适用于疫苗株筛选的痘苗病毒载体的构建

为构建适用于疫苗株筛选的痘苗病毒载体,利用标记瞬时稳定的原理,在痘苗病毒单选择标记载体psc65的基础上,构建成带有neo和LacZ双选择标记的痘苗病毒载体pVI75.为检验载体pVI75的有效性,将HIV-1合成基因syngpnef插入到载体pVI75上,构建成转移质粒pVI75-syngpnef,并与天坛株752-1痘苗病毒共转染CEF细胞.筛选得到的重组病毒经PCR和Dot blot检验表明,标记基因已被删除,而目的基因被整合到痘苗病毒基因组上.Westem blot检测结果表明,目的基因的表达正确.痘苗病毒载体pVI75的构建使得疫苗株筛选的工作量大为降低,时间大大缩短,为利用痘苗病毒载体构建重组病毒疫苗株的研究提供了参考.     

用lac基因筛选表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白的重组痘苗病毒

为了研制基因工程狂犬病疫苗,我国于1991年首次报道了在痘苗病毒天坛株中表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白,但报道中重组病毒的选择是先经人骨髓瘤细胞(TK-143)在诱变剂5-溴脱氧尿苷(BrudR)作用下通过标记拯救技术筛选出携带有同源基因的重组病毒,然后再利用重组病毒中携带的Lac基因为选择标记,通过噬斑纯化获得重组病毒,用这种选择方式获得的重组病毒,经过了TK-143细胞和BrudR,因此不宜发展成疫苗,本研究探索不经过TK-143细胞和BrudR,仅利用Lac基因为选择标记,直接在鸡胚细胞上通过噬斑纯化获得重组病毒,现将研究结果报道如下。     

表达HIV-I CN54株gagpol基因重组痘苗病毒疫苗株的构建

为研制不带筛选标记的HIV活载体疫苗,首先构建含有neo基因和lacZ基因双重筛选标记的pV175转移质粒,并将HIV—I中国主要流行株B’／C重组株CN54 gagpol基因置于pV175的启动子pE／L下,构建重组质粒pVl75—Gagpol。重组质粒与痘苗病毒天坛株共转染鸡胚细胞。前三轮通过G418加压,噬斑纯化,得到既含目的基因又含筛选标记的蓝色重组痘苗病毒;后三轮在无G418选择压力下,筛选只含目的基因而缺失了筛选标记的白色重组痘苗病毒。结果表明筛选到了一株重组病毒,经PCR和Dot blot检测确认该株重组痘苗病毒的neo基因和lacZ基因已丢失;PCR鉴定表明目的基因已插入重组痘苗病毒中;抗体染色和Westem blot结果证实该重组病毒能很好地表达目的蛋白。     

表达HIV-I CN54株gagpol基因重组痘苗病毒疫苗株的构建

为研制不带筛选标记的HIV活载体疫苗,首先构建含有neo基因和lacZ基因双重筛选标记的pVI75转移质粒,并将HIV-I中国主要流行株B'/C重组株CN54 gagpol基因置于pVI75的启动子pE/L下,构建重组质粒pVI75-Gagpol.重组质粒与痘苗病毒天坛株共转染鸡胚细胞.前三轮通过G418加压,噬斑纯化,得到既含目的基因又含筛选标记的蓝色重组痘苗病毒;后三轮在无G418选择压力下,筛选只含目的基因而缺失了筛选标记的白色重组痘苗病毒.结果表明筛选到了一株重组病毒,经PCR和Dot blot检测确认该株重组痘苗病毒的neo基因和lacZ基因已丢失;PCR鉴定表明目的基因已插入重组痘苗病毒中;抗体染色和Western blot结果证实该重组病毒能很好地表达目的蛋白.     

一种以我国痘苗病毒天坛株血凝素基因为选择标记的新型系列表达载体的构建

本文作者从痘苗病毒天坛株Sal I基因文库中确定并分离了痘苗病毒血凝素(HA)基因并组建了以HA为选择标记的系列表达载体,可用于不同结构和不同要求的外源基因在真核细胞中的表达。本系列载体的优点是,在病毒重组过程中可避开传代细胞系,一次性选择出可供疫苗使用的重组病毒。而HA阴性的重组病毒的毒力在家兔皮内试验中,未见明显下降。     

改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉株表达系统可删除筛选标记的双表达穿梭载体

为了构建改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉株表达系统可删除筛选标记的双表达穿梭载体,利用Cre/LoxP DNA重组系统以及本实验室表达Cre酶的BHK-21细胞系 (BHK-Cre),以大肠杆菌黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (Eco gpt) 为筛选标记构建可删除筛选标记的双表达穿梭载体pLR-gpt。将Eco gpt 基因以及调控其表达的启动子基因置于2个同向的LoxP位点之间,2个独立的多克隆位点位于2个LoxP位点之外,最终获得的重组病毒可以在BHK-Cre细胞系上删除筛选标记Eco gpt。为了验证系统的有效     

表达HIV-1多价合成基因的重组痘苗病毒疫苗株的构建

为研制适合我国使用的HIV疫苗,选择具有代表意义的中国流行株HIV CN54(B′/C)病毒gag、pol、nef等基因的合成基因syngpnef,插入到自行构建的能在病毒筛选过程中将标记基因去除掉的双标记基因痘苗病毒载体pVI75的KpnI酶切位点,构建成转移质粒pVI75-syngpnef,与我国的天坛株痘苗病毒共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞,通过蓝白斑筛选得到的重组病毒疫苗株DNA。经PCR鉴定标记基因已被删除并有目的基因的整合,Western blot可检测到目的基因的融合表达。此重组病毒疫苗株有望成为HIV/AIDS候选疫苗。     

双表达狂犬病毒基因的非复制型痘苗病毒改建及免疫效果

为减少重组病毒非必需外源基因,进一步提高非复制重组痘苗病毒狂犬病疫苗的安全性,本研究改建不含报道基因LacZ的双表达狂犬病毒aG株G、N的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRGΔCKRN。采用G418-neo富集、蓝白斑及免疫蚀斑筛选等方法,以表达狂犬病毒糖蛋白(RG)基因的非复制重组痘苗病毒VTKRG△CKlacZ作为亲本株,利用同源重组原理,删除C与K片断间lacZ,并将狂犬病毒核蛋白(RN)基因插入C-K片段间。经核酸及蛋白水平检测表明VTKRGΔCKRN能同时稳定有效地表达狂犬病毒G和N,并具有非复制病毒生长特性。重组病毒裸鼠毒力实验表明VTKRG△CKRN较复制型重组痘苗病毒VTKRG病毒毒力显著减弱。VTKRGΔCKRN免疫小鼠可诱生较高有效中和抗体,并能保护小鼠免于致死剂量狂犬病毒攻击。以1.6×106PFU较低免疫剂量、仅一次免疫狗可保护狗经致死量中国狂犬病毒街毒株SBD株攻击后存活,诱生具有保护性中和抗体。非复制狂犬-痘苗重组病毒VTKRGΔCKRN免疫效果好、更具安全性。     

痘苗病毒不同启动子对乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原表达的影响

利用DNA重组和细胞体内同源重组技术,分别获得了P7.5启动子和P11启动子单独带动的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)基因的重组痘苗病毒和同一个重组痘苗病毒中含有P7.5和P11启动子分别带动一个HBsAg基因(正反两个插入方向)的四种重组痘苗病毒,比较了它们对HBsAg表达的影响。含P7.5启动子的比含P11启动子的重组痘苗病毒表达的HBsAg水平更高些;在同一个重组痘苗病毒中P7.5和P11两个启动子分别带动HBsAg基因时,两个启动子同向转录表达的HBsAg水平较低,而两个启动子又向转录时表达的HBsAg水平较高,但均没有单一P7.5启动子带动的HBsAg基因的表达水平高。     

痘苗病毒通用表达载体pGJP-5的组建

我们从弱毒的痘苗病毒广-9株出发,构建了一个通用的痘苗病毒表达载体pGJP-5。广-9株的胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶(TK)基因既作为表达载体与痘苗病毒基因组体内重组的同源顺序,又作为重组病毒的筛选标记。在TK结构基因中插入了编码痘苗病毒7.5K蛋白基因的启动基因(P_(7.5)),它可以有效地启动外源基因在痘苗病毒中表达。同时启动基因P_(7.5)的3′末端有BamHⅠ、SmaⅠ、SacⅠ和EcoRⅠ的限制性内切酶位点可供外源基因插入。     

Transient host range selection for genetic engineering of modified vaccinia virus Ankara

Recombinant vaccinia viruses are extremely valuable tools for research in molecular biology and immunology. The extension of vaccinia vector technology to replication-deficient and safety-tested virus strains such as modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) have made this versatile eukaryotic expression system even more attractive for basic and clinical research. Here, we report on easily obtaining recombinant MVA using stringent growth selection on rabbit kidney RK-13 cells. We describe the construction and use of new MVA vector plasmids that carry an expression cassette of the vaccinia virus host range gene, K1L, as a transient selectable marker. These plasmids allow either stable insertion of additional recombinant genes into the MVA genome or precisely targeted mutagenesis of MVA genomic sequences. Repetitive DNA sequences flanking the K1L gene were designed to remove the marker gene from the viral genome by homologous recombination under nonselective growth conditions. The convenience of this new selection technique is demonstrated by isolating MVA recombinants that produce green fluorescent protein and by generating MVA deletion mutants.     

人癌胚抗原-重组痘苗病毒的构建和制备

痘苗病毒的基因组庞大,结构复杂而特殊,不可能将外源基因直接插入它的基因组,必须利用一种特殊的痘苗病毒质粒,才能构建成功重组痘苗病毒．在分析了痘苗病毒质粒ｐＪ１２０〔含有我国天花疫苗－痘苗病毒天坛株７６１的启动子和胸苷激酶（ｔｈｙｍｉｄｉｎｅｋｉｎａｓｅ,简称ＴＫ基因）,及含有人癌胚抗原（ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｅｍｂｒｙｎｉｃａｎｔｉｇｅｎ,简称ＣＥＡ）ｃＤＮＡ全序列的质粒ｐ９１０２３Ｂ－ｃｅａ－１７结构的基础上,设计出三步法构建了重组疫苗病毒质粒ｐＪ－ＣＥＡ．经酶切及ＰＣＲ鉴定ｐＪ－ＣＥＡ中ＣＥＡｃＤ－ＮＡ的存在,进一步用同源重组方法构建了表达人ＣＥＡ的重组痘苗病毒,并以人体成纤维细胞作为宿主细胞,对ＣＥＡ－重组痘苗病毒进行了大量培养．再次证实痘苗病毒是良好的真核表达载体,可以高效而准确地表达细胞膜糖蛋白ＣＥＡ．     

Immunogenicity and safety of defective vaccinia virus lister: comparison with modified vaccinia virus Ankara

Potent and safe vaccinia virus vectors inducing cell-mediated immunity are needed for clinical use. Replicating vaccinia viruses generally induce strong cell-mediated immunity; however, they may have severe adverse effects. As a vector for clinical use, we assessed the defective vaccinia virus system, in which deletion of an essential gene blocks viral replication, resulting in an infectious virus that does not multiply in the host. The vaccinia virus Lister/Elstree strain, used during worldwide smallpox eradication, was chosen as the parental virus. The immunogenicity and safety of the defective vaccinia virus Lister were evaluated without and with the inserted human p53 gene as a model and compared to parallel constructs based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), the present "gold standard" of recombinant vaccinia viruses in clinical development. The defective viruses induced an efficient Th1-type immune response. Antibody and cytotoxic-T-cell responses were comparable to those induced by MVA. Safety of the defective Lister constructs could be demonstrated in vitro in cell culture as well as in vivo in immunodeficient SCID mice. Similar to MVA, the defective viruses were tolerated at doses four orders of magnitude higher than those of the wild-type Lister strain. While current nonreplicating vectors are produced mainly in primary chicken cells, defective vaccinia virus is produced in a permanent safety-tested cell line. Vaccines based on this system have the additional advantage of enhanced product safety. Therefore, a vector system was made which promises to be a valuable tool not only for immunotherapy for diseases such as cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or malaria but also as a basis for a safer smallpox vaccine.     

Isolation of vaccinia MVA recombinants using the viral F13L gene as the selective marker

Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated vaccine vector that has an excellent vaccine safety record. Also, as a eukaryotic gene expression vector, MVA can be used in a biosafety level 1 setup, in contrast to more virulent vaccinia virus strains. Isolation of recombinant MVA involves repeated plaquing of the virus and is burdensome because virus plaques are slow to develop and difficult to recognize. To facilitate the generation of MVA recombinants, we have developed a cloning system for MVA based on the selection of the viral F13L gene. Deletion of F13L in MVA produced a small plaque phenotype and a reduction in extracellular virus formation, indicating a severe block in cell-to-cell spread. When using the F13L knockout virus as the parental virus, reintroduction of the F13L gene in the original locus was used as an efficient selection for the isolation of virus recombinants. The selection procedure can be done entirely in the permissive baby hamster kidney (BHK)-21 cell line, does not require plaque isolation, and rendered close to 100% recombinant virus.     

Expression and cellular immunogenicity of a transgenic antigen driven by endogenous poxviral early promoters at their authentic loci in MVA

CD8(+) T cell responses to vaccinia virus are directed almost exclusively against early gene products. The attenuated strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is under evaluation in clinical trials of new vaccines designed to elicit cellular immune responses against pathogens including Plasmodium spp., M. tuberculosis and HIV-1. All of these recombinant MVAs (rMVA) utilize the well-established method of linking the gene of interest to a cloned poxviral promoter prior to insertion into the viral genome at a suitable locus by homologous recombination in infected cells. Using BAC recombineering, we show that potent early promoters that drive expression of non-functional or non-essential MVA open reading frames (ORFs) can be harnessed for immunogenic expression of recombinant antigen. Precise replacement of the MVA orthologs of C11R, F11L, A44L and B8R with a model antigen positioned to use the same translation initiation codon allowed early transgene expression similar to or slightly greater than that achieved by the commonly-used p7.5 or short synthetic promoters. The frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells induced in mice by single shot or adenovirus-prime, rMVA-boost vaccination were similarly equal or marginally enhanced using endogenous promoters at their authentic genomic loci compared to the traditional constructs. The enhancement in immunogenicity observed using the C11R or F11L promoters compared with p7.5 was similar to that obtained with the mH5 promoter compared with p7.5. Furthermore, the growth rates of the viruses were unimpaired and the insertions were genetically stable. Insertion of a transgenic ORF in place of a viral ORF by BAC recombineering can thus provide not only a potent promoter, but also, concomitantly, a suitable insertion site, potentially facilitating development of MVA vaccines expressing multiple recombinant antigens.     

Expression of CCL20 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not Flt3-L, from modified vaccinia virus ankara enhances antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses

While modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is currently in clinical development as a safe vaccine against smallpox and heterologous infectious diseases, its immunogenicity is likely limited due to the inability of the virus to replicate productively in mammalian hosts. In light of recent data demonstrating that vaccinia viruses, including MVA, preferentially infect antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play crucial roles in generating antiviral immunity, we hypothesized that expression of specific cytokines and chemokines that mediate APC recruitment and activation from recombinant MVA (rMVA) vectors would enhance the immunogenicity of these vectors. To test this hypothesis, we generated rMVAs that express murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), human CCL20/human macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (hCCL20/hMIP-3alpha), or human fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hFlt3-L), factors predicted to increase levels of dendritic cells (DCs), to recruit DCs to sites of immunization, or to promote maturation of DCs in vivo, respectively. These rMVAs also coexpress the well-characterized, immunodominant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen that enabled sensitive and quantitative assessment of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses following immunization of BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrate that immunization of mice with rMVAs expressing mGM-CSF or hCCL20, but not hFlt3-L, results in two- to fourfold increases of cellular immune responses directed against vector-encoded antigens and 6- to 17-fold enhancements of MVA-specific antibody titers, compared to those responses elicited by nonadjuvanted rMVA. Of note, cytokine augmentation of cellular immune responses occurs when rMVAs are given as primary immunizations but not when they are used as booster immunizations, suggesting that these APC-modulating proteins, when used as poxvirus-encoded adjuvants, are more effective at stimulating na?ve T-cell responses than in promoting recall of preexisting memory T-cell responses. Our results demonstrate that a strategy to express specific genetic adjuvants from rMVA vectors can be successfully applied to enhance the immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccines.     

Use of a negative selectable marker for rapid selection of recombinant vaccinia virus

Vaccinia virus has been a powerful tool in molecular biology and vaccine development. The relative ease of inserting and expressing foreign genes combined with its broad host range has made it an attractive antigen delivery system against many heterologous diseases. Many different approaches have been developed to isolate recombinant vaccinia virus generated from homologous recombination; however, most are time-consuming, often requiring a series of passages or specific cell lines. Herein we introduce a rapid method for isolating recombinants using the antibiotic coumermycin and the interferon-associated PKR pathway to select for vaccinia virus recombinants. This method uses a negative selection marker in the form of a fusion protein, GyrB-PKR, consisting of the coumermycin dimerization domain of Escherichia coli gyrase subunit B fused to the catalytic domain of human PKR. Coumermycin-dependent dimerization of this protein results in activation of PKR and the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor, eIF2α. Phosphorylation of this factor leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis, and an inhibition of virus replication. In the presence of coumermycin, recombinants are isolated due to the loss of this coumermycin-sensitive gene by homologous recombination. We demonstrate that this method of selection is highly efficient and requires limited rounds of enrichment to isolate recombinant virus.     

Recombinant vaccinia DIs expressing simian immunodeficiency virus gag and pol in mammalian cells induces efficient cellular immunity as a safe immunodeficiency virus vaccine candidate

A highly attenuated vaccinia virus substrain of Dairen-I (DIs) shows promise as a candidate vector for eliciting positive immunity against immune deficiency virus. DIs was randomly obtained by serial 1-day egg passages of a chorioarantoic membrane-adapted Dairen strain (DIE), resulting in substantial genomic deletion, including various genes regulating the virus-host-range. To investigate the impact of that deletion and of the subsequent insertion of a foreign gene into that region of DIs on the ability of the DIs recombinant to induce antigen-specific immunity, we generated a recombinant vaccinia DIs expressing fulllength gag and pol genes of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (rDIsSIV gag/pol) and studied the biological and immunological characteristics of the recombinant natural mutant. The rDIsSIV gag/pol developed a tiny plaque on the chick embryo fibroblast (CEF). Viral particles of rDIsSIV gag/pol as well as SIV Gag-like particles were electromicroscopically detected in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the recombinant DIs strain grows well in CEF cells but not in mammalian cells. While rDIsSIV gag/pol produces SIV proteins in mammalian HeLa and CV-1 cells, recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara strain (MVA) expressing SIV gag and pol genes (MVA/SIV239 gag/pol) clearly replicates in HeLa and CV-1 cell lines under synchronized growth conditions and produces the SIV protein in all cell lines. Moreover, intradermal administration of rDIsSIV gag/pol or of MVA/SIV239 gag/pol elicited similar levels of IFN-gamma spot-forming cells specific for SIV Gag. If the non-productive infection characteristically induced by recombinant DIs is sufficient to trigger immune induction, as we believe it is, then a human immunodeficiency virus vaccine employing the DIs recombinant would have the twin advantages of being both effective and safe.     

共表达PRRSV修饰的GP5与M蛋白的重组改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉株的构建及其生物学特性

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)修饰的ORF5(MORF5)与ORF6基因分别克隆入笔者构建的改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉株(Modified vaccinia virus ankara, MVA) 转移载体pLR-gpt的两个多克隆位点中, 构建重组转移载体pLR-MORF5/ORF6。经脂质体介导, 将构建好的pLR-MORF5/ORF6 转染已感染亲本MVA 2h的BHK-21细胞单层, 用药物选择性培养基(MXHAT)在24孔板上进行连续筛选纯化, 得到带有筛选标记的重组病毒rMVAgpt-MGP5/M。将rMVAgpt-MGP5/M 感染表达Cre重组酶的BHK-21细胞(BHK-Cre), 获得删除筛选标记的重组病毒rMVA-MGP5/M。PCR证明MORF5与ORF6成功插入MVA基因组中; Western blotting与间接免疫荧光证明重组病毒能表达MGP5与M蛋白; 重组病毒的生长特性表明与亲本MVA出现病变的时间及病毒滴度基本一致。结果表明, 本研究成功构建了共表达PRRSV MGP5与M蛋白的重组MVA, 并且表达产物具有免疫原性; 外源基因的插入不影响MVA复制, 具较好的稳定性, 从而为PRRSV新型基因工程疫苗的研制奠定了良好的基础。