天仙果与两种隐头花序小蜂的相互关系

天仙果（Ficus erecta var.beecheyana）花为单性花、雌、雄异株、分别形成雌、雄花序,雌花序着生雌花,雄花序着生雄花和瘿花。花序中生活着银纹榕小蜂（Blastophaga silverstriana）和榕长尾小蜂（Sycoscapter sp.）。前者是唯一能进入雄花序腔产卵或雌花序腔传粉的昆虫,是天仙果专一性共生的传粉者;后者不能进入花序,在花序外通过产卵器将卵产在瘿花子房中,是植食性的寄生者。自然状态下天仙果每个雄花序均被2种小蜂产卵,平均每个花序出飞银纹榕小蜂208.2只、榕长尾小蜂64.2只。人为封堵花序口,银纹榕小蜂无法进入花序产卵,平均每个花序出飞榕长尾小蜂165.6只,是自然状态下的2.5倍,显然,2种小蜂互为竞争对手,榕长尾小蜂是榕-榕小蜂共生体系的破坏者。     

亚精胺浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶子萌发及淀粉代谢的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶为材料,用0、10％、15％、20％（W/V）即的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱条件,研究亚精胺fSpd）浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发和淀粉代谢的影响。结果表明,在PEG渗透胁迫下,白三叶种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重和胚根长度均显著（P〈0．05）降低,淀粉水解为糖类的速率减慢;与蒸馏水浸种相比,0．05mmol．L-1 Spd浸种处理显著（P〈0．05）提高了在渗透胁迫条件下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重、干重和胚根长度,同时大幅提高了α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及（α＋β）．淀粉酶总活性,降低了淀粉含量,增加了还原糖和葡萄糖含量。说明Spd浸种提高了白三叶种子在渗透胁迫下的萌发能力和幼苗生长的环境适应性,这可能与增强种子体内淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉水解为还原糖和葡萄糖,为种子萌发和幼苗早期生长及时提供充足能量有关。     

雌雄异株植物长梗柳传粉系统和生殖策略研究

为探讨长梗柳(Salix dunnii)的传粉系统和不同性别的生殖投资策略,对居群性别比例、花部特征和访花昆虫进行了调查和观察,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)检测了花序的挥发性成分。结果表明,东边村居群的性别比例显著偏雄性(♂∶♀=1.28∶1, P < 0.05), 郭墩村和高地村的居群的性别比偏离不显著; 长梗柳雄株枝条的花序数显著多于雌株, 单花序的雄花数显著多于雌花, 雌花序平均长度显著大于雄花序; 长梗柳传粉系统是虫媒和风媒混合传粉系统, 主要访花昆虫为中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)且显著偏好访问雌花; 吸引中华蜜蜂的挥发成分β-石竹烯的相对含量在雌花序中显著高于雄花序, 雌花序还具有β-榄香烯和芳香醇等吸引中华蜜蜂的特有挥发成分。因此, 长梗柳雄株在开花阶段投入了较多的资源产生雄花, 可能利于风媒传粉; 而雌株通过增加吸引传粉者的挥发成分来抵抗“传粉者限制”的效应, 可能利于虫媒传粉, 通过风媒和虫媒有效组合提升其繁殖效率。     

慈姑花的开放式样及其花粉流

对一野生慈姑（ＳａｇｉｔａｒｉａｔｒｉｆｏｌｉａＬ．）居群的性表达状态及其花粉流散布规律进行了观测。慈姑雌雄同株,单株雄花数是雌花数的３．６倍。雌雄花单花期均为１ｄ,但二者开放式样不同。尽管雌花的数目较少,但在１ｄ内开放较多的花,其花的开放速率比雄花快。在居群水平上表现出雌雄花比例随时间大幅度波动。在传粉者进行的２６１２次访花活动中,传粉者表现出偏“雌性”访问,对每朵雌花的访问是雄花的１．４倍。用番红染色法标记慈姑的花粉运动表明,花的不同开放式样影响花粉流的散布。当雄花数占高比例时,花粉主要在邻近的个体间散布;而雄花的比例较低、雌花相对较多时,花粉远距离散布的强度加大。     

山地五月茶的蝇类传粉研究

观测了山地五月茶Antidesma montanum的开花物候、开花动态、访花者种类和访花行为,并对其繁育系统、花粉组织化学、花粉胚珠比（P／O）、花粉活力进行了检测。结果表明：山地五月茶是雌雄异株植物;其总状花序花期可长达7天;雄花／雌花花序数目为140．33±27．79／208．33±33．65（n=6）,雌雄花的颜色为很淡的黄绿色小型花;雄花单花花期为2天,花药开裂当天有活力,花粉为非淀粉型,花粉胚珠比为3333．33±607．18;单花花蜜量可达0．34±0．03μL,花蜜含糖量3．69％±0．30％。花的结构和开花式样适合蝇类传粉。芳香的气味是吸引蝇类的直接物质：花蜜是传粉者的报酬。主要的传粉昆虫为双翅目Diptera丽蝇科Calliphoridae的Chrysomya megacephala、Chrysomyasp．、寄蝇科Tachinidae的Drino sp．和蝇科Muscidae的Spilogona sp．、Mitroplatia sp．。套网不授粉的处理不结实,表明山地五月茶不存在无融合生殖,人工辅助授粉的坐果率（39．1％）略高于自然坐果率（36．7％）,二者无显著差异,表明其坐果率主要受自身资源分配限制。还讨论了蝇类传粉与雌雄异株性系统以及蝇类传粉与热带林中小型黄绿色花植物的相关性。     

肝郁脾虚证模型大鼠下丘脑- 垂体- 肾上腺皮质的变化

目的：探讨复合造模法复制肝郁脾虚证大鼠模型的HPA轴变化及特点。方法：大鼠采用慢性束缚＋过度疲劳＋饮食失节法,连续三周,自然恢复一周。观察造模期间各不同时间点大鼠肾上腺重量及指数、下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）、血浆促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）及皮质酮（CORT）的变化。结果：与正常组比较,模型大鼠肾上腺重量第一周显著增加（P〈0．001）,第三、四周显著减低（P〈0．001和P〈0．01）,其肾上腺指数在实验各周均显著高于正常组（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）;下丘脑CRH第三周显著低于正常组（P〈0．05）,第四周回升并显著高于正常组（P〈0．05）;血浆ACTH在第一、三、四周均显著降低（P〈0．05）;血浆CORT第一周显著降低（P〈0．05）,第二周有所回复,第三、四周仍显著降低（P〈0．05和P〈0．001）。结论：该肝郁脾虚证大鼠模型存在HPA轴的功能减低,垂体对上位激素调节的反应能力减低可能是该模型的一个重要的生物学特征。     

薜荔和爱玉及其传粉昆虫繁殖特性

薜荔(Ficus pumila L．var．pumila)隶属桑科榕属,爱玉(F．pumila L．var．awkeotsanmg Corner)为其变种,它们的花是单性的,雌雄异株。雌花序中着生雌花,雄花序中有瘿花和雄花,每个花序中花的数量极多,达4000～6000朵。薜荔榕小蜂是唯一能进入薜荔和爱玉的隐头花序中产卵或传粉的共生昆虫,自然状态下雌花的结实率分别为82％、83．52％;瘿花的成虫瘿率分别为58．71％、51．32％,因此可形成大量的果实和虫瘿。物候观察表明薜荔和爱玉花期不遇,它们花序中的榕小蜂种群已经生殖隔离。人为的放蜂实验表明,生活于爱玉花序中的榕小蜂,已无法在薜荔花序中繁殖,生殖隔离进一步得到证实;实验同时表明爱玉的花粉亦不能使薜荔雌花结实,宿主两变种间生理上已不亲和。本文从共生双方协同进化的角度出发,探讨了榕树2变种间与传粉昆虫繁殖特性的差异,以及变种产生的主要原因。     

穿龙薯蓣的花序特征研究

花序是影响植物繁殖的关键性状,也在分类学和系统发育研究中起着重要作用。药用植物穿龙薯蓣（Discorea nipponica）的花序类型具有多样型,但目前相关研究资料较少,且常有争议。为明晰穿龙薯蓣的花序类型及特征,本研究以观察测量为主,结合石蜡制片技术,对穿龙薯蓣的花序形态、数量性状及发育过程进行研究。结果表明：穿龙薯蓣雌花形成腋生的穗状花序,具退化雄蕊,具花粉囊,但不产生花粉;雄花序特征与现有资料的描述不尽相同,雄花序生于叶腋或顶生于侧枝,花序主轴为无限花序,侧轴为蝎尾状单歧聚伞花序,整体为形似穗状的混合花序;由于雄株部分侧枝叶片退化,腋生花序向顶逐渐短缩,与顶生花序结合呈圆锥状;雄花序的长度、小花数量、小花密度及花期时间等均高于雌花序。本研究发现,穿龙薯蓣雌雄花序形态与有限花序向无限花序演化过程相符,具原始性,可保证传粉的成功率,增强对环境的适应性。     

膏桐种子形态、粗脂肪含量与环境因子关系

对云南省两个不同地区膏桐（Jatropha curcas）种子形态特征,粗脂肪含量与环境因子关系开展研究,结果表明：湿热环境的景洪较干热环境的元谋膏桐种子成熟散布期提前,形态特征也优于元谋膏桐种子（P〈0．01）;土壤有机质是影响膏桐种子粗脂肪积累最重要的因子,对膏桐种子粗脂肪积累起显著正效应;干旱胁迫也是影响膏桐种子粗脂肪积累的一个重要的限制因子;景洪膏桐种子粗脂肪含量、含水量较元谋膏桐种子更高,但粗脂肪含量与含水量比率较低（P〈0．01）;具有较高粗脂肪含量的膏桐种子与其含水量的比率可能是植物对干旱胁迫适应的一种机制,其对物种的适应有着重要的生态学意义。     

澜沧舞花姜繁殖生物学特性及其进化意义探讨

 舞花姜属（Globba）植物具有多样的繁殖策略。分布于西双版纳的澜沧舞花姜（Globba lancangensis）自然条件下既能结实,同时又能在花序下部产生珠芽。通过对澜沧舞花姜的花部性状、花粉活力、传粉昆虫的访花行为、结实状况、珠芽产量等多方面的观测,初步了解了澜沧舞花姜的繁殖生物学特性。结果表明,澜沧舞花姜具有雄花及两性花同株的性表达特征。雄花及两性花的花粉在中午12∶00以前活力很高,之后雄花的花粉活力急剧下降,而两性花的花粉到16∶00仍有萌发能力。澜沧舞花姜在花序上产生雄花及两性花,每个花序每天仅开少量的花,其中50%的时间仅开雄花或两性花,在整个种群中形成了一定程度的暂时性的雄花两性花异株现象,从而增加了异交的可能性。澜沧舞花姜雄花的存在为P/O低的两性花提供了花粉补贴,这使得它可以通过调节雄花与两性花比例来调节种群的P/O,从而保证一定的结实能力。人工自交与异交下结果率没有差异,但自交结实率显著低于异交结实率,表明澜沧舞花姜有明显的自交不亲和现象。排蜂（Megapis dorstata）和黄绿彩带蜂（Nomia strigata）是澜沧舞花姜的主要访花昆虫,其中排蜂是它的有效传粉昆虫。澜沧舞花姜可能通过雄花两性花同株与自交不亲和相结合来促进异交。     

Sex specific Responses of Flowering Phenology and Floral Morphology of Humulus scandens to Drought

In this paper, sex specific differences in flowering phenology and floral morphology of Humulus scandens were tested using a pot experiment under water controlled condition. Obvious differences between the male and female individuals were observed in response to different water regime. Drought stress induced Hscandens population to flower earlier and last longer. Compared with males, flowers of female opened earlier. Moreover, inflorescence axis length, inflorescence axis diameter and anther length in drought stressed males were significantly reduced 2481%, 2907%, and 514% (P<0001, P=0003, P=0024), respectively. Concomitantly, pollen quantity and the pollen vitality were also decreased significantly. In contrast, the inflorescence axis length, style length and average number of flowers per inflorescence in drought stressed females were increased 978%, 7062%, and 5704% (P=0039, P<0001, P<0001), respectively. Furthermore, the seed length, and seed width, single seed weight, and 1000 seed weight under drought stress were significantly reduced 1212%, 1259%, 4343%, and 1538%, respectively (P<0001). On the other hand, compared with contrast, the aboveground biomass decreased significantly in both male and female Hscandens individuals under drought stress (P=0002, P=0020). However, the reproductive investment of females was significantly higher than males under drought stress (P=0049). In a word, effects of drought stress on flowering phenology and floral organs are significantly different between two sexes. To alleviate the negative influences on reproductive ability caused by drought, females of Hscandens individuals may allocate more biomass to reproductive organs than males under drought stress.     

Sexual differences in reproductive phenology and their consequences for the demography of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), a dioecious tropical shrub

Patterns of phenological variation and reproductive investment were studied in the dioecious shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), and possible consequences on survivorship were evaluated. The sex ratio was determined in a natural field population (n = 921) of B. dracunculifolia in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Fifty-two males and 56 females were sampled at random from this population. During the reproductive season of 1999, inflorescence production, shoot growth and mortality, and xylem water potential were recorded for each individual. The population sex ratio was male-biased (1.27 : 1, P < 0.05), and was associated with a higher mortality of female shoots (38.4 vs. 23.1 %, P < 0.05), and individuals (17.8 vs. 11.5 %, P < 0.1), despite lower water stress in female plants. Flowering phenology also differed between the sexes, with males producing more inflorescences, and earlier, than females. Owing to fruit maturation, the number of inflorescences supported by females was higher than that supported by males later in the reproductive season. This occurred during the dry season, and drought stress may have been responsible for the greater female mortality. Thus, the male-biased sex ratio in this population of B. dracunculifolia is probably due to different reproductive functions of males and females. Intersexual differences in reproductive phenology had consequences for plant demography.     

酸枣保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化产物对干旱胁迫的响应

以3年生酸枣为试材,通过盆栽控水试验法研究干旱胁迫条件下酸枣生理生化特性的响应规律。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫梯度的加大、干旱时间的延长,保护酶SOD、POD和CAT在酸枣体内积累,表现出先增后降的变化趋势;在中度干旱下SOD活性达到608.36 U/g·FW,高于CK组52.14%且差异极显著(P0.01),POD活性达到190.97μg/min·g·FW,高于CK组113.59%(P0.01)。而CAT活性变化与SOD、POD略有不同,随胁迫程度的加重,其活性逐渐降低,仅高于CK组1.40倍(P0.05)。电导率、NR活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量表现出增加的趋势;电导率持续升高,高于CK组11.14倍(P0.01),对膜的结构和功能破坏越严重。NR活性达到14.60μg/(g·h)比CK增加了94.66%(P0.01),MDA含量达到26.82μmoL/g·FW,是CK组的2.71倍(P0.05),膜脂过氧化反应加强,对膜的伤害增加。     

Fmr1基因敲除小鼠脏器重量和脏器系数的比较分析

目的通过对Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雌雄两性和FVB小鼠的脏器重量和脏器系数进行比较分析,了解其脏器重量的差异,探讨Fmr1基因对动物生长发育等方面的影响。方法分别测定Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雌雄两性和FVB小鼠内脏器官的绝对重量和脏器系数,并进行统计学处理和分析。结果相同年龄的Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雄性的体重、心、肺、肝和肾的绝对重量均极显著的大于雌性（P〈0.01）。雌雄间脏器系数除肾脏（P〈0.05）和脑（P〈0.01）外,其余无显著差异。与FVB小鼠比较,Fmr1基因敲除小鼠心脏较轻（P〈0.01）,肾脏（P〈0.01）、体重和脑较重（P〈0.05）。脏器系数肾脏较大（P〈0.01）,心脏（P〈0.01）、脑和脾（P〈0.05）较小。结论Fmr1基因可影响动物的某些脏器重量和脏器系数。     

低浓度84消毒液对小鼠生殖生理的影响

目的：观察低浓度84消毒液对小鼠生殖生理的影响。方法将72只KM小鼠随机分为3组,即：0.5％84消毒液组（ A组）、2.0％84消毒液组（ B组）和生理盐水组（ C组）,每组24只,雌雄各半,各组每天1次灌胃给予相应药物,连续9周。阴道涂片镜检观察雌性小鼠的动情周期。9周后,观察雄性小鼠的精子畸形率;并用ELISA法测定小鼠血清中性激素的水平;并取睾丸（或卵巢）、心、肝、肺、肾进行组织学观察。结果与C组比较,A和B组小鼠体重差异无显著性（ P ＞0.05）;血清性激素水平差异无显著性（ P ＞0.05）;雌性小鼠动情周期差异无显著性（P ＞0.05）;组织学观察未见异常;与C组比较,A组小鼠精子畸形率差异无显著性（P ＞0.05）,B组小鼠精子畸形率显著增高（ P ＝0.041＜0.05）。结论0.5％84消毒液对小鼠的生殖生理无明显影响,在实际使用中要严格控制消毒液浓度。     

儿童单纯性肥胖小鼠模型的制作

目的通过调整窝仔数的方法建立幼儿单纯性肥胖模型,并与高脂饲料制备模型进行比较。方法48只雌性KM小鼠产仔鼠后,一半仔鼠数目为14～16只,一半仔鼠调整为6只（雌雄各3只）。仔鼠离乳时或第9周时仔鼠分别饲喂普通饲料或高脂饲料。仔鼠在15周后处死,称重,测量体长、腰围,生殖器重、脂肪重（肾周和生殖器周脂肪）,计算体脂比。结果①BD2组常规饲料饲喂至15周结束后,无论雌雄仔鼠,其体重与BDl组比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）,且BD2组体重超过BD1组体重雌性为26．3％,雄性为20．0％。同一处理方式,雌性仔鼠体脂比均高于雄性。②不同时间饲喂高脂饲料,无论调整窝仔数与否,高脂饲料各组仔鼠,无论雌雄,其各组仔鼠体重均比BD1组高（P均〈0．05）;HFD4组雌性和雄性仔鼠体重与BD2组相比差异均存在显著性（P〈0．05）。结论通过调整窝仔数的方法可以成功制备儿童单纯性肥胖模型。在儿童早期肥胖的情况下,成年后过度高脂饮食会导致机体储存更多的脂肪。     

无菌级C3H/OrlSlac小鼠生长繁殖、主要脏器参数以及血液生理生化指标的测定分析

目的了解无菌级C3H/OdSlac小鼠的生长、繁殖性能;测定无菌级C3H/OrlSlac小鼠主要脏器重量以及血液生理、生化正常值并进行分析比较.方法 ①统计无菌级C3H/OrlSlae小鼠的1～3胎的繁殖指标数据,包括:平均每胎产子数、离乳率、怀孕率、胎间隔和生产指数;②分别称取60只(雌雄各半)0～112 d的无菌级...     

葎草挥发性物质化感作用及其化感物质的分析研究

以小麦、生菜、萝卜、黄瓜4种作物为受体,检测了葎草[Humulus scandens（Lour.）Merr]挥发性物质的化感潜势,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其化感物质进行了初步鉴定.结果表明：新鲜葎草茎叶在密闭系统中释放的挥发性物质对4种受试植物幼苗的生长有极显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）;用石油醚提取风干葎草茎叶,得到的挥发性物质在密闭系统中对4种受试植物幼苗的生长也具有极显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）;提取物在2、5、10、20、40、100、200mg/mL等7个不同浓度下,对受试植物生长和种子萌发表现为＂低促高抑＂的化感潜势,且随提取液浓度增大抑制作用增强;GC-MS鉴定出26种有机化合物,主要包括脂肪酸、甾体、萜类及其含氧化合物,均属前人研究较多的生物活性物质.这些结论为利用野生葎草资源挥发物开发新型除草剂等提供依据.     

Clonal variation in floral stage timing in the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae)

We investigated the hypothesis that dandelion clones (Taraxacum officinale Weber, sensu lato; Asteraceae) differ in their floral stage timing characteristics under a constant set of environmental conditions. To test this hypothesis, plants representing nine different dandelion clones (identified by DNA fingerprinting) were grown in groups of five (N = 45) in a growth chamber for a period of 8 mo, with chamber settings similar to environmental conditions at peak dandelion flowering time for their population sites. Five flowering phenology parameters were monitored daily for a total of 301 buds developing during this time: (1) time to bud; (2) time to full opening and inflorescence maturation (i.e., first anthesis); (3) time to re-closure of an inflorescence; (4) time to fruit (full re-opening of the inflorescence); and (5) total flowering time. Scape length at the appearance of a fully expanded infructescence was also measured for each individual. Significant differences in mean time to inflorescence, mean time to re-closure, mean time to fruit, and mean total flowering time were revealed among some dandelion clones (Kruskal-Wallis, P ≤ 0.0005). No differences in mean number of inflorescence buds per plant (P = 0.2217), mean time to bud (P = 0.2396), or mean scape length (P = 0.3688) were detected among the nine clones. These results suggest that differences in floral stage timing may in part involve varying genotypic environmental response characteristics and that these differences may have potential fitness effects. Further research is needed to determine if such clonal differences are observed under a broader range of uniform environmental conditions.