3种农杆菌对茶树发状根诱导的影响

以茶树‘福云6号’和‘铁观音’成熟种子下胚轴、未成熟种子下胚轴和愈伤组织为材料,以发状根诱导率为指标,探究菌液浓度、农杆菌菌株、外植体类型和预培养时间对发状根诱导的影响。结果表明:(1)菌液浓度OD600在0.4~1.2范围内,‘福云6号’成熟种子下胚轴发状根诱导率先升高后降低,ATCC15834在OD600为0.6时发状根诱导率最高为23.96%,A4和K599在OD600为0.8时,发状根诱导率最高,分别为10.51%和13.11%。(2)3种发根农杆菌致根能力不同,ATCC15834侵染力最强,致根能力大小依次为ATCC15834>K599>A4。(3)发状根诱导率与外植体有关,茶树成熟种子下胚轴可被诱导产生发状根,诱导率‘福云6号’大于‘铁观音’,未成熟种子下胚轴和愈伤组织难以产生发状根。(4)不经预培养和预培养时间为1~2 d的愈伤组织易褐变,无法产生发状根;预培养3 d的愈伤组织经侵染可产生发状根,诱导率为1.85%(‘福云6号’)和0.59%(‘铁观音’)。(5)PCR琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测和GUS组织化学染色证实GUS基因已被整合进‘福云6号’和‘铁观音’愈伤组织和成熟种子下胚轴发状根基因组中并表达。研究发现,发根农杆菌ATCC15834在OD600为0.6时,对茶树‘福云6号’成熟种子下胚轴发状根诱导率最高。该研究结果对改进发根农杆菌介导的茶树遗传转化系统提供理论依据,对茶树高效遗传转化体系的优化和新型受体的开发具有重要意义。     

除虫菊发状根的诱导及培养条件优化

以除虫菊（Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trey.）无菌苗为外植体,研究除虫菊发状根的诱导、培养条件优化,并对发状根中的除虫菊素进行检测和生物活性测定。结果显示,乙酰丁香酮能促进除虫菊下胚轴和子叶发状根的诱导,当乙酰丁香酮浓度为150 μmol/L时除虫菊下胚轴和子叶的诱导率为对照的2.29倍和2.66倍,预培养6 d时,下胚轴发状根诱导率为对照的2.25倍,发根农杆菌A4的诱导率均高于ATCC15834,愈伤组织较适合发状根的诱导,愈伤组织侵染后适合在无激素的MS培养基上进行发状根诱导,250 mL三角瓶中添加50 mL MS培养基较适合发状根的生长。对除虫菊发状根进行PCR检测发现,发根农杆菌含有的Ri T-DNA的rolB基因已整合进入发状根基因组中。通过GCMS检测发现,愈伤组织中除虫菊素的6种成分均未检测到,而发状根中检测到瓜菊素Ⅰ、茉酮菊素Ⅰ和茉酮菊素Ⅱ 3种成分,发状根对粘虫的拒食作用明显优于愈伤组织。本研究为通过组织培养方式生产除虫菊素奠定了基础。     

荞麦高频离体再生及发根农杆菌转化体系的建立

荞麦无菌苗下胚轴切段在不同激素配比的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织,出愈率均为100％。在2．0mg/L2,4-D和1．5mg/L 6-BA组合下诱导产生的愈伤组织;转入2．0mg/L 6-BA和1．0mg/L KT的MS培养基,再生苗分化率在80％以上。根尖色体分析表明再生植株具一定的遗传稳定性。发根农杆菌A4转化荞麦下胚轴和子叶获得发状根,纸电泳检测所有随机取样测定的发状根均有相应冠瘿碱的存在。     

喜树毛状根的诱导及其喜树碱含量分析

研究了不同外植体类型(包括真叶、茎段、子叶及胚轴)、胚轴年龄和不同发根农杆菌菌株(包括A4、15834、R1601、C58C1)等因素对喜树毛状根诱导频率的影响,并用PCR对诱导出的毛状根进行了分子鉴定.结果表明:(1)最佳外植体为胚轴,5~10 d是胚轴最佳诱导年龄段,最佳诱导菌株为15834.(2)PCR鉴定结果表明,发根农杆菌的rolB基因已整合到喜树毛状根基因组中.(3)对不同菌株诱导的毛状根进行HPLC检测表明,C58C1菌株诱导的毛状根的喜树碱和羟基喜树碱含量最高,分别为1.219 mg/g和0.305 mg/g.研究结果为喜树碱的药源开发提供了一条新途径,并为进一步利用基因工程技术调控喜树碱的代谢合成奠定了基础.     

农杆菌转化的小冠花发状根的诱导及其植株再生

利用野生型发根农杆菌15834菌株感染小冠花15日龄无菌苗子叶和下胚轴切段,建立了高效的发状根培养及其体细胞胚胎发生再生体系。发状根可直接从受伤的外植体表面产生,也能在外植体诱导的愈伤组织上发生,在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基上,转化根能自主生长,表现出典型的发根特征。用适宜浓度的乙酰丁香酮处理对数生长期的农杆菌菌液2h,感染预培养2d的子叶获得了最高的转化频率(87.4%)。在附加0.2mgL2,4_D,0.5mgLNAA和0.5mgLKT的MS培养基上,发状根能100%形成胚性愈伤组织,并于含0.5mgLKT,0.2mgLIBA和300mgL脯氨酸的MS培养基上顺序经过体细胞胚胎发育的各个典型时期,转换成完整植株。再生植株除具有发达的侧根外,其它形态特征与未转化植株未见明显的差异,但在获得的5个转化克隆中,其中1个的发状根及其再生植株叶片中有毒物质3_硝基丙酸的含量显著下降,分别为未转化对照的57.68%和58.17%。冠瘿碱纸电泳检测和rolB基因PCR扩增检测均证明农杆菌Ri质粒上的T_DNA已经整合到小冠花转化细胞的基因组中。     

Ri质粒转化番茄的初步研究

作者利用具Ri质粒的发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)PRi 15834,PRiA4和PRi2659,对番茄不同品种的不同外植体进行转化试验。在感染部位诱导出毛状根和再生植株,经检测毛状根及再生植株均含有农杆碱和甘露碱。比较不同菌种诱导毛状根的频率和在不同番茄品种间差异。结果表明:发根农杆菌PRi15834和PRiA4感染番茄诱导毛状根的频率比PRi2569诱导频率高。供试番茄品种中强力米寿和粉白砂,感染效果最好。感染方式以叶盘法和胚轴的直接注射法比较适宜。     

硝酸银与脱落酸相配合影响菜心离体培养之植株再生方式的组织学研究

菜心带子叶的子叶柄在培养基中是否添加ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ可导致两种不同的植株再生方式：添加ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ时由外植体直接出芽,而不加ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ则植株再生经过愈伤组织阶段再分化成芽。培养１—３ｄ,子叶柄切口端之皮层及维管束的薄壁细胞开始启动,细胞迅速分裂而形成分生细胞团和少量愈伤组织。第４天,在不含ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ的培养基上,分生细胞团则形成根原基进而发育成根;或者去分化形成愈伤组织。在这种条件下,只有少数芽原基可由培养１５ｄ后的愈伤组织再分化产生．在含ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ的培养基上,分生细胞旺盛增殖而形成大量分生细胞团,并由这种分生细胞团直接形成大量的芽原基．１０ｄ左右即可产生为数众多的丛生不定芽．ＡｇＮＯ３与ＡＢＡ相配合抑制了不定根及愈伤组织的形成和生长,促进大量增生的分生细胞团直接分化为不定芽的芽原基．     

结球甘兰下胚轴组织培养形态发生的组织学研究

结球甘兰离体下胚轴培养,近切口的中柱薄壁细胞首先启动分生,中柱外的内皮层,皮层,表皮细胞随后也启动分生。随着愈伤组织的生长和愈伤形成层的建成,维管组织与分生组织产生。组织培养中出现的多倍性细胞团和单倍性细胞,不会引起原二倍体物种的遗传性变异和性状变化。在愈伤组织中,芽多为外起源。由原体原始细胞和原套原始细胞发育成芽原基,进一步形成不定芽。另外,不定芽还可由外植体皮层内薄壁组织直接产生。不定根为内起     

多变小冠花(豆科牧草)原生质体和外植体胚状体的形成和植株的再生

EM-5游离大量的多变小冠花实生苗子叶原生质体。Kao的原生质体培养基使子叶原生质体分裂形成细胞团。MSD_4诱导多变小冠花原生质体愈伤组织产生胚状体、苗和植株的分化。MS-1诱导多变小冠花实生苗根、下胚轴和子叶愈伤组织的形成,胚状体、苗和值株的分化。根愈伤组织胚状体形成的频率(60%)高于子叶和下胚轴的(<23%)。组织切片的观察表明多变小冠花原生质体植株的再生通过胚状体形成的途径。     

烟草叶片、花萼等在组织培养中形态发生的细胞组织学研究

烟草叶片、花萼、叶柄在附加2mg/L BA和0.1mg/L NAA的MS培养基上,具高诱导率和分化率。本文着重观察了这三类外植体启动时的细胞形态及器官发生过程。发现表皮细胞、叶肉细胞和各处薄壁细胞均可启动,含有叶绿体的同化组织一般在2—3天普遍启动,被启动细胞脱分化形成分生型胚性细胞,并进入细胞分裂周期,分裂面一般不规则,以后形成分生细胞团。叶片、叶柄中有些分生细胞团可直接分化为不定芽;不定芽数量多,密集成芽丛;分化速度快,一般10—15天,花萼经愈伤组织阶段,分化速度较慢,约25天,芽亦少。观察了三者形态发生的过程,一般芽为外起源,少数为内起源;根一般为内起源。从细胞启动到芽原基形成均有淀粉积累,以叶片最明显,芽形成后淀粉逐渐消失。     

Genetic transformation<Emphasis Type="Italic"> of Pueraria phaseoloides </Emphasis>with<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Agrobacterium rhizogenes</Emphasis> and puerarin production in hairy roots

An efficient transformation system for the medicinal plant Pueraria phaseoloides was established by using agropine-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834. Hairy roots could be obtained directly from the cut edges of petioles of leaf explants or via callus 10 days after inoculation with the bacteria. The highest frequency of explant transformation by A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 was about 70% after infection for 30 days. Hairy roots could grow rapidly on solid, growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog medium and had characteristics of transformed roots such as fast growth and high lateral branching. Paper electrophoresis revealed that bacteria-free hairy roots of P. phaseoloides could synthesize agropine and mannopine. The polymerase chain reaction amplification of rooting locus genes showed that left-hand transferred DNA of the root inducing plasmid of A. rhizogenes was inserted into the genome of transformed P. phaseoloides hairy roots. The content of puerarin in hairy roots reached a level of 1.190 mg/g dry weight and was 1.067 times the content in the roots of untransformed plants.     

Traits of transgenic Atropa belladonna doubly transformed with different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains

Hairy root cultures of Atropa belladonna L. were established by infection either with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834 or MAFF 03-01724, and transgenic plants were obtained from both hairy root cultures. Doubly transformed roots were induced by re-infection of the leaf segments of transgenic Atropa belladonna plants (A. rhizogenes 15834) with MAFF 03-01724. Shoots and viviparous leaves were regenerated from the doubly transformed roots. The genetic transformation was determined by the opine assay (agropine, mannopine and/or mikimopine) and polymerase chain reaction. Physiological changes and tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in the hairy roots (singly and doubly transformed) were investigated. The alkaloid content in the doubly transformed root strain was intermediate as compared to the root strains which were singly transformed. On the other hand endogenous IAA levels in doubly transformed roots were significantly decreased compared to both singly transformed roots.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - IAA indoleacetic acid - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - PCR polymerase chain reaction - t-ZR trans-zeatin     

发根农杆菌的Ri-质粒转化和赛莨菪的发根培养

将赛莨菪（Scopolia Iurida)的无菌苗被含有Ri-质粒的发根农村菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes)感染后,诱导出发根（hariy root)将发根分离,除菌后,在不含激素的琼脂或液体MS培养基上培养,发根能产生正常植物体中含有的莨菪碱和东莨菪碱等生物碱,在发根培养物中检测到agropine和mannopine,说明发根农杆菌Ri-质粒的T－DNA部分已转化到赛菪莨细胞的DNA中。     

Infection of turnip and radish storage roots with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Within about 10 days after inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, the vascular bundles of storage root disks of turnip or radish developed small outgrowths with numerous root hairs. Thereafter, adventitious roots (hairy roots) emerged extensively from these outgrowths. The hairy roots which emerged fully supported the growth of host plants, though they lacked geotropism. An excised hairy root could be subcultured as an axenic root culture in the absence of phytohormones. Hairy root cultures with extensive lateral branches grew much more rapidly than those with few lateral branches or ordinary roots. Calli were induced from hairy root cultures in the presence of 2,4-D, and root proliferation from these calli occurred in the absence of 2,4-D. Both the primary hairy roots and the roots which grew from them synthesized agropine and mannopine.     

The Transference of Ri-Plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes to Scopolia lurida Revealed by the Hairy Root Cultivation and the Alkaloids Production

The steriled plants of Scopolia lurida after being infected by A. rhizogenes were induced to produce hairy roots. They grew well in medium either of hormone free MS agar or of roots suspension culture. As the result, the cultivated hairy root was shown to yield alkaloids such as hyosciamine and scopolamine. Since agropine and mannopine were also detected in the hairy root cultures, the transference of the T-DNA of A. rhizogenes Ri-plasmid into the cell genomic DNA of S. lurida is clearly demonstrated.     

烟草毛状根诱导及其茄尼醇含量初探

茄尼醇是合成泛醌类药物的重要中间体。以发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)W.T15834感染烟草叶片诱导产生毛状根, 探讨其茄尼醇含量变化。结果显示, 获得的毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长, 但在液体培养基中培养的毛状根生长更迅速, 也不会形成愈伤组织。甘露碱检测及PCR结果证实, 发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB基因已在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。用改进的HPLC法测定烟草毛状根中的茄尼醇含量, 其结果为对照根(种子萌发产生的幼苗根)的1.12倍, 但仍比废弃烟叶中茄尼醇含量低43.2％。     

The non-conserved region of cucumopine-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA is responsible for hairy root induction

The T-DNA regions of three strains of Ri plasmids 1855, 8196, 2659 (agropine, mannopine and cucumopine type respectively) share two highly conserved regions flanking a non-homologous central part [1,2]. We have cloned segments of the cucumopine Ri plasmid 2659 T-DNA in the binary vector system Bin 19 and infected carrot discs with recombinant Agrobacterium strains. We show here that the central non-conserved region is crucial in hairy root induction as it is sufficient to induce rooting on the apical (auxin-rich) surface of carrot discs; in order to observe rooting on the basal (auxin-depleted) side of the discs, a longer T-DNA fragment, also encompassing part of the right conserved region, had to be utilized in conjunction with a Agrobacterium strain carrying aux genes. Differences of growth properties in culture are exhibited by roots transformed with different fragments of pRi 2659 T-DNA, although all transformed roots show the plagiotropic behaviour typical of hairy roots.     

烟草毛状根诱导及其茄尼醇含量初探

茄尼醇是合成泛醌类药物的重要中间体.以发根农杆菌（Agrobacterium rhizogenes）W.T15834感染烟草叶片诱导产生毛状根,探讨其茄尼醇含量变化.结果显示,获得的毛状根能在无外源生长调节剂的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长,但在液体培养基中培养的毛状根生长更迅速,也不会形成愈伤组织.甘露碱检测及PCR结果证实,发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB基因已在烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达.用改进的HPLC法测定烟草毛状根中的茄尼醇含量,其结果为对照根（种子萌发产生的幼苗根）的1.12倍,但仍比废弃烟叶中茄尼醇含量低43.2%.     

The first report on the induction of hairy roots in Trapa natans,a unique aquatic plant with photosynthesizing roots

Hairy root cultures are often used to produce valuable metabolites. They are grown on sucrose-rich medium, which is highly susceptible to contamination. Trapa natans is a unique plant with photosynthesizing roots. It is a promising object to obtain photoautotrophic hairy root culture. Protocols for transformation of this species are yet unknown. We report that hairy roots can be induced in aquarium and in vitro cultures of T. natans by agrobacterium-mediated and biolistic transformation. 64 roots were induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834, two roots were obtained using strain K599. Strain A4 was not effective. Biolistics with either amplicons of rol genes and 1301 pCAMBIA plasmid carrying rol genes resulted in the formation of six roots. All these roots contained chloroplasts. This achievement opens a prospect for genetic transformation of T. natans and use of its green photosynthesizing hairy root cultures in production of bioactive substances and in phytoremediation.