陆地棉与斯特提棉的种间杂种及其色素腺体性状的遗传研究

用陆地棉（G．hirsutumL,AD染色体组;2n＝52）的不同色素腺体基因型与澳洲野生二倍体斯特提棉（G．sturtianumWillis;C染色体组,2n＝26）进行种间杂交,得到4个带不同色素腺体基因的（陆地棉×斯特提棉）F1种间杂种。种间杂种植株总体性状介于两个棉种之间,全株光滑无毛,表皮上有一层较薄的蜡质层,花大,深红色。不同色素腺体基因对种间杂种种子和F1植株色素腺体性状有较大的影响,其中gl2gl2gl3gl3和Gl2Gl2gl3gl3与斯特提棉杂交产生的种间杂种具有种子无色素腺体而植株有色素腺体的特性,只是用gl2gl2gl3gl3配制的种间杂种F1植株的色素腺体较一般有色素腺体陆地棉显著稀少。用gl2gl2Gl3Gl3和Gl2Gl2Gl3Gl3配制的种间杂种种子和F1植株均有色素腺体。研究结果初步表明,控制斯特提棉的子叶色素腺体延缓形成性状的基因对陆地棉无色素腺体基因（gl2gl2gl3gl3）和有色素腺体基因之一（Gl2Gl2）为显性上位,对陆地棉另一有色素腺体基因（Gl3Gl3）为隐性上位。     

甘蓝型油菜含油量的主基因+多基因遗传效应分析

应用多世代联合分析数量性状主基因和多基因混合遗传的统计方法,分析了甘蓝型油菜两个组合的5个世代——亲本P1、P2、F1、F2和F2：3家系材料含油量的遗传效应。结果表明,分离世代F2及F2：3家系含油量次数分布均呈混合的正态分布,符合主基因＋多基因的遗传特征。D-2模型是该项研究两个甘蓝型油菜杂交组合含油量的最适遗传模型,含油量的遗传是由一对加性主基因和加-显性多基因共同控制的。组合1（1141Bx垦C1-1）主基因加性效应值为-1．74,表明亲本1141B中主基因位点上的等位基因降低含油量,而亲本垦C1-1中的等位基因增加含油量。多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为1．20和-1．93;F2的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为68．21％和27．17％;F2：3的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为81．70％和16．80％。组合2（32Bx垦C1-2）主基因加性效应值为-3．74,表明亲本32B中主基因位点上的等位基因降低含油量,而亲本垦C1-2中的等位基因增加含油量。多基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为-1．99和0．93;F2的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力分别为66．20％,和28．10％;F2：3的主基因遗传力和多基因遗传力为81．00％和14．90％。两组合在F2：3家系世代含油量的主基因遗传力均较F2高,因此认为高含油量育种中在F2：3家系进行选择效率较高。     

稻米营养品质种子效应和母体效应的遗传分析

采用谷类作物种子数量性状的遗传模型,以珍汕９７Ａ等６个籼型不育系与测早２－２等,３个早籼恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,对籼型杂交稻稻米营养品质性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明：稻米蛋白质含量和蛋白质指数主要受制于母体遗传效应,但亦受到种子基因效应的影响;赖氨酸含量和赖氨酸指数则主要与种子基因效应有关,其中赖氨酸含量还受到母体加性效应的影响。除赖氨酸指数外,其它营养品质性状的种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均已达到极显著水平。遗传效应预测值表明,选用浙南１号Ａ和２６７１５较易获得稻米营养品质较为理想的籼型杂交稻组合。     

油菜油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量相关性分析及QTL定位

为定位与油分、蛋白质和硫苷含量等品质性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL）,以2个含油量较高的甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus）品系8908B和R1为研究材料,配置正反交组合。在正反交F2代群体中,含油量和蛋白质含量都存在极显著的负相关,相关系数分别为-0．68和-0．81,含油量和硫苷含量相关性不显著：蛋白质含量和硫苷含量在正交群体中相关性不显著,但在反交群体中存在显著负相关（相关系数r=-0．45）。利用正交F2代群体中的118个单株,构建了包含121个标记的遗传连锁图谱,图谱长1298．7cM,有21个连锁群（LGs）。采用复合区间作图法,在连锁图上定位了2个与含油量有关的QTL,分别位于LG8和LG10,其贡献率分别为4．8％和13．7％,增效基因都来源于R1;定位了2个与蛋白质含量有关的QTL：pr01和pr02,分别位于LG1和LG3,其贡献率分别为15．2％和14．1％,位点pr07由8908B提供增效基因,pro2则由R1提供增效基因：定位了4个与硫苷含量有关的QTL,其中LG20上有2个,LG4和LG8上各1个,它们的贡献率在1．9％-25．4％之间,除LG20上glu7的增效基因来自R1外,其余3个QTL位点均由8908B提供增效基因。     

花生种子含油量的遗传分析

花生是重要的油料作物,对花生种子含油量进行遗传分析具有重要意义.本研究以高油花生新品种SPI056(P1)和低油花生新品种花育17(P2)及其杂交组合的F1、F2群体为材料,应用P1、P2、F1和F2 4个世代的数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型联合分离分析方法,对种子含油量进行了遗传分析.结果表明:花生种子含油量由两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制,主基因遗传率为72 55%.     

陆地棉突变体材料湘X9628利用价值探讨

陆地棉突变体湘X9628具有植株有腺体、种子少腺体、低棉酚的特性.以苏棉12作为对照进行研究,结果表明,该突变体的产量、纤维品质、棉子仁油分、蛋白质、氨基酸含量等综合性状无明显缺陷,是培育低酚棉的良好材料.     

陆地棉突变体材料湘X9628利用价值探讨

陆地棉突变体湘X9628具有植株有腺体、种子少腺体、低棉酚的特性。以苏棉12作为对照进行研究,结果表明,该突变体的产量、纤维品质、棉子仁油分、蛋白质、氨基酸含量等综合性状无明显缺陷,是培育低酚棉的良好材料。     

5个澳洲野生棉种植株形态性状与叶片过氧化物同工酶谱研究

研究了斯特提棉、南岱华棉、澳洲棉、纳尔逊氏棉和比克氏棉５个澳洲野生棉各的种卫和植株的形态性状、色素腺体性状、棉酚含量和叶片过氧化物同工酶等主要主要性状。结果表明,斯特提棉和南岱华棉、澳洲棉和纳尔逊氏的种子、植株和花器形态性状,以及叶片过氧化物同工酶谱等性状分别比较相似,经克氏棉的形态特征介上述两类棉种之间,略近似于澳洲棉和纳尔逊氏棉,５个棉种均具有种子地色素腺体植株有色素腺体的特性,其体眠种子的棉     

棉花优异纤维品质性状的双列杂交分析

利用5个具有不同纤维品质性状的品种(系)配制完全双列杂交组合20个,通过亲本和F1的2年随机区组试验,结果为除纤维整齐度受环境等因素影响较大,其余性状主要受遗传因素控制;在与环境的互作中,纤维强度和长度的互作效应小,麦克隆值的加性和母体效应及伸长率的显性效应与环境的互作较大,均达到了显著水平;遗传主效中,所有的研究性状不存在母体效应,以加性为主;强度与长度加性遗传率高,分别占77．6％和73．2％;麦克隆值的加性效应占45．2％,显性效应所占的比例在纤维性状中最高,为11．5％。纤维品质性状的群体平均优势仅麦克隆值的较高(3．2％),达到了显著水平,其余性状的优势仅为-0．4％-0．7％。纤维品质性状的遗传结果与杂种优势一致。在杂种优势利用时,可以通过双亲平均值的高低来预测F1的纤维品质表现。纤维强度、长度和细度的加性遗传率高,这些性状均可以早代选择。     

对生玉米籽粒品质性状的杂种优势和配合力分析

本文利用对生基因转育获得的对生与互生自交系及其杂交组合,研究了对生性状对玉米主要品质性状的杂种优势和配合力的遗传效应的影响。结果表明:对生自交系籽粒品质性状的配合力效应一般高于互生玉米,在蛋白质含量上,对生F1杂种优势与普通互生F1无明显差异,而在油份和淀粉含量上对生F1较互生表现出明显的优势。不同组配方式对F1对生群体籽粒品质性状的杂种优势存在差异,在对生组合利用中通过互×互组配较对×对组配能使F1获得更高的蛋白质含量;选育含油量较高的对生系,利用对×对组合有助于选育高油杂交种;选育淀粉含量较高的含有不同对生基因的互生自交系作亲本,利用互×互组配有助于选育高淀粉对生杂交组合。     

油用向日葵主要农艺性状的遗传效应及相关性研究

根据加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型,对6个油用向日葵自交系及其配制的9个杂交组合在2个环境下的7个农艺性状表现进行遗传分析,揭示油用向日葵主要农艺性状遗传性质、规律以及主要农艺性状对含油率的贡献率。结果表明:株高、茎粗、盘径、百粒重、籽仁率和单盘粒重等6个遗传性状主要受加性和显性共同控制,结实率的遗传以加性、显性×环境互作效应为主,籽仁率、单盘粒重以加性、显性、显性×环境互作效应为主;性状间的各项遗传相关性多以加性遗传相关为主。百粒重的净效应对籽实含油率的加性遗传方差贡献率最高,结实率的净效应对籽实含油率的显性遗传方差贡献率最高,单盘粒重对籽实含油率的加性×环境互作遗传方差的贡献率最高。     

The Inheritance of Gossypol Level in Gossypium II: Inheritance of Seed Gossypol in Two Strains of Cultivated GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE L

Two strains of cultivated Gossypium barbadense L., Sea Island AS-2 and Pima S-4, were used to study the effects of alleles at two loci on the production and/or storage of gossypol in mature embryos. The normal alleles, Gl(2) and Gl(3), are "native" to G. barbadense, whereas the mutant alleles, gl(2) and gl(3), were introduced from Gossypium hirsutum L. through backcrossing. Each strain was grown in three replications per trial, and one, Sea Island AS-2, was grown in three environments. Each experiment consisted of all possible crosses, including reciprocals, of the four true-breeding genotypes, plus parents. Additive effects accounted for more than 90% of the total genetic variance for seed gossypol level in all trials. Epistatic effects, though small, were frequently significant. In G. barbadense Gl(2) and Gl(3) were associated with the production of similar amounts of gossypol, whereas previous trials with cultivated varieties of G. hirsutum showed that Gl(2) was more than twice as expressive as Gl(3). The greater average productivity of seed gossypol in cultivated G. barbadense, as compared with G. hirsutum, was attributed to greater activity at the Gl(3) locus in the former species.     

玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应分析

采用二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳种子遗传模型及其分析方法,以5个玉米自交系及其配制的F1,F2,BC1,BC2世代为材料,研究5个玉米种子性状的胚直接效应、胚乳直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。分析结果表明,除粒宽外,各性状的遗传同时由细胞质效应和胚、胚乳、母体基因效应所控制,百粒重主要受胚乳和母体效应的影响,粒长的遗传以母体效应为主,粒宽和粒厚以胚乳效应为主。各部位籽粒百粒重的胚乳直接加性效应与母体加性效应的协方差达到显著或极显著水平,其余性状的胚、胚乳直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著,通过母体植株的遗传表现可以对这些性状进行有效的选择。S22 是改良百粒重的优良亲本。 Abstract：The embryo,endosperm and cytoplasm effects of seven seed traits were studied by genetic model for diploid embryo and triploid endosperm plant seeds using five inbreds and their F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations. The estimates of genetic variance components indicated that the inheritance of all other kernel traits was controlled by the four effects except kernel width. The 100?kernel weight was mainly controlled by endosperm and maternal effects , and kernel length was controlled by the maternal effects,while endosperm conrrolled kernel width and kernel thickness. Except the significant or highly significant covariances between the endosperm direct additive and maternal additive effects for 100－kernel weight,all other traits between the embryo or endosperm direct effect and the maternal were not significant. So,maize inbreds could be developed by direct selection based on maternal plants for these traits. S22 was the best inbred of the improvement for kernel weight in this study.     

Cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with cultivars: genetic model evaluation and seed trait analyses

Seed from upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., provides a desirable and important nutrition profile. In this study, several seed traits (protein content, oil content, seed hull fiber content, seed index, seed volume, embryo percentage) for F₃ hybrids of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines crossed with five elite cultivars over four environments were evaluated. Oil and protein were expressed both as percentage of total seed weight and as an index which is the grams of product/100 seeds. An additive and dominance (AD) genetic model with cytoplasmic effects was designed, assessed by simulations, and employed to analyze these seed traits. Simulated results showed that this model was sufficient for analyzing the data structure with F₃ and parents in multiple environments without replications. Significant cytoplasmic effects were detected for seed oil content, oil index, seed index, seed volume, and seed embryo percentage. Additive effects were significant for protein content, fiber content, protein index, oil index, fiber index, seed index, seed volume, and embryo percentage. Dominance effects were significant for oil content, oil index, seed index, and seed volume. Cytoplasmic and additive effects for parents and dominance effects in homozygous and heterozygous forms were predicted. Favorable genetic effects were predicted in this study and the results provided evidence that these seed traits can be genetically improved. In addition, chromosome associations with AD effects were detected and discussed in this study.     

籼型杂交稻光合特性的配合力分析

以6个籼型杂交稻三系不育系和5个恢复系按不完全双列杂交设计配制的30个杂交稻组合及其亲本品种为材料,对其光合性状进行了测定和分析,结果表明:(1)杂交稻组合的光合特性存在显著或极显著的组合间遗传差异,光合特性的遗传变异主要来自基因的非加性效应;(2)胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量受不育系的影响大于恢复系,而气孔导度、叶绿素a+b含量受恢复系的影响大于不育系;(3)杂交稻光合性状的广义遗传力均大于狭义遗传力,各性状主要受基因互作及环境的影响。狭义遗传力的大小依次为叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、类胡萝卜素和蒸腾速率,这些性状具有中等遗传力;(4)9个光合性状杂交稻F1表型值与父母本一般配合力效应值之和的相关系数均达极显著水平。因此,可以根据父母本一般配合力效应值之和来预测杂交稻组合光合性状的表现,有利于高效选育高光效杂交稻组合。     

籼型杂种稻米品质性状的数量遗传分析

应用新近提出的ｐ＾＋ｑ＾＋ｐｑ交配设计的种子性状遗传表达鉴别方法,分析了籼型水稻３个不育系和１０个恢复系配组的３０个杂种Ｆ１植株上的Ｆ２种子及其亲本的９个稻米品质性状。结果表明：（１）粒长、粒宽、粒重、糙米率和完整精米率５个性状在Ｆ２米粒间没有发生遗传分离,它们的遗传受二倍体母体基因型（Ｆ１植株）控制。（２）垩白率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度４个性状则在Ｆ２米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,帮主要受三     

Genetic analysis of some seed quality characters in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Summary A set of diallel crosses involving ten parents was evaluated over two locations to determine the genetic control of protein per cent, oil per cent, seed index, percentage of mature seeds and number of seeds per boll. The analysis of pooled data showed that percentage of mature seeds was controlled by additive (D) and non-additive (H₁ and H₂) genetic effects. Overdominance was noticed. For seed index the D component measuring additive, and the H₂ component measuring dominance, variation were significant. Protein content and oil content were primarily under the control of non-additive (H₁ and H₂) genetic effects, while for number of seeds per boll the variability was accounted for by dominance (H₁) effects only. The development of pure lines through appropriate methods is suggested.Part of the thesis of the senior author, submitted in partial fulfilment for the Ph.D. degree     

普通玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应分析

采用二倍体种子遗传模型及其分析方法,研究了５个玉米籽粒性状的直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应．分析结果表明,各性状的遗传同时受种子直接效应和母体效应的影响,细胞质基因对百粒重和粒宽具有极显著影响．除粒长、粒厚的直接显性效应与母体显性效应间的协方差外,直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著．因此,通过母体植株的表现可对这些性状进行有效的选择．Ｓ_２２和 ８７－１是改良粒重的优良亲本．选择粒较宽的自交系作母本有利于提高后代选系及Ｆ_１的百粒重．     

Genetic analysis of non-essential amino acid contents in rice (Oryza sativa L.) across environments

Genetic main effects and genotype x environment (GE) interaction effects for 7 non-essential amino acids in milled rice were analyzed for two year data by using the genetic models based on mixed linear model approaches for quantitative traits of triploid endosperm. Nine cytoplasmic, male sterile lines as females and five restoring lines as males were introduced in a diallel cross in two environments. It was found that the content of non-essential amino acids including Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly and Tyr were mainly controlled by genetic main effects, whereas the content of Ala or Pro was mainly affected by GE effects. In genetic main effects, the cytoplasmic and maternal genetic effects were preponderant for all traits of non-essential amino acids, indicating that selection for improving these traits based on the maternal plant would be more effective than on seeds. The total narrow-sense heritabilities for non-essential amino acids were 70.9-85.9%. By predicating the genetic effects of parents, the total genetic effects from Xieqingzao, V20, Zuo 5 and Zhenshan 97 were mainly negative and these parents would decrease the content of most essential amino acids. Since parents of Zhenan 3, Yinchao 1, T49, 26715, 102 and 1391 had possessed a positive value of most total genetic effects, these parents could be chosen as optimal parents for increasing the content of most non-essential amino acids.     

玉米籽粒性状的遗传模型研究

用１０个遗传上和籽粒形态性状上具有差异的玉米自交系,依多种可能的交配方法获得亲本Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１（Ｐ１× Ｐ２）、Ｆ２、Ｂ１（Ｆ１×Ｐ１）、Ｂ２（Ｆ１× Ｐ２）及其相应反交ＲＦ１、ＲＦ２、ＲＢ１、ＲＢ２共１０个种子世代。种植２年。依广义遗传模型建立包括种子胚乳加性、胚乳显性、母体加性、母体显性和细胞质效应的遗传模型,运用种子数量性状的精细鉴别法［１］和混合模型分析法［２,３］,对粒长、粒宽、粒长宽比、粒厚及百粒重作了性状表达遗传机制的鉴别与探讨。单个组合的遗传模型精细测验表明,５个籽粒性状的遗传主要受母体显性和胚乳基因型（包括加性和灵性）的控制,一个组合的粒宽、粒厚和百粒重上还检测到细胞质效应。对２５对 Ｆ１正反交组合世代均值依ＭＩＮＱＵＥ法分析的结果表明,５个籽粒性状的遗传方差中,母体遗传方差占６０％以上,胚乳基因型方差低于４０％,粒长和百粒重还有细胞质效应,约占１０％～３０％。可见,籽粒性状的遗传特点是受多套遗传系统控制,其中以母体基因型的作用最大。