数致死时间均为12h,两者比较无统计学差异;缺陷菌在对宿主细胞的粘附能力明显高于野生菌株(P0.01);体外荚膜染色实验表明,野生菌和缺陷菌均有荚膜。【结论】实验结果提示lpl基因对细菌粘附宿主细胞有抑制作用,但不影响其腹腔感染小鼠的能力。     

细胞表面糖链末端唾液酸和岩藻糖与某些细胞生物学行为的关系

用神经氨酸酶和a-L-岩藻糖苷酶分别切除人肝癌细胞株7721细胞表面糖链中的末端唾液酸(SA)和岩藻糖(Fuc)残基来研究表面聚糖结构和某些细胞生物学行为之间的关系.选择细胞对纤连蛋白(Fn)、层黏蛋白(Ln)和人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)的黏附能力、细胞趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭作为细胞行为的指标.结果表明表面糖链末端SA对细胞黏附至Fn并不必需,对细胞黏附至Ln和细胞的趋化性侵袭却至为重要,而对细胞黏附至HUVEC以及趋化性迁移则为关键性残基.与SA相比,Fuc可能参与细胞Fn、Ln和HUVEC的黏附,但对趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭并不重要.细胞对HUVEC的黏附以及趋化性迁移和侵袭可被唾液酸化Lewis X(SLex)的单抗抑制,但不被未唾液酸化的Lewis X(Lex)单抗抑制,这一结果支持SA在上述三种细胞过程中较Fuc残基重要.     

细胞表面糖链末端唾液酸和岩藻糖和某些细胞生物学行为的关系

用神经氨酸酶和α-L-岩藻糖苷酶分别切除人肝癌细胞株7721细胞表面糖链中的末端唾液酸（SA）和岩藻糖（Fuc)残基来研究表面聚糖结构和某些细胞生物学行为之间的关系。选择细胞对纤连蛋白（Fn）,层黏蛋白（Ln)和人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）的黏附能力,细胞趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭作为细胞行为的指标。结果表明：表面人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）的黏附能力,细胞趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭作为细胞行为的指标。结果表明：表面糖链末端SA对细胞黏附至Fn并不必需,对细胞黏附至Ln和细胞的趋化性侵袭却至为重要,而对细胞黏附至HUVEC以及趋化性迁移则为关键性残基。与SA相比,Fuc可能参与细胞Fn,Ln和HUVEC的黏附,但对趋化性迁移以及趋化性侵袭并不重要。细胞对HUVEC的黏附以及趋化性迁移和侵袭可被唾液酸化Lewis X(SLe^x)单抗抑制,但不被未唾液酸化的Lewis X(Le^x)单抗抑制,这一结果支持SA在上述三种细胞过程中Fuc残基重要。     

A群链球菌利用人纤溶酶原的机制

A群链球菌是一种常见的人类致病菌,可以引起人类的化脓性感染和非化脓性后遗症。A群链球菌能表达或分泌多种毒力因子参与其致病性。大量文献报道,纤溶酶原也是A群链球菌侵入机体的重要因子,A群链球菌通过其纤溶酶原受体能与纤溶酶原特异性结合,从而使与A群链球菌结合的纤溶酶原更易被激活为纤溶酶。纤溶酶能降解宿主的细胞外基质和基底膜,有利于A群链球菌在人体内的扩散。本文就A群链球菌如何激活并利用人纤溶酶原的机制进行了综述。     

Sialidase inhibitory activity of diarylnonanoid and neolignan compounds extracted from the seeds of Myristica fragrans

Sialidases are key virulence factors that remove sialic acid from host cell surface glycans, thus unmasking receptors to facilitate bacterial adherence and colonization. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of novel inhibitors of the Streptococcus pneumoniae sialidases NanA, NanB, and NanC from Myristica fragrans seeds. Of the isolated compounds (1–12), malabaricone C showed the most pneumococcal sialidases inhibition (IC₅₀ of 0.3 μM for NanA, 3.6 μM for NanB, and 2.9 μM for NanC). These results suggested that malabaricone C and neolignans could be potential agents for combating S. pneumoniae infection agents.     

Crystal structure of the NanB sialidase from Streptococcus pneumoniae

The Streptococcus pneumoniae genomes encode up to three sialidases (or neuraminidases), NanA, NanB and NanC, which are believed to be involved in removing sialic acid from host cell surface glycans, thereby promoting colonization of the upper respiratory tract. Here, we present the crystal structure of NanB to 1.7 Å resolution derived from a crystal grown in the presence of the buffer Ches (2-N-cyclohexylaminoethanesulfonic acid). Serendipitously, Ches was found bound to NanB at the enzyme active site, and was found to inhibit NanB with a K_i of ∼ 0.5 mM. In addition, we present the structure to 2.4 Å resolution of NanB in complex with the transition-state analogue Neu5Ac2en (2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetyl neuraminic acid), which inhibits NanB with a K_i of ∼ 0.3 mM. The sulphonic acid group of Ches and carboxylic acid group of Neu5Ac2en interact with the arginine triad of the active site. The cyclohexyl group of Ches binds in the hydrophobic pocket of NanB occupied by the acetamidomethyl group of Neu5Ac2en. The topology around the NanB active site suggests that the enzyme would have a preference for α2,3-linked sialoglycoconjugates, which is confirmed by a kinetic analysis of substrate binding. NMR studies also confirm this preference and show that, like the leech sialidase, NanB acts as an intramolecular trans-sialidase releasing Neu2,7-anhydro5Ac. All three pneumoccocal sialidases possess a carbohydrate-binding domain that is predicted to bind sialic acid. These studies provide support for a possible differential role for NanB compared to NanA in pneumococcal virulence.     

Structural and functional studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae neuraminidase B: An intramolecular trans-sialidase

The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae expresses neuraminidase proteins that cleave sialic acids from complex carbohydrates. The pneumococcus genome encodes up to three neuraminidase proteins that have been shown to be important virulence factors. Here, we report the first structure of a neuraminidase from S. pneumoniae: the crystal structure of NanB in complex with its reaction product 2,7-anhydro-Neu5Ac. Our structural data, together with biochemical analysis, establish NanB as an intramolecular trans-sialidase with strict specificity towards alpha2-3 linked sialic acid substrates. In addition, we show that NanB differs in its substrate specificity from the other pneumococcal neuraminidase NanA.     

Growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae on human glycoconjugates is dependent upon the sequential activity of bacterial exoglycosidases

In the human host, Streptococcus pneumoniae encounters a variety of glycoconjugates, including mucin, host defense molecules, and glycans associated with the epithelial surface. S. pneumoniae is known to encode a number of glycosidases that may modify these glycoconjugates in vivo. Three exoglycosidases, a neuraminidase (NanA), β-galactosidase (BgaA), and N-acetylglucosaminidase (StrH), have been previously demonstrated to sequentially deglycosylate N-linked glycans on host defense molecules, which coat the pneumococcal surface in vivo. This cleavage is proposed to alter the clearance function of these molecules, allowing pneumococci to persist in the airway. However, we propose that the exoglycosidase-dependent liberation of monosaccharides from these glycoconjugates in close proximity to the pneumococcal surface provides S. pneumoniae with a convenient source of fermentable carbohydrate in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that S. pneumoniae is able to utilize complex N-linked human glycoconjugates as a sole source of carbon to sustain growth and that efficient growth is dependent upon the sequential deglycosylation of the glycoconjugate substrate by pneumococcal exoglycosidases. In addition to demonstrating a role for NanA, BgaA, and StrH, we have identified a function for the second pneumococcal neuraminidase, NanB, in the deglycosylation of host glycoconjugates and have demonstrated that NanB activity can partially compensate for the loss or dysfunction of NanA. To date, all known functions of pneumococcal neuraminidase have been attributed to NanA. Thus, this study describes the first proposed role for NanB by which it may contribute to S. pneumoniae colonization and pathogenesis.     

Interaction of the salivary low-molecular-weight mucin (MG2) with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Periodontitis is associated with the presence of certain Gram-negative bacteria in the oral cavity, among these Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. In order to determine which types of salivary components interact with A. actinomycetemcomitans two strains (HG 1175 and FDC Y4) were incubated with whole saliva and individual glandular secretions, viz. parotid, submandibular, and sublingual saliva. Immunochemical analysis by immunoblotting of bacteria-bound salivary proteins showed that IgA, the low-molecular mucin MG2, parotid agglutinin, and a 300 kDa sublingual and submandibular glycoprotein, were bound to the bacterial strains tested. In addition, adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans to salivary proteins in a solid-phase was studied. After electrophoresis and transfer of salivary proteins to nitrocellulose membranes A. actinomycetemcomitans adhered only to MG2. In this assay periodate treatment, mild acid hydrolysis or neuraminidase digestion of the saliva glycoproteins abolished binding of two clinical isolates (HG 1175 and NY 664), suggesting that sialic acid residues on MG2 are involved in the binding. In contrast, adherence of the smooth laboratory strain Y4 was not affected by removal of sialic acid residues or even periodate treatment of MG2.Abbreviations S-IgA Secretory IgA - MG1 high-molecular-weight mucin - MG2 low-molecular-weight mucin - EP-GP extra parotid-glycoprotein - PRPs proline-rich proteins - SNA Sambucus nigra agglutinin - MAA Maackia amurensis agglutinin - PNA peanut agglutinin - UEA Ulex europaeus agglutinin     

Deglycosylation of human glycoconjugates by the sequential activities of exoglycosidases expressed by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae produces three surface-associated exoglycosidases; a neuraminidase, NanA, a beta-galactosidase, BgaA, and a beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, StrH. the proposed functions of NanA, which removes terminal sialic acid, include revealing receptors for adherence, affecting the function of glycosylated host clearance molecules, modifying the surface of other bacteria coinhabiting the same niche, and providing a nutrient source. However, it is unclear whether following desialylation S. pneumoniae can further deglycosylate human targets through the activity of BgaA or StrH. We demonstrate that NanA, BgaA and StrH act sequentially to remove sialic acid, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine and expose mannose on human glycoproteins that bind to the pneumococcus and protect the airway. In addition, both BgaA and NanA were shown to contribute to the adherence of unencapsulated pneumococci, to human epithelial cells. Despite these findings, triple exoglycosidase mutants colonized mice as well as their parental strains, suggesting that any effect of these genes on colonization and disease may be host species-specific. These studies highlight the importance of considering the complete ability of S. pneumoniae to deglycosylate human targets and suggest that in addition to NanA, BgaA and StrH also contribute to pneumococcal colonization and/or pathogenesis.     

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori haemagglutination activity by human salivary mucins

Thirty isolates of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies agglutinated human erythrocyte suspensions. Crude mucin preparations derived from saliva of 20 different donors were examined for their ability to inhibit haemagglutination. All mucin preparations exhibited strong inhibitory activity. Removal of sialic residues from mucin preparations by treatment with neuraminidase resulted in a substantial reduction of their inhibitory activity. The mucin preparations had no bactericidal or aggregation activity for H. pylori. These results are discussed in the context of the role of mucins in colonization of the gastric mucosa by H. pylori.     

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori haemogglutination activity by human salivary mucins

Abstract Thirty isolates of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies agglutinated human erthyrocyte suspensions. Crude mucin preparation derived from saliva of 20 different donors were examined for their ability to inhibit haemagglutination. All mucin preparations exhibited strong inhibitory activity. Removal of sialic residues from mucin preparations by treatment with neuraminidase resulted in a substantial reduction of their inhibitory activity. The mucin prepations had no bactericidal or aggregation activity for H. pylori . These results are discussed in the context of the role of mucins in colonization of the gastric mucosa by H. pylori     

Streptococcus pneumoniae NanC: STRUCTURAL INSIGHTS INTO THE SPECIFICITY AND MECHANISM OF A SIALIDASE THAT PRODUCES A SIALIDASE INHIBITOR*

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that causes a range of disease states. Sialidases are important bacterial virulence factors. There are three pneumococcal sialidases: NanA, NanB, and NanC. NanC is an unusual sialidase in that its primary reaction product is 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en, also known as DANA), a nonspecific hydrolytic sialidase inhibitor. The production of Neu5Ac2en from α2–3-linked sialosides by the catalytic domain is confirmed within a crystal structure. A covalent complex with 3-fluoro-β-N-acetylneuraminic acid is also presented, suggesting a common mechanism with other sialidases up to the final step of product formation. A conformation change in an active site hydrophobic loop on ligand binding constricts the entrance to the active site. In addition, the distance between the catalytic acid/base (Asp-315) and the ligand anomeric carbon is unusually short. These features facilitate a novel sialidase reaction in which the final step of product formation is direct abstraction of the C3 proton by the active site aspartic acid, forming Neu5Ac2en. NanC also possesses a carbohydrate-binding module, which is shown to bind α2–3- and α2–6-linked sialosides, as well as N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is captured in the crystal structure following hydration of Neu5Ac2en by NanC. Overall, the pneumococcal sialidases show remarkable mechanistic diversity while maintaining a common structural scaffold.