PhytoPAM浮游植物分析仪用于微藻光合作用研究中几种参数设定的优化

PhytoPAM浮游植物分析仪是一种用于藻类生长、光合作用、叶绿素荧光动力学研究的仪器。文章以蛋白核小球藻为材料探讨PhytoPAM浮游植物分析仪用于量子产量测定和快速光响应曲线分析中最佳参数设定。结果表明,饱和脉冲档位的选取对测定最大量子产量(Fmax)影响不大,但脉冲时长对其影响显著,脉冲时长以0.2s为宜。稳态光照时长对有效量子产量(FPSII)有影响,测定中设定的稳态光照时长以120s为宜。在快速光响应曲线(RLC)分析中,步长(即照光时间)以30s为宜,适宜的最大测量光照强度(MML)应为藻培养光照强度的3倍左右。     

太湖蠡湖冬季浮游植物群落结构特征与氮、磷浓度关系

根据2010年1月蠡湖的浮游植物与营养盐的同步监测资料,利用GIS技术,对蠡湖冬季浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、丰度及其空间分布和多样性等进行了分析。结果表明:浮游植物有7门27属,绿藻门种类最多共12种,占总种数的44.44%,其次是硅藻门和隐藻门,分别为7种和3种,占总种数的25.93%和11.11%;主要优势种为啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、卵形隐藻(C.ovata)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)和微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginisa);浮游植物平均丰度为1099.6×104ind·L-1,隐藻丰度分布趋势决定了浮游植物丰度的分布趋势;宝界桥至西堤湖区(B区)是浮游植物较为密集区,西堤以北湖区(A区)为浮游植物稀疏区;浮游植物群落Shannon物种多样性指数平均值为1.1,Pielou均匀度指数平均值为0.31。与2007年相比,2010年冬季浮游植物数量大幅增加,且主要优势种群也发生了较大的变化,由以绿藻为主向以隐藻为主演替。分析表明,磷是蠡湖冬季浮游植物生长的限制性因素,氮磷比的变化是导致冬季浮游植物数量增加的主要原因。     

南亚热带贫营养水库春季浮游植物群落结构与动态

2005年1~6月,通过每两周一次的高频率采样,对南亚热带贫营养水库——梅溪水库的水文、营养盐和浮游植物进行了调查,并计算水体浮游植物生物量。主要结果如下:梅溪水库浮游植物具有物种少,生物量低,以飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)和多甲藻(Peridinium sp.)为优势藻的特征。12次采样24个样品共检测到浮游植物42种。浮游植物在早春(1~3月)和晚春(4~6月)有显著的差别,其中每次采样浮游植物早春平均13种,晚春平均21种。浮游植物总的细胞丰度为31~273 cells·ml^-1,总生物量为0.176~2.024 mg·L^-1之间。晚春浮游植物平均生物量明显高于早春。低营养盐和弱酸性水体有利于能够垂直迁移获得营养的鞭毛藻类和其它藻类之间竞争,而使其成为整个春季优势类群。在晚春,随着水温显著增加,浮游植物丰度和生物量也明显增加,但是降雨的增加降低了水体的透明度,大大减缓了由水温上升导致生物量增长的趋势。水温是梅溪水库浮游植物变化的主要限制因子,但是降雨有明显的干扰作用。     

鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对池塘浮游生物的影响

本文根据１９９０年－９月对９个鱼池的研究,报道鲤鱼种和鲢鳙对浮游生物的影响,结果表明：鲤鱼种使浮游植物和浮游动物生物量增加,浮游植物大型化,浮游动物小型化,并使浮游植物多样性增加,浮游动物多样性下降;鲢鳙密度增加,浮生物小型明显,微型藻类和超微在在浮植物中所占比重显著增加,小型浮游动物（原生动物和轮虫）在浮游动物中比重也明显增;鲢鳙密度对浮游生物多样性和浮游生物量的影响具有阶段性,当鲢鳙密度低时,     

全球气候变化下的海洋浮游植物多样性

理解全球气候变化对地球生态系统的影响是全世界广泛关注的问题, 而相比于陆地生态系统, 海洋生态系统对全球气候变化更为敏感。全球气候变化对海洋的影响主要表现在海洋暖化、海洋酸化、大洋环流系统的改变、海平面上升、紫外线辐射增强等方面。浮游植物是海洋生态系统最重要的初级生产者, 同时对海洋碳循环起到举足轻重的作用, 其对全球气候变化的响应主要体现在物种分布、初级生产力、群落演替、生物气候学等方面。具体表现在以下方面: 暖水种的分布范围在扩大, 冷水种分布范围在缩小; 浮游植物全球初级生产力降低; 浮游植物群落会向细胞体积更小的物种占优势的方向转变; 浮游植物水华发生的时间提前、强度增强; 一些有害物种水华的发生频率也会增加; 海洋表层海水的酸化会影响浮游植物特别是钙化类群的生长和群落多样性; 紫外辐射增强对浮游植物的生长起到抑制作用; 厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜、降水量的增加通常抑制浮游植物生长。浮游植物生长和分布的变化会体现在多样性的各个层面上。对于浮游植物在全球变化各种驱动因子下的生理生态学和长周期变动观测等是今后研究的重要方向, 也将为理解全球变化下的浮游植物-多样性-生态系统响应与反馈机制提供基本信息。     

1998/1999年南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物的分布特征

中国第15次南大洋考察从普里兹湾邻近海域获得25个测站的浮游植物样品,主要研究了其种类组成、分布及其与环境的关系.浮游植物有5门16科21属48种(变种和变型),浮游植物平均细胞密度为22.46×103个/dm3,其中以硅藻类占优势(84.51%).浮游植物分布以近海岸陆架区的细胞密度最高(46.03×103个/dm3),其次为陆坡(4.40×103个/dm3),深海区最低(3.34×103个/dm3).表层叶绿素a浓度为0.16～3.99 μg/dm3,普里兹湾内和湾西部四女士浅滩海域浓度在3.5 μg/dm3以上;平面分布趋势浓度从湾内向西北方向递减,深海区浓度在0.5 μg/dm3以下.浮游植物优势种为硅藻的短拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis curta).浮游植物垂直分布密集区位于0～50 m水层,100 m或100 m以下水层随深度的增加而细胞密度逐渐减少,200 m水层稀少或未见.其密集区位于普里兹湾近岸陆架区,而陆坡及深海区细胞密度显著减少.叶绿素a浓度的最大值同样分布在25 m或50 m层,50 m以下的浓度随深度的增加而降低,200 m层叶绿素a浓度分布范围为0.01～0.95 μg/dm3.粒径分级叶绿素a浓度以微小型浮游生物的贡献占优势(56%),微型浮游生物的贡献占24%,微微型浮游生物的贡献占20%.经回归统计分析,浮游植物细胞丰度(y)与水温(T)、盐度成正相关,与营养盐(PO4 (P)、NO-3 (N)、SiO3 (Si))成显著负相关.     

钦州湾浮游植物周年生态特征

2008-2009年对钦州湾及附近海域进行4个季节航次的浮游植物调查,共鉴定出浮游植物131种,其中硅藻种数最多,达101种,占浮游植物总种数的77.1％;甲藻次之,23种;其他种类3门7种.浮游植物以广温性种和暖水性种为主.总种类数的季节变化与硅藻种类数均为春季最低,夏、秋、冬依次增加,冬季最高.各季节浮游植物丰度为232.28×104～ 977.0×104 cell·m-3,平均为558.57×104 cell·m-3;各季节浮游植物丰度呈现夏、春、冬和秋依次减少的趋势;各区域浮游植物丰度四季均为由内湾至外湾先升高、到湾外逐渐降低的趋势,但在夏季其高丰度区由外湾南移至湾口附近.浮游植物群落的Shannon多样性指数和均匀度指数平均值分别为3.18和0.63,多样性水平较高.浮游植物丰度与温度、盐度、溶解性无机氮及活性磷酸盐的相关关系因季节而变化.     

飞来峡水库蓄水初期浮游植物组成与数量的变化

于2000~2002年的丰水期和枯水期对飞来峡水新建后库的营养状态和浮游植物进行监测。结果表明,水库中氮盐的浓度无显著变化,总磷浓度下降显著。浮游植物优势种类和丰度有较大差异。2000年浮游植物种类为29种,2001和2002年增加到99种;其中以绿藻和硅藻增加的种类数最多,分别增加34和27种。浮游植物丰度为13.4×104~41.6×104cells.L-1,2000年最高,2001年最低。2000年丰水期优势种较为单一,主要以假鱼腥藻(Pseudoanbeanaspp.)为主,枯水期主要是硅藻中的颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)丰度较高;2001和2002年丰水期蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同占优势,浮游植物无绝对的优势种,蓝藻的相对丰度较高的为假鱼腥藻、蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)和粘球藻(Gloeocapsa magma),绿藻的优势种为衣藻(Chlamydomonassp.)和美丽胶网藻(Dictyospharium pul-chellum);硅藻的优势种为梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella menighiniana)和针杆藻(Synedraspp.),枯水期主要是硅藻占优势,优势种为颗粒直链藻、变异直链藻(Melosira varians)等。     

稻鱼共作生态系统浮游植物群落结构和生物多样性

稻鱼共作技术是中国传统农业的精华,通过对稻鱼共作系统水体浮游植物的种类组成、密度、生物量及多样性进行分析,明确该系统中浮游植物数量变化特性,为进一步开发利用这一经典农艺提供理论基础和实践依据。结果表明,稻田生态系统中浮游植物群落包含蓝藻门、甲藻门、隐藻门、裸藻门、绿藻门和硅藻门等6门,共38属93种。稻鱼共作显著增加稻田水体浮游植物的密度和生物量,降低硅藻和蓝藻的优势度,增加绿藻和裸藻的优势度,提高了稻田水体浮游植物多样性指数。     

外源输入对大亚湾大鹏澳浮游生物影响的模拟研究

本文通过建立一个简单的浮游植物、浮游动物和营养盐动力学数值模型,根据大亚湾大鹏澳秋季一个月的连续观测资料,利用线性回归分析法来求得上述动力学数值模型的一些主要参数,结果表明,降雨及陆源输入是导致该海区营养盐增加的一个重要因子;根据上述参数进行的数值模拟结果与实测结果基本吻合,同时也表明,降雨及陆源输入对该海区浮游植物和浮游动物的分布规律影响较大。     

Seasonal variation of mixing depth and its influence on phytoplankton dynamics in the Zeya reservoir, China

In reservoirs or lakes, mixing depth affects growth and loss rates of phytoplankton populations. Based on 1-year data from the Zeya reservoir, China, we scaled the mixing depth throughout a whole year by utilizing cluster analysis, and then investigated its influence on phytoplankton dynamics and other physical and chemical parameters. Over the whole year, all physical and chemical parameters except TN and temperature had significant correlations with mixing depth, indicating that mixing depth is one of the important driving factors influencing water environment. According to mixing depth, a year can be divided into three different periods, including the thermally stratified period, isothermally mixed period, and transition period between them. When considering the former two different periods separately, mixing depth had no correlation with the phytoplankton biovolume. However, over the whole year a significant correlation was observed, which indicated that the influence of mixing depth on phytoplankton growth in the Zeya reservoir still followed Diehl’s theory. Furthermore, according to the steady-state assumption, a unimodal curve (mixing depth—phytoplankton biovolume) with a significant peak appearing at a mixing depth of 2 m was observed, closely agreeing with Diehl’ prediction.     

Algal respiration and the regulation of phytoplankton biomass in a polymictic tropical lake (Lake Xolotlán,Nicaragua)

Community respiration in tropical Lake Xolotlán, Nicaragua, was assessed seasonally and during diurnal cycles, via oxygen consumption in bottle enclosures. Results were analysed in relation to phytoplankton biomass, mixing depth, depth of photic zone and phytoplankton production. A great part of community respiration was associated with the heterotrophic activity of the phytoplankton biomass or its degradation by bacteria and 80% of the variability in oxygen consumption was explained by the variation of chlorophyll-a. Specific rate of respiration was 1.5 mg O2 mg Chla-1 h-1 during diurnal cycles, which corresponded to less than 5% of the specific rate at optimum depth of production. Still, diurnal water column respiratory losses were always of the same magnitude as the total photosynthetic gains in the photic zone, since the mixing depth exceeded the depth of the photic zone. Total column net growth was zero at a ratio between depth of photic zone and mixing depth of 0.19. Water level variations however altered the mixing depth and affected this ratio and net growth. As a consequence, the phytoplankton biomass either increased or decreased until the ratio was re-established through changes of the photic zone depth, which was governed by the phytoplankton biomass itself through the chlorophyll-a light attenuation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Phytoplankton depth profiles and their transitions near the critical sinking velocity

We consider a simple phytoplankton model introduced by Shigesada and Okubo which incorporates the sinking and self-shading effect of the phytoplankton. The amount of light the phytoplankton receives is assumed to be controlled by the density of the phytoplankton population above the given depth. We show the existence of non-homogeneous solutions for any water depth and study their profiles and stability. Depending on the sinking rate of the phytoplankton, light intensity and water depth, the plankton can concentrate either near the surface, at the bottom of the water column, or both, resulting in a “double-peak” profile. As the buoyancy passes a certain critical threshold, a sudden change in the phytoplankton profile occurs. We quantify this transition using asymptotic techniques. In all cases we show that the profile is locally stable. This generalizes the results of Shigesada and Okubo where infinite depth was considered.      

The Influence of Mixing Frequency and Depth on Phytoplankton Mobility

The influence of mixing frequency and depth on phytoplankton functional group composition (mobile versus immobile species) was studied by enclosure experiments in a shallow, stratified lake. Mixing events were artificially induced at intervals from 2–12 d. The mixing depth was increased from the natural level (4 m) to 6 and 9 m. The mobile phytoplankton in the experiments consisted of cyanobacteria and flagellates. Among the latter, large and rapid swimming species were represented by dinoflagellates. An increase of the relative abundance of gas vacuolated cyanobacteria occurred with increasing frequency of mixing. Additionally Reynolds' hypothesis predicting the occurrence of certain mobile phytoplankton genera in response to the mixing regime could be confirmed for the condition when mixing depth exceeds the euphoric depth.     

泽雅水库混合深度的年内变化及其对藻类生消影响

就水库藻类水华的发生机制而言,近年来值得关注的研究动向是,一些研究者开始认识到光照和混合的交互作用可能对藻类水华生消过程起到了关键作用,即认为水体混合深度的变化直接影响着可获得光强,从而决定着藻类生物量的时空分布。在这些研究中,混合层深度的确定是探讨藻类生消过程影响的前提。然而已有的研究大都只进行粗略的估计。本文提出采取系统聚类分析的方法确定泽雅水库不同时期的混合深度。在具体分析过程中,将测得的某一天某一深度处的pH,DO,温度,电导率,氧化还原电位等5个参数结果看成一类,采用类间平均连接法,间隔尺度变量为欧氏距离的平方进行聚类。对采用系统聚类分析法和已有的"1°C"法计算得的全年的混合深度的变化趋势进行比较,认为系统聚类分析法可以更为准确地反应水体混合的实际情况。依据混合深度的不同特征,在年内水库水体可划分为热成层时期,全混时期和两者之间的过渡期,藻类生物量与混合深度呈负相关。在热成层期间,藻类生物量都超过了13mm³L^-1。而到了9月份,当混合层深度扩展到15m以上时,藻类生物量明显下降,此后水体处于全混时期,藻类生物量较低,在9-20mm³/L^-1波动。基于稳态假设的前提下,发现随着混合深度增加,稳态藻类生物量呈单峰变化,在混合深度2m处达到最大值,即在混合深度为0-2m之间时,藻类沉降作用是藻类生物量的主要影响因素,随着深度增加,沉降作用下降,因此藻类生物量增加;当混合深度超过2m之后,光限制作用占主导因素,藻类生物量随混合深度增加而下降。这一结果为 Diehl的假说提供了水库现场的实证。     

Critical conditions for phytoplankton blooms

We motivate and analyse a reaction—advection—diffusion model for the dynamics of a phytoplankton species. The reproductive rate of the phytoplankton is determined by the local light intensity. The light intensity decreases with depth due to absorption by water and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is transported by turbulent diffusion in a water column of given depth. Furthermore, it might be sinking or buoyant depending on its specific density. Dimensional analysis allows the reduction of the full problem to a problem with four dimensionless parameters that is fully explored. We prove that the critical parameter regime for which a stationary phytoplankton bloom ceases to exist, can be analysed by a reduced linearized equation with particular boundary conditions. This problem is mapped exactly to a Bessel function problem, which is evaluated both numerically and by asymptotic expansions. A final transformation from dimensionless parameters back to laboratory parameters results in a complete set of predictions for the conditions that allow phytoplankton bloom development. Our results show that the conditions for phytoplankton bloom development can be captured by a critical depth, a compensation depth, and zero, one or two critical values of the vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient. These experimentally testable predictions take the form of similarity laws: every plankton—water—light-system characterized by the same dimensionless parameters will show the same dynamics.     

Modelling the effects on phytoplankton communities of changing mixed depth and background extinction coefficient on three contrasting lakes in the English Lake District

1. The process‐based phytoplankton community model, PROTECH, was used to model the response of algal biomass to a range of mixed layer depths and extinction coefficients for three contrasting lakes: Blelham Tarn (eutrophic), Bassenthwaite Lake (mesotrophic) and Ullswater (oligotrophic). 2. As expected, in most cases biomass and diversity decreased with decreasing light availability caused by increasing the mixed depth and background extinction coefficient. The communities were generally dominated by phytoplankton tolerant of low light. Further, more novel, factors were identified, however. 3. In Blelham Tarn in the second half of the year, biomass and diversity did not generally decline with deeper mixing and the community was dominated by nitrogen‐fixing phytoplankton because that nutrient was limiting to growth. 4. In Bassenthwaite Lake, changing mixed depth influenced the retention time so that, as the mixed depth declined, the flushing rate in the mixed layer increased to the point that only fast‐growing phytoplankton could dominate. 5. In the oligotrophic Ullswater, changing the mixed depth had a greater effect through nutrient supply rather than light availability. This effect was observed when the mixed layer was relatively shallow (<5.5 m) and the driver for this was that the inflowing nutrients were added to a smaller volume of water, thus increasing nutrient concentrations and algal growth. 6. Therefore, whilst changes in mixed depth generally affect the phytoplankton via commonly recognized factors (light availability, sedimentation rate), it also affected phytoplankton growth and community composition through other important factors such as retention time and nutrient supply.     

Vertical structure and photosynthetic activity of Lake Shira phytoplankton

This study was conducted to analyse vertical dynamics of phytoplankton distribution in Shira Lake during the summer stratification regime. From late June to September phytoplankton in Shira Lake were stratified with the maximum in the lower part of the thermocline, at a depth of 8–12 m, with a chlorophyll concentration up to 23 g and biomass up to 5 mg l^–1. Maxima of chlorophyll and biomass of cyanobacteria and green algae were in different layers. From June to September a major part of chlorophyll a was in green algae, while under ice – in cyanobacteria. The variable fluorescence proves high photosynthetic activity of algae in the depth assemblage. Epifluorescent analysis disclosed that additional light-harvesting pigments were better developed in cells from the depth maximum. The maximum of gross primary production calculated from fluorescence corresponded to the depth maximum of phytoplankton. Primary production over a season was 2.7 gO₂ m^–2. Formation mechanisms of the depth maximum of phytoplankton are discussed in this paper.     

Phytoplankton, light and nutrients along a gradient of mixing depth: a field test of producer-resource theory

1. Variation in depth of the mixed surface layer of temperate lakes should affect phytoplankton dynamics because, with increasing mixing depth, average light intensity in and specific sedimentation losses out of the mixed layer both decrease. 2. Our aim was to test a recent dynamic model which relates phytoplankton biomass and the availability of production‐limiting resources (light and dissolved mineral nutrients) to mixing depth and nutrient supply from external sources. 3. During summer stratification we sampled the mixed layers of 30 dimictic, phosphorus‐limited, oligo‐ to mesotrophic, mostly non‐humic lakes north of the Alps. 4. The results agree well qualitatively with model expectations. Algal concentration in the mixed layer was negatively related to mixing depth or its surrogate log‐transformed lake area. Light intensity at the bottom of the mixed layer decreased whereas the concentration of available, inorganic phosphorus increased with increasing mixing depth. Across all depths, higher total phosphorus content was accompanied by higher phytoplankton biomass, lower light availability, and higher inorganic phosphorus concentration. 5. Our data match the predicted shift with increasing mixing depth from predominantly nutrient limitation towards increased light limitation of algal biomass.     

Phytoplankton in the Littoral and Pelagial Zones of the Rybinsk Reservoir in Years with Different Temperature and Water-Level Regimes

The features of the floristic composition and dynamics of the biomass of phytoplankton in shallow and deep areas of the Volga reach in the Rybinsk Reservoir have been studied during years with different thermal and water-level regimes (2009–2011). The floristic diversity and biomass of phytoplankton increase with a decrease in depth. The increase in water temperature at low water level stimulates phytoplankton vegetation in the pelagial zone and a decrease in biomass in the littoral zone, while a high diversity of algocenoses is recorded irrespective of habitat. The contribution of filamentous algae and cyanoprokaryotes to the biomass increases in the shallow littoral part; in the open part of the reservoir, the biomass of mixotrophic flagellates decreases. Their abundance, as well as the abundance of zignematales, increases with decreasing depth.