浙江省野生蜡梅种子生物学特性研究

探究浙江省野生蜡梅种子的生物学特性,提高种子萌发率,为其保护和利用提供参考。研究结果表明：野生蜡梅种子千粒重约为396.98g,含水量约为15.66%,生活力约为91%。萌发抑制物主要存在于种仁中,醇溶性活性强于水溶性物质,有吸水性障碍的坚硬种皮和萌发抑制物使种子最高发芽率不能达到种子批活力的数值,并影响了其出苗整齐度。种子进行刺破种皮后浸水处理能改善种子结构,有利于种子萌发。     

盐胁迫对二色补血草种子萌发的影响

以二色补血草(Limonium bicolor)种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的NaCl、Na2SO4及二者质量比为1:1的混合盐在其种子萌发过程中进行胁迫,调查盐胁迫对种子萌发的影响,并测定萌发过程中种子蛋白质含量、淀粉酶活力及还原糖和总糖含量的变化.结果表明:盐胁迫使二色补血草种子的发芽势、发芽指数和发芽率明显降低,而且随着盐浓度的增鲻加,抑制作用增强;3种盐对种子萌发的抑制作用强度依次为NaCl>混合盐>Na2SO4;二色补血草种子耐盐适宜范围为Na2SO4 1.2%、混合盐0.8%、NaCl 0.5%,耐盐半致死浓度为Na2SO4 2.1%、混合盐1.4%、NaCl 1.1%,耐盐极限浓度为Na2SO4 3.5%、混合盐2.4%、NaCl 2.0%.盐处理后不萌发的种子转入蒸馏水后重新萌发的试验结果表明,盐分胁迫主要是通过渗透效应,抑制种子中蛋白质和总糖的分解,进而延缓或抑制了种子的萌发.     

银杏不同器官蛋白质动态变化的电泳分析

利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对不同季节银杏(Ginkgo bilobaL.)雌雄株叶片和枝条中的贮藏蛋白质组分和可溶性蛋白质含量进行了研究。结果表明,银杏叶片中的可溶性蛋白质含量从10月中旬开始逐渐减少,11月中旬降到最低;枝条中的可溶性蛋白质含量从秋末到整个冬季逐渐增加,进入早春后大幅度下降;同一季节内,叶片中的蛋白质含量明显高于枝条,且雄株叶片和枝条的蛋白质含量高于雌株。单向电泳结果表明,银杏雌雄株叶片中相对分子质量为55 000和32 000的蛋白质谱带均于11月中旬前消失,表明这些蛋白质在银杏落叶前发生了转移。在银杏雌雄株枝条中,相对分子质量为59 000、32 000和27 000的蛋白质谱带均在12月底染色最深,进入早春后消失;雄株枝条中相对分子质量为18 000的蛋白质谱带在12月底前稳定出现,进入早春后消失。表明银杏枝条中的这些蛋白质均表现出冬季积累而春季降解的动态过程。     

沙葱种子的萌发特性和几种贮藏物质含量的变化

研究沙葱种子的萌发和贮藏物质含量变化的结果表明:(1)沙葱种子萌发的温度范围为5~30℃,最适温度为19℃;(2)浸种8~24h可提高沙葱种子的发芽率,最佳浸种时间为12h,浸种超过24h,发芽率下降;(3)每天0h光照下的种子发芽势和发芽率比每天光照24h的高65.6%和74.5%,显示沙葱种子萌发有嫌光性。(4)在萌发过程中的种子蛋白质含量下降,可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉含量先降低后升高,脂肪含量在萌发的2d内急剧下降,6d后呈缓慢升高的趋势。     

γ-射线辐射对银杏种子贮藏期间呼吸速率及品质的影响

以贮藏于４℃下的广东南雄产银杏（Ｇｒｉｎｋｇｏ ｂｉｌｏｂａ Ｌ．）种子为材料,去外种皮后用３０００ｒａｄ ＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线照射。结果表明：＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线辐射处理后,明显抑制银杏种子的呼吸速率,延缓种子萌发对呼吸高峰的出现,降低种仁中淀粉酶的活力,减缓淀粉转化为还原糖的速度,但对银杏种仁蛋白质、Ｖｃ含量没有明显的影响。     

植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子萌发的影响

用6-BA、IBA、GA 3等3种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子进行萌发处理,测定降香黄檀种子中可溶性糖、淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪含量的变化。结果表明,降香黄檀种子在不同的萌发处理过程中,可溶性糖含量均呈下降趋势,萌发结束时淀粉含量由第3 d的0.6%下降至0.2%以下,其中6-BA处理后种子萌发前期（3～6 d）淀粉含量变化不大,后期则有一个显著的下降趋势;3种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子蛋白质、脂肪含量变化影响不明显。     

银杏叶黄酮提取方法比较

比较不同溶剂提取银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ．）叶黄酮类化合物的提取效率,从成本效益角度考虑,以７０％乙醇作为提取溶剂更为有利。在分级沉淀中,黄酮含量与蛋白质含量呈正相关,在乙醇提取液中黄酮和蛋白质含量最高;蛋白质的存在有助于提高黄酮的溶解度。乙醇提取液用饱和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４浓缩两次,可使醇相中的黄酮沉淀析出。根据试验结果,提出了银杏叶黄酮的优化提取方法。     

天麻种子与真菌共生萌发的蛋白组学研究

天麻Gastrodia elata是典型的腐生型兰科药用植物,其种子萌发需要小菇属Mycena真菌的侵染和共生,目前天麻种子共生萌发分子机制是该领域的热点问题。我们首次对天麻种子共生萌发过程进行了系统的蛋白质组学研究。采用iTRAQ标记的液质联用技术,成功鉴定了天麻成熟种子和萌发后原球茎的蛋白质组,共鉴定蛋白1 769个（global FDR 1%）。两组进行了差异蛋白质组学研究,获得差异蛋白269个。差异蛋白GO注释结果表明,在天麻种子共生萌发过程中,差异蛋白参与的功能和生物过程多样,以催化和结合为主,还参与感知环境刺激、分子信号等功能。KEGG代谢通路分析表明,差异蛋白还主要参与了转导、能量代谢、次生代谢和环境适应等过程。我们发现,一些参与内吞作用的蛋白在共生萌发过程中存在差异表达,表明内吞可能参与到二者互作过程中。对差异蛋白质组的深入解析和研究有利于揭示天麻种子共生萌发的分子机制,具有较强的理论和现实意义。     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同,种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中,醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体,直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后,根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡,经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中,然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

植物种子贮藏蛋白质及其细胞内转运与加工

高等植物种子成熟过程中贮存大量的贮藏蛋白质作为种子发芽和初期生长的重要营养来源。根据溶解性不同, 种子贮藏蛋白质可分为白蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白4类。在种子胚发育过程中, 醇溶蛋白在粗面内质网合成后形成蛋白质聚集体, 直接出芽形成蛋白体并贮存其中。白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白在粗面内质网以分子量较大的前体形式合成后, 根据各自的分选信号进入特定的运输囊泡, 经由受体依赖型运输/聚集体形式运输转运至蛋白质贮藏型液泡中, 然后经过液泡加工酶等的剪切转换为成熟型贮藏蛋白质并贮存其中。蛋白质的合成、分选、转运和加工等过程影响种子蛋白质的品质及含量。该文对种子贮藏蛋白质的分类和运输、加工以及这些过程对种子蛋白质品质和含量的影响进行了概述。     

The Relationship of Protein Fractions and Individual Proteins to Seedling Vigour in Wheat

Foliar applications of urea were applied to winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L. cv. Logan) to study the relationships between seedsize, total, fractional, and individual protein contents andseedling vigour. Seedling vigour was found to be closely relatedto the total protein content of the whole seed and endosperm.Seedling vigour was also related to the salt-insoluble and salt-solublefractions of the endosperm. The majority of individual proteinsas separated by SDS gel electrophoresis from both the salt-solubleand -insoluble fractions of the endosperm were positively correlatedwith seedling vigour. In growth analysis studies, while the high-protein seeds lostweight and protein more rapidly than low-protein seeds, no appreciabledifferences in net assimilation rate, relative growth rate orleaf area ratio were detected. The ratio of insoluble to soluble proteins did not change withseed size but was increased by urea applications. The nitrogencontent of the gliadin fraction was increased by nitrogen fertilizer,foliar applications of urea and sub-toxic levels of herbicideswhile concomitantly the nitrogen content of the glutenin fractiondecreased.     

Comparative studies on the changes of total soluble proteins and protease activity in Georgian commercial peanuts contaminated by Aspergillus flavus

The presence of Aspergillus species is an indicator of storage conditions, which also suggests the possibility of several biochemical changes in grains. A comparative change in total soluble proteins and protease activity was determined in commercial peanut seeds collected from Georgia State. Protein contents of healthy peanuts, naturally contaminated peanuts and then artificially inoculated peanut seeds with A. flavus were estimated by Bradford method, and protease activity was also determined by using the Protease Detection Kits. Protein contents and the protease activity of the peanuts varied from sample to sample. The soluble protein content of seeds was significantly higher in healthy peanuts than in artificially inoculated or naturally infected peanuts with A. flavus. Protease activity was found to be higher in artificially inoculated seeds than in either naturally infected or healthy peanuts. Level of soluble proteins in buffer extracts of contaminated seeds decreased with incubation time, and protease activity increased with incubation time. These changes may be attributed to host response due to infection, contribution by A. flavus or due to biochemical alterations that occur naturally during the transition from endosperm to seedling during incubation period.     

Studies on the Structure,Afterripening and Cytochemistry of Seeds in Eleutherococcus brachypus Harms

Seeds of Eleutherococcus brachypus Harms were flat-kidney-shaped and their seed coats were only composed of one layer of cells. Embryos with abundant protein in their cells were just at the heart-shaped stage and were capped by sacs formed from degenerating endosperm cells when seeds shed from their maternal plants. A large amount of stored protein grains and lipids existed in endosperm cells but no polysaccharide grains were present either in endosperm cells or in embryo cells. Viable seeds were only 9.27% of the total. The plump seeds germinated in the cultivated field after 18～19 months and their germinating rate was 1.67%. Besides, the content of protein decreased gradually and a few polysaccharide grains were stored in embryo cells during the process. The afterripening process of seeds stratified at different temperatures ended after 6 months and the cytochemistry features of the seeds were that the content of protein decreased gradually and numerous polysaccharide grains had been stored in embryo cells at the late heart-shaped embryo stage and retained till the mature embryo stage. The structure, afterripening and cytochemistry of seeds were compared between Eleutherococcus brachypus and Eleutherococcus senticosus. The poor quality of the seeds, longer time of afterripening in a natural state and much lower germination rate of E. brachypus are considered to be important reasons for the endangerment of this species. Somemeasures are suggested for its conservation based on the above facts.     

Changes in late embryogenesis abundant proteins and a small heat shock protein during storage of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds

Beech seed physiology, including the effect of stress proteins like late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and small heat shock proteins (sHSP) on viability during storage, is not fully understood. Four lots of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds have been stored for 1, 4, 6 and 8 years at −10 °C and 8–9% moisture content (MC). Under these conditions, the germination capacity ranges from 81.5% to 100% in the youngest seeds. However, the seeds decrease in vigour with prolonged time of storage. Dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins were identified both in cotyledons and embryonic axes of the dry stored seeds. In general, decreased contents of LEA proteins as well as reduced content of total soluble protein were detected during prolonged storage. The contents of soluble proteins in embryonic axes and nearly all detected dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins were correlated with germination capacity. Moreover a sHSP with molecular mass of approximately 22 kDa was identified. The largest content of this protein was observed in the oldest seeds, especially in embryonic axes. The proteins identified may play a protective role during water deficit and storage.     

模拟四季温度层积对南方红豆杉种子生理性状的影响

为了解濒危物种南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)种子内含物含量受温度和湿度层积的影响,设置4个季节、2种湿度(16%和24%)基质层积处理,对种子的可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白和脂肪等内含物质的变化进行研究。结果表明,不同层积处理下种子贮藏物质的含量有显著变化,春季层积9个月后,可溶性蛋白含量达到最高值;可溶性糖含量呈现降低-升高-降低的变化趋势;淀粉和脂肪含量均随层积逐渐减少。秋季层积9个月后,淀粉含量降至最低。相比于24%湿度,16%湿度的春季、秋季、冬季层积9个月后,脂肪含量均减少较多,说明16%湿度下种子代谢活动更强。春季和秋季的暖温更能促进种子代谢,促进种子形态后熟。夏季温度过高,导致种子生活力下降,夏季层积处理3个月后,种子已经发霉和腐烂。层积过程中,种子内含物在相关酶的作用下,降解为可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖等,为种子萌发提供物质与能量。种子层积时间、温度和湿度及交互作用可作为种子内含物的调控因子。     

Storage-protein hydrolysis and protein-body breakdown in germinatedZea mays L. seeds

Storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) were studied in germinated seeds, as were the proteins of protein bodies isolated from endosperms at different germination times. Major endosperm storage proteins were degraded in a sequential way, glutelin 2 being hydrolysed faster than zein 1. Immunocytochemical labelling of the different protein bodies using the antisera anti-glutelin 2 and anti-zein 1 indicates that the protein bodies were degraded by progressive hydrolysis from their surface. The digestion of glutelin 2 correlated with the disappearance of the protein-body membranes.     

Hydrolytic enzyme activities and degradation of storage components in cotyledons of germinatingPhaseolus mungo seeds

Phaseolus mungo seeds were allowed to germinate in the dark, and time-course changes in contents of protein fractions, starch, soluble α-amino nitrogen and reducing sugars and in hydrolytic enzyme activities in cotyledons were investigated. In cotyledons of germinated seeds, marked increases in proteolytic (caseolytic, globulytic and gelatin-hydrolyzing) activities and amylolytic activity occurred with concurrent mobilization of storage proteins and starch. Removal of axis organs from seeds at very early stages of germination caused the deteriorated breakdown of storage components and decreased development of proteolytic enzymes in the cotyledons, but this treatment did not significantly affect the appearance of amylolytic activity. The experimental results are discussed in comparison with the hydrolytic enzyme activities of germinating seeds of other leguminous species.     

Osmoregulation, growth and sucrose accumulation in germinated Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds treated with polyethylene glycol

Germinated seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) were grown in water or in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions. After endosperm removal, the water relations, growth, dry weight, sucrose and reducing sugar content of the embryo were determined. Under water sstress conditions, water content and osmotic potential (π₀) at saturation, growth and dry weight were lower than in non-stressed controls. The reduction in dry weight indicated a lower uptake of solutes from the endosperm and the decrease in π₀ was not accompanied by an increase in the amount of the accumulated solutes. It is suggested that embryos of stressed fenugreek seeds control osmotic potential by reduction of water uptake and that this results in reduction of growth. Embryos isolated from germinated seeds ("naked" embryos) were grown in water or in PEG solutions, with or without galactose (as an external solute source substituting for the endosperm). The results indicate that a decrease in the external solute did not account for growth reduction under conditions of water stress, and that decreased solute transport to the embryo may be important. The sucrose contents of "naked" embryos and of embryos from whole seeds were higher after PEG treatment, while reducing sugar contents were lower compared to non-stressed controls. The increased sucrose accumulation may be due to decreased sucrose hydrolysis.     

荔枝胚败育过程中内源激素与蛋白质含量的变化

连续3年(1999-2001年)对典型的荔枝焦核品种桂味、糯米糍和大核品种黑叶、怀枝花后10-40d的幼胚和胚乳内源激素、多酚含量及蛋白质动态变化进行研究。结果表明,焦核品种幼胚及胚乳中的IAA、GAs和ABA含量低于大核品种;多酚类物质含量在胚中低于大核品种,胚乳中则高于大核品种;胚和胚乳中的蛋白质含量均低于大核品种。蛋白质电泳结果显示,22．5、28．5和45kD这3类蛋白质在怀枝和黑叶的胚蛋白质代谢过程中表现出较高的稳定性,桂味和糯米糍胚蛋白质中的28．5kD蛋白质也有相似的特性。     

On the Composition, Deposition and Mobilization of Proteins in the Cotyledons of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L. cv. Hale) Seeds: Their Role as Storage Proteins

Proteins in the soluble and insoluble fractions, extracted frommature castor bean cv. Hale seed cotyledons, differ quantitativelyand qualitatively from their counterparts extracted from theendosperm. The soluble fraction contains no glycoproteins, andthe lectins RCA₁ and ricin D are absent. While the insolubleproteins are electrophoretically and immunologically similarto those in the endosperm, they do not form the 100 kD subunitdimers which characterize some of the endosperm insoluble crystalloidproteins. Rapid rates of deposition of all of the soluble andinsoluble proteins present in the mature seed cotyledons commences30–35 d after pollination (DAP) and continues until 45DAP. These proteins are mobilized rapidly beginning 1–2d after seed imbibition and this coincides with an increasein specific activity, in the cotyledons, of two aminopeptidasesand a carboxypeptidase. The soluble and insoluble proteins inthe cotyledons of the mature seed probably function as storageproteins and support the growth of the germinated seed priorto the mobilization of the major protein storage reserves ofthe endosperm. Key words: Ricinus communis, Castor bean, Hale cultivar, Cotyledon, Storage protein, Seed development, Seed germination