气孔表面上边界层阻力的进一步计算

把气孔截面看作椭圆面,把每个气孔表面上的边界层区域看作棱柱形区域,在该区域内建立一个三维气体扩散模型。通过应用计算机对模型中的气体扩散方程进行迭代计算,获得比以往更为精确的计算气孔表面上边界层阻力的公式。而该公式与Brown和Escombe的以及Cooke的公式比较,发现在气孔开度变化相当大的范围内,用后面两公式计算气孔外端效应阻力引起的相对误差为10～20％左右。     

关于能否用小孔律解释气孔蒸腾具有高速率的问题

“植物的蒸腾速度决定于扩散动力和扩散阻力两个因素 ,与小孔律无直接关系……在解释气孔散失大量水分时 ,不应使用小孔律……”[1 ] 的提法欠妥 ,值得商榷。首先 ,通过小孔扩散水汽的动力与气孔相同 ,都是孔内外水汽压差。若小孔与外界之间不存在水汽压差 ,水分是不会高速率地通过小孔大量散失的。其次 ,水分通过小孔扩散时同样存在扩散阻力 ,即小孔阻力和边界层阻力。因此 ,水分通过小孔扩散或气孔蒸腾是相似的 ,所以 ,用小孔律来解释气孔蒸腾具有高速率是科学的。但是 ,气孔又有不同于无生物活性的 ,形状和孔径大小不变的小孔之处 ,它是…     

气孔蒸腾的动力及小孔定律

气孔蒸腾是植物散失水分的主要途径。气孔口很小 ,其总面积一般不超过叶面积的 1%,可是叶子通过气孔蒸腾所散失的水分却达到与叶面积相等的自由液面的 5 0 %以上。如此惊人的蒸腾效率 ,许多教科书都用小孔的边缘效应来解释这一现象 ,但我们认为是否应从气孔蒸腾的动力和边缘效应两方面来解释这一现象 ,有待商榷与探讨。1　气孔蒸腾的动力植物的气孔蒸腾实际上分为两步 ,首先在细胞间隙及气孔腔周围叶肉细胞表面进行水分蒸发 ,其次才是水蒸汽从气孔腔经气孔扩散到空气中去。气孔内的细胞间隙很多 ,它的总面积要比叶外表面积大很多倍 ,在这样…     

植物气孔阻力及其测定

狭义概念中的气孔是指位于两个保卫细胞之间的缝隙,广义的概念将构成气孔的保卫细胞及副卫细胞也归于气孔结构。二氧化碳、水汽等由大气经过该狭缝进入气孔腔过程中所遇到的机械阻力称为气孔阻力。主要受植物表皮结构、气孔数量及其分布、气孔开张度、小气候因素(尤其是风速、温度、大气相对湿度等)以及大气污染物等因素制约。     

几个气孔模型在自然条件下的适用性

在自然条件下,用气孔下腔与叶面间的水汽压差（ＶＰＤｓ）取代原有气孔模型中的大气湿度因子,可以明显提高气孔模型在自然条件下的适用性。理论分析指出,在气孔模型中,用ＶＰＤｓ表达气孔导度对湿度的响应与用蒸腾速率表达气孔导度对蒸腾失水的响应是等价的。     

冬小麦品种(系)旗叶叶脉性状及其与气孔性状间的关联性

植物叶脉结构决定着叶水分运输能力,而气孔特性则与水分散失有关,研究二者间的关联性对认识与植物水分利用有关的生理功能间关系及其调控有重要理论价值。本研究以冬小麦为例,系统研究了15个小麦品种(系)旗叶的叶脉性状及其与气孔性状间的关联性。结果表明:在小麦3种类型叶脉中,小纵向脉的密度占叶脉密度的65.8%;小纵向脉间距与大纵向脉间距及横向脉间距均呈显著正相关,大、小纵向脉密度与其间距呈极显著负相关;供试小麦品种(系)叶片上、下表面的气孔大小相差不大,但上表面气孔密度显著高于下表面,上、下表面的气孔长、气孔宽与气孔密度存在显著正相关,但气孔长与气孔密度之间存在显著负相关;3种类型叶脉中,大纵向脉与气孔特征间并无显著相关关系,而小纵向脉、横向脉和气孔特征间存在一定的相关性,小麦品种(系)叶脉密度与下表面气孔密度和总气孔密度呈显著正相关,但与上表面气孔长呈显著负相关,从而揭示了小麦品种(系)水分供给和需求存在协调性的结构基础。     

田间小麦群体内叶片气孔阻力垂直差异研究

根据田间实测资料, 本文给出了田间小麦群体中叶片不同部位和冠层不同层次叶面气孔阻力的差异, 及其与环境因素特别是土壤水分含量关系的分析结果。结果表明, 小麦冠层各不同层次和叶片不同部位的气孔阻力有明显差异。就冠层上部单个叶片而言, 由叶尖到叶基气孔阻力逐渐增大;叶片正面的气孔阻力小于叶片反面对应部位的气孔阻力。对于水汽和CO₂传导的贡献70%是由冠层上部的两片叶子给出的;群体内不同层次叶片相应部位的气孔阻力是由冠层上部向下逐渐增大, 冠层不同层次叶片和叶片不同部位的气孔对环境因素变化的反空不同, 如当土壤水分不足时, 群体下部叶片和叶片反面的气孔张度首先变小, 且变小的程度较大。     

草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了４种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应。结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的。中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者。植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加。     

玉米叶片气孔及花环和维管束结构对水分胁迫的响应

采用盆栽种植,以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,设置对照（CK）、轻度（LS）、中度（MS）和重度（SS）水分胁迫 (土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75%～85%、65%～75%、55%～65%、45%～55%)4个水分梯度,从气孔开度的调控、花环结构的变化、叶片维管束水分运输等方面研究了玉米对土壤水分胁迫的应激反应.结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的不断加剧,气孔保卫和副卫细胞中过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的积累量逐渐增多,应用荧光染色定位也发现H₂O₂荧光强度逐渐增强,而气孔开度和气孔导度均逐渐减小.同时,花环的正常结构被破坏,花环细胞排列凌乱且体积逐渐变小,维管束鞘细胞变得不规则;大维管束断面面积、木质部面积以及韧皮部细胞数均减少,总的叶片和上、下表皮的厚度逐渐变薄.此外,花环细胞和维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体数目减少,且在中度胁迫下花环细胞中叶绿体的分布发生了变化,由紧贴细胞质膜内侧环靠细胞壁分布向偏细胞中心扩散.发现玉米气孔关闭可能是由保卫细胞和副卫细胞中的H₂O₂共同调节,副卫细胞中的H₂O₂对保卫细胞主导的气孔关闭具有协同作用.总之,在水分胁迫下,玉米通过改变叶片花环结构和厚度、叶绿体的分布,减小木质部和韧皮部面积等降低叶片表面水势,促进气孔关闭,减少体内水分散失,以减轻干旱胁迫对其伤害.     

小孔定律不能完美解释植物气孔蒸腾高速率之我见

在国内通用的植物生理学教材(曹宗巽和吴相钰1979:江苏农学院1986:潘瑞炽和董愚得1995;杨学荣1981)中,对植物通过蒸腾作用大量散失水分的现象,即仅占叶面积0.5%～1.0%的气孔所散失的水分可达到与叶面积相同的自由水面蒸发量的40%～50%,都以小孔定律(小孔扩散原理、边缘效应)来解释,即水蒸气经过小孔扩散的速率与小孔周长成比例,而不和小孔面积成比     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细