蝴蝶兰PhNAC1基因序列分析及对低温胁迫的响应

为探讨NAC转录因子在蝴蝶兰低温胁迫响应中的分子调控机理,该研究以蝴蝶兰的叶片为材料,运用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆得到一条蝴蝶兰的NAC转录因子基因完整的cDNA序列,命名为PhNAC1(GenBank登录号MF797909),并分析了其在两种低温条件下的表达模式。结果表明:PhNAC1基因cDNA序列全长1 442 bp,ORF全长942 bp,编码313个氨基酸。预测其蛋白分子量为35.22 kDa,等电点为6.95,属于稳定亲水性蛋白。二级结构预测表明,无规则卷曲和延伸链为该蛋白的主要结构元件,与三级结构预测结果基本相符。PhNAC1编码的氨基酸序列与其他已登录的兰科植物NAC蛋白进行同源序列比对,表明与小兰屿蝴蝶兰(XP_0205763790)亲缘关系较近,序列一致性达97%,其次为铁皮石斛(XP_020695081),一致性为84%。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,PhNAC1基因在营养器官和生殖器官中均有表达,在蕊柱中的表达量最高。在11℃/6℃低温条件下,PhNAC1基因的转录表达水平在前5天随着处理时间逐渐升高,到第7天开始下降;在4℃低温条件下,PhNAC1基因的表达水平在处理0.5 h时表达量有所下降,1 h后表达量上升至对照水平,之后无明显变化,在处理24至48 h又逐渐升高,推测PhNAC1基因参与蝴蝶兰低温胁迫响应。     

水稻miRNA3026启动子及硫氧还蛋白基因OsTxnDC9的克隆与分析

硫氧还原蛋白基因 OsTxnDC9 是水稻miRNA3026的宿主基因。克隆出了水稻miRNA3026启动子,其总长度为1 477bp;构建出4个缺失片段,瞬时表达表明这个启动子为弱启动子。在此基础上克隆出水稻硫氧还原蛋白 OsTxnDC9 基因,其长度为480bp。生物信息学表明 OsTxnDC9 基因编码的氨基酸序列与二穗短柄草硫氧还原蛋白基因编码的氨基酸(XP_003573612.1)序列同源性最高。荧光定量PCR发现OsTxnDC9在水稻花粉一核中表达量最高,亚细胞定位表明其主要在细胞质中表达。这为探索miRNA3026启动子和宿主基因的关系奠定了基础。     

苎麻转录因子基因BnMYB3的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用RACE技术,从苎麻中克隆到1个MYB转录因子基因(BnMYB3)的全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号为MF741320.1)。生物信息学分析表明,BnMYB3基因cDNA全长为1 216bp,包括900bp编码区序列,编码含有299个氨基酸的蛋白,其分子量约为33.63kD,理论等电点为9.16;该蛋白质含有2个典型的MYB结构域,属于R2R3-MYB。从苎麻基因组中克隆了BnMYB3基因1 681bp启动子序列,该序列包含ABRE、GARE-motif、CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif等多个逆境相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BnMYB3为组成型表达基因,在茎和叶中的表达量显著高于根;BnMYB3基因能够响应镉胁迫,且表达量随镉胁迫处理时间和处理浓度的增加而显著上升。     

水曲柳中MYBL2基因表达特征分析

MYB转录因子家族是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,参与植物生长、繁殖和代谢的各个时期,能通过多种方式参与植物抗逆生长。该文在水曲柳中克隆FmMYBL2基因,利用生物信息学分析其结构和表达特征,并构建FmMYBL2蛋白的系统进化树。对水曲柳幼苗进行低温胁迫、盐胁迫处理以及激素分子诱导处理(包括ABA、IAA、GA_3、JA、SA)。分别在0、1、3、6、12、24、48 h取样,利用实时荧光定量PCR对上述处理样品中FmMYBL2基因进行定量分析,并分析了FmMYBL2的时空表达特征。结果表明:(1)克隆得到的FmMYBL2基因全长为762 bp,编码253个氨基酸。(2) FmMYBL2蛋白是亲水性蛋白,氨基酸序列比对表明其与棉花同源关系较近。(3)荧光定量分析表明,FmMYBL2基因响应低温胁迫和盐胁迫,同时ABA、IAA、GA_3、JA、SA共同调控该基因表达。(4)在低温处理1 h、盐胁迫48 h时,虽然FmMYBL2基因表达量最高,激素诱导后表达量持续波动,但其能在短时间内迅速响应。(5) FmMYBL2基因在根、芽、花、种子中均有表达,雄花中的表达量最高。该研究结果为深入研究MYBL2基因功能和水曲柳抗逆生长的调控奠定基础。     

中间锦鸡儿CiMYB31基因克隆及表达分析

MYB类转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的初生与次生代谢、细胞命运、生长发育及在生物与非生物胁迫应答中具有重要的作用。本研究以中间锦鸡儿为实验材料利用PCR技术分别以cDNA与gDNA为模板对CiMYB31基因进行了克隆。研究测序表明:CiMYB31基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为969 bp,编码323个氨基酸,其基因组DNA序列长度为1 724 bp,包含3个外显子与2个内含子。生物信息学分析显示:CiMYB31所编码蛋白的N端包含2个MYB结构域(14~64 aa和67~115 aa),属于R2R3-MYB类蛋白。预测该蛋白分子量为36.32 k D,等电点为5.6,蛋白整体上是亲水性的。利用染色体步移技术克隆CiMYB31基因启动子序列,得到902 bp ATG上游序列。分析显示启动子序列中包含一些非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,如干旱响应元件(MBS)与低温响应元件(LTR)。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对CiMYB31基因的表达进行分析,发现该基因受到低温的诱导。上述研究表明CiMYB31基因可能在中间锦鸡儿对非生物胁迫的响应过程中起作用。     

梅花CBF转录因子的克隆及表达

根据GenBank中与梅花同属的桃、甜樱桃等已发表CBFs转录因子序列设计简并引物,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法,从梅花基因组DNA和cDNA中克隆CBF转录因子片段。结果表明,两种途径获得的CBF基因序列一致,基因全长821bp,编码238个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列具有典型的CBF蛋白特征,包含保守的AP2/EREB DNA结合结构域及CBF家族蛋白特征短多肽序列(PKK/RPAGRxKFxETRHP和DSAWR)。氨基酸相似性分析结果表明,该基因与欧洲甜樱桃、矮扁桃等CBF转录因子相似性较高。相对荧光定量PCR结果显示,4℃低温胁迫下,其表达量符合CBF转录因子表达特点,随着胁迫时间的增长表达量呈上升趋势,8h时达峰值,说明该基因在低温胁迫下上调表达。     

青杄转录因子PwNAC30及其启动子序列的克隆与表达分析

该研究以青杄(Picea wilsonii)为实验材料,通过PCR从青杄的cDNA文库中克隆得到一个NAC转录因子,命名为PwNAC30。生物信息学分析显示,PwNAC30开放阅读框1 179bp,共编码392个氨基酸,在其N端存在保守的NAM(no apical meristem)结构域,可分为A～E等5个亚结构域。多序列对比和系统进化树分析显示,PwNAC30蛋白与同为云杉属的北美云杉(Picea sitchensis)聚为一类。启动子克隆分析显示,PwNAC30基因启动子上存在脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、TC-rich repeats等激素和逆境响应元件,在GA、ABA、MeJA、低温、干旱、盐的处理下,其启动子活性均明显增强。荧光定量PCR分析表明,PwNAC30在球果中的表达量最高,而在花粉和种子中的表达量最低。PwNAC30对于盐、干旱、低温、ABA、MeJA、GA处理均有响应,尤其对盐、干旱、MeJA的响应最为显著。亚细胞定位结果显示,PwNAC30蛋白定位于细胞核与细胞质,主要定位于细胞核中。酵母单杂及双杂结果表明,PwNAC30蛋白的全长和N端没有转录激活活性,而C端有转录激活活性,且PwNAC30自身能形成同源二聚体。研究表明,青杄PwNAC30基因可以作为一个转录因子发挥作用,其转录激活活性在C端,且自身能够形成同源二聚体结构;PwNAC30基因广泛参与了ABA、GA、MeJA等激素的信号通路,并对盐、干旱、低温处理有响应。     

小桐子低温诱导型启动子JcDnaJ20p的克隆及烟草转化功能鉴定

低温转录组数据显示,DnaJ20是小桐子低温诱导基因。为鉴定该基因启动子的低温诱导活性,基于PCR技术从小桐子叶片基因组DNA中克隆到DnaJ20基因(JcDna20)启动子序列,命名为JcDnaJ20p,利用重组技术构建了JcDnaJ20p启动子驱动GUS标记基因的植物双元表达载体pCambia1381Z-JcDnaJ20p-GUS,并通过农杆菌介导转化烟草进行功能解析。结果表明,克隆的小桐子DnaJ20基因启动子序列长度2023 bp,序列分析显示该启动子中具有真核生物典型的核心启动子区元件TATAbox和CAAT-box,另外,还鉴定到激素如脱落酸、赤霉素响应元件与植物抗逆性相关如低温、干旱胁迫响应元件。以转化空质粒pCambia1381Z-GUS与35S启动子驱动pCambia1381Z-35S-GUS的烟草为对照,对转化pCambia1381Z-JcDnaJ20p-GUS的烟草叶片分别进行15、4℃低温处理24 h,通过GUS组织化学染色表明,JcDnaJ20p在低温处理下能够提高GUS基因的表达量,具有低温诱导启动子活性。     

无苞芥NAC转录因子基因OpNAC026的克隆与分析

在新疆耐逆植物无苞芥幼苗cDNA文库的随机克隆测序结果中,发现1条与拟南芥NAC转录因子基因AtNAC026高度相似的5′端EST序列(GenBank登录号为JZ151854),对该克隆进行3′端测序,拼接得到一条全长1 327bp的cDNA序列,该序列包含一个906bp的最大开放阅读框(ORF),推测编码301个氨基酸。根据该ORF序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术对其进行克隆,将该基因命名为OpNAC026(GenBank登录号为KM457621)。理化性质分析表明,OpNAC026蛋白是一个无跨膜区域的亲水蛋白,在N端具有一段保守结构域;蛋白质二级结构预测显示,OpNAC026蛋白包含54个α-螺旋和12个β-转角。系统进化树分析表明,OpNAC026基因与拟南芥AtNAC026和AtNAM进化关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析显示,OpNAC026基因在无苞芥的各组织中都有表达,在叶中表达量最高;高盐胁迫处理24h、干旱12h、ABA 6h、4℃低温8h处理均可明显诱导OpNAC026基因的表达。研究表明,OpNAC026基因可能参与无苞芥抗逆机制的调控。     

花生温度诱导载脂蛋白基因AhTIL1的克隆和表达研究

温度诱导的载脂蛋白(temperature induced lipocalins,TILs)与植物在热、冷、光、氧化等胁迫下的稳定性相关,旨在克隆花生中的温度诱导的载脂蛋白基因,分析其在响应低温、高温中的作用。从花生c DNA文库中筛选到一个TIL候选基因,命名为Ah TIL1,通过PCR扩增获得了其基因组和候选启动子的序列,并利用实时定量PCR等方法检测了该基因在花生不同组织、种子不同发育时期和温度胁迫下的相对表达量。序列分析结果表明,该基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为558 bp,编码185个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,推测的Ah TIL1蛋白质相对分子质量为21.4 k D,等电点为6.78。序列比对结果显示,该蛋白氨基酸序列同其他物种TIL蛋白显示出很高的同源性。对候选启动子预测结果表明,该基因的候选启动子包含ACE、Box4、G-box、GAG-motif等与光反应相关的调控元件以及与ABA、水杨酸、赤霉素、厌氧等相关的顺式调控元件。基因芯片和RNASeq结果表明,该基因在花生的根、茎、叶、花、果针、种子中均有表达,在花中表达量最高,茎中次之,在根中表达量最低;Ah TIL1在果针入土后表达量下降,随着荚果的膨大和种子的成熟,Ah TIL1的表达量逐渐增加。实时定量PCR结果证明,Ah TIL1在高温和低温诱导3、6、12和24 h后上调表达,在48 h后表达量下降。Ah TIL1可能在花生响应低温、冷胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.