浙江省茶叶气候品质等级评价

茶叶品质形成与气象条件密切相关,因此开展茶叶气候品质研究具有重要意义。本文基于浙江省2013年基本气象站和区域自动站的逐日气象资料,结合田间试验获取的茶叶品质数据和茶叶生产实际,提出了影响茶叶品质的3个气象指标。应用加权指数求和法,建立了茶叶气候品质评价模型。结果表明:2013年浙江省茶叶生长季茶叶气候品质表现为单峰型变化,气候品质指数在春季3—4月处于相对平缓高值区,指数2.2~2.8,等级1级;5月起开始逐渐下降,最小值出现在盛夏7月—8月中旬,指数0~0.4,等级4级;8月下旬开始逐渐上升,秋季指数0.8~1.6,等级2~3级;2013年浙江省茶叶气候品质空间分布具有区域性,春茶除少数高山地区外,大部地区指数2.2~3.0,等级1级;夏茶大部分地区指数0~0.8,等级3~4级;秋茶,品质指数0.6~1.8,等级2~3级;无论是时间上,还是空间上,茶叶气候品质等级评价与茶叶生产实际基本一致,表现为春茶1级,茶叶品质最优;秋茶其次,品质较优;夏茶品质最差。研究成果可为优化特色农业生产布局提供科学依据。     

春茶夏藏法

“饮酒要陈,喝茶要新”。喝茶的人们都希望香气扑鼻、滋味醇厚的春茶贮藏较长时间,仍保持固有的风味。可是,一到夏季,很多家庭贮藏的春茶,香气锐减、汤色变黄,成了“陈茶”.有的甚至发霉变质。茶叶为何如此之“娇”?这是由于茶叶中含有儿茶索、鞣质、咖啡因和维生素 C 等,这些有机物大多属于还原剂,极易被氧     

浙江省茶叶生长的气候适宜性

定量评估茶叶生长季气候适宜度特征及其对气候变化的响应具有重要意义.本文基于1971—2010年浙江省逐日气象资料,应用模糊数学方法,结合茶叶气象指标,建立了旬尺度的温度、降水和日照适宜度模型,并应用几何平均法建立了茶叶综合气候适宜度模型.结果表明: 研究期间,浙江省茶叶生长季内气候适宜度较高,均超过0.6;研究区茶叶的温度适宜度最高,降水适宜度次之,日照适宜度略低;茶叶气候适宜度具有明显的时间变化特征,20世纪70年代呈下降趋势,80年代变幅平缓,90年代之后表现为明显的上升趋势;春茶气候适宜度变化趋势与年度气候适宜度相似,均呈两头高、中间低,春茶气候适宜度的变幅更大,夏茶和秋茶气候适宜度均表现为下降趋势.     

不同颜色遮阳网遮光对丘陵茶园夏秋茶和春茶产量及主要生化成分的影响

为研究不同颜色遮阳网遮光对夏秋茶与春茶产量和品质的影响,在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站以“碧香早”茶树为试验材料,选用不遮光和中度遮光（遮光率(50?4)%）的黑色、绿色、银灰色遮阳网开展遮光试验。结果表明：不同季节使用黑色遮阳网能显著增加氨基酸和咖啡碱含量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比,与对照茶园比较,夏季、秋季、春季茶叶氨基酸含量分别增加了14.22%、17.07%、6.23%,茶多酚含量分别降低了4.40%、6.43%、27.66%,咖啡碱含量分别增加了9.48%、8.10%、7.28%。夏秋季银灰色遮阳网效果最差,绿色遮阳网效果介于黑色和对照之间,春季三种颜色遮阳网效果均优于对照;茶树遮光后品质明显优于对照,夏秋茶经遮光可达到制高档茶的要求,春茶遮光可达到制名优茶的要求。     

茶梢蛀蛾的两种生态类型及其在防治上的意义

茶梢蛀蛾(Parametriates theae Kus.)近年来在福建、浙江、贵州、安徽、云南等省均有发现,而以密植与合理留叶的茶园中发生较多,严重影响了春茶生产,是茶叶生产中急待解决的问题。     

5种叶面肥对草莓光合特性及品质的影响

为探讨不同叶面肥对大棚草莓光合特性、果实品质及产量的影响,并筛选出适宜的叶面肥,以甘肃省兰州市西固区牟家台草莓温室大棚内栽植的草莓品种‘蒙特瑞’为试材,在施肥充足的情况下,在4个生育期追肥喷施经典750倍液（T1）、花仆1500倍液（T2)、润亮750倍液(T3)、艾德拉果500倍液（T4）及磷酸二氢钾1500倍液（T5）5种叶面肥,清水作为对照（CK）,测定了处理植株光合参数、果实品质、生物量及产量等指标。结果表明：（1）喷施不同叶面肥处理后草莓植株生物量、叶绿素含量显著增加,叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著上升,喷施叶面肥后的草莓植株胞间二氧化碳浓度均高于CK;（2）对果实品质而言,T2和T3处理能够显著改善草莓果形指数,T1和T5可以显著增大果实体积和重量。其中,T1的平均单果重较CK增加了5.89 g,T5的果实横径和纵径分别较CK增加了1.22 cm和1.15 cm。（3）实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量和还原糖含量有很明显的提高,并以T1施用效果最佳,较CK分别增加了3.3%、17.25 mg/g、2.71%。处理T1和T3可溶性蛋白含量分别较CK提高了0.097 mg/g和0.070 mg/g;（4）喷施叶面肥能够显著提高草莓单位面积产量,且以处理T1处理产量最高,较CK增长了13.65%。可见,施用适宜的叶面肥均能有效改善草莓营养生长状况,提升草莓果实品质,显著提高产量,并以经典750倍液叶面肥施用综合效果最佳。     

红茶绿茶加工中氨基酸变化及与品质关系

<正> 氨基酸不但是构成茶叶色香味的重要物质,而且对红茶、绿茶不同品质的风味形成关系甚大,故有“茶叶品质因子”之称。为了进一步探讨氨基酸对红茶、绿茶品质的影响,本文特依据氨基酸在红绿茶加工中的变化来论证它对茶叶品质形成所起的重要作用。     

从若干因素谈影响氨基酸形成和茶叶品质的提高

<正> 茶叶中氨基酸种类有20多种以上,其总量达4％左右,甚至有的茶叶含量更高。由此可见,氨基酸在茶叶化学成分中占有举足轻重的地位。茶叶中氨基酸极易溶解于水,不少氨基酸都有着一定的香气和鲜味,对茶汤品质影响极大,特别是某些氨基酸以及它们的降解和转化产物都直接影响茶叶品质。因此,氨基酸是茶叶品质不可多得的重要化学成分之一,有“影响品质成分”之     

我国各名茶和茶类中游离氨基酸含量与组成

<正> 茶树中的氨基酸不但是体内合成与代谢产物的先质,而且也是构成茶叶色香味重要生化成份。目前从茶叶中发现并鉴定的25种氨基酸中,就有18种对茶叶品质有较大影响。如谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨基、丙氨酸、赖氨酸等氨基酸能增进茶叶的鲜爽味。此外,一些氨基酸在茶叶加工中还可脱羧氧化生成相应的醛类,构成茶叶香气。经分析测定,氨基酸与茶叶品质的相关系数达0.7—0.8,呈显著水平,故有“茶叶等级因子”     

复合叶面肥对油桃和葡萄生长生理及果树品质的影响

我国北方一些地区因土壤pH高,导致其中有效性微量元素含量很低而不能满足果树植物的正常生长发育,进而导致严重的缺素症。通过土壤直接施肥或通过灌溉水将化肥施入土壤,肥料中的微量元素很快会被土壤固定,因而这些方法不能有效地解决缺素症问题。作者用5年时间研制成功了应用果树植物的系列复合叶面肥,这些叶面肥不仅含有植物所需的大量元素,而且含有微量元素、有机营养及植物生长调节剂;叶面肥的配方也因果树植物种类生长习性的不同而异。以油桃和葡萄为试材,喷施复合叶面肥72h后,叶片中叶绿体含量、硝酸还原酶活性、铁和锌含量显著提高;叶面肥还能增进油桃和葡萄果实品质,促进葡萄枝芽增重,但不会引起葡萄树体徙长。整个生长季节喷施复合叶面肥对树体均有益,但喷施间隔时间不应少7-10d。     

叶面喷施硒肥对3个葡萄品种果实产量、品质和硒含量的影响

以‘红芭拉蒂’、 ‘夏黑’、 ‘户太8号’3个葡萄品种为材料,研究叶面喷施有机硒肥对温室葡萄品质和硒含量的影响。结果表明: 在果实幼果期和膨大期,叶面喷施12 mg·L^-1氨基酸螯合态富硒叶面肥不仅能使葡萄果实产量和硒含量显著提高,还能显著提高各品种葡萄果实综合品质(可溶性糖、有机酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性固形物、Vc和原花青素等),但白藜芦醇未显著提高。各品种中,2017和2018年夏黑的硒含量较对照分别增加36.7%和37.1%,其增幅高于红芭拉蒂和户太8号;施硒组红芭拉蒂以高糖低酸的口感及高保健成分在品质综合比较中表现较优;2018年施硒的户太8号硒含量为53.26 μg·kg^-1,显著高于其他品种,硒富集能力较强。因此,夏黑硒含量增幅较大;红芭拉蒂在营养价值和品质上表现较优;户太8号适合富硒葡萄生产。     

Combined effects of selenium and drought on photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration in potato.

The possible effects of selenium (Se) foliar spraying and drought were studied for 3 months in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Desiree in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Four combinations of treatments were conducted: well-watered plants with and without Se foliar spraying, and drought exposed plants with and without Se foliar spraying. The following parameters were monitored 2 and 4 weeks after treatments: net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), and respiratory potential measured by electron transport system activity. After 3 months of treatments, leaf water potential and tuber yield were determined. The content of Se in tubers was measured after harvesting time. Several effects of drought and Se foliar spraying and their combinations were found. Net photosynthesis and respiratory potential were lower in drought exposed plants 4 weeks after treatments. Se induced higher respiratory potential in the leaves 4 weeks after treatments. Higher efficiency of energy conversion in PSII, expressed by a higher effective quantum yield, was observed in Se treated plants 2 weeks after treatments. Foliarly applied Se was efficiently absorbed by plant leaves and transported to the tubers.     

叶面喷施硅和磷对水稻及其抗白背飞虱的影响

【目的】硅可以增强植物的抗病性和对环境胁迫的耐受性,本实验检测了水稻叶面喷施硅和磷后叶片中硅和两种次生物质含量的变化以及喷硅对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera种群的影响,旨在阐明外源元素施用是否会提高水稻的抗虫性。【方法】采用对分蘖期水稻进行硅肥、磷肥、和两者混合的喷施处理,测定比较了水稻叶片正面和反面硅含量、草酸含量和可溶性糖含量,同时检测了喷施硅肥后水稻叶片硅化细胞数量和取食处理水稻后白背飞虱种群增长的参数。【结果】20和40 mg/L 硅或硅+磷混合施用后,水稻叶片中的硅含量比对照显著增加(P<0.05)。在40 mg/L硅+ 40 mg/L磷喷施处理后,水稻叶片正反面的硅含量分别比对照增加了116%和104.4%。扫描电镜结果显示,处理后的水稻叶片上气孔周围硅化细胞明显增加。此外,硅和磷喷施后3 d和6 d,水稻叶片草酸含量显著增加(P<0.01)。40 mg/L硅处理后的水稻上饲养的白背飞虱产卵量与对照相比明显下降(P<0.05)。【结论】硅+磷喷施处理促进水稻叶片抗虫物质含量增加,硅喷施抑制了白背飞虱的产卵量。     

稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性的影响

为了明确施用稀土镧和钕的叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性的影响,通过系统调查和t检验得出,肥东县和萧县两地镧和钕与清水(CK1)和醋液(CK2)之间,捕食性天敌的物种数和个体数、植食性昆虫物种数和个体数和总群落的多样性指数差异均不显著。总群落物种数与个体数的比值(稳定性值),肥东镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.5592和1.0922,与CK2之间t值为1.2407和1.9178;萧县镧和钕与CK1之间t值为0.3533和0.8969,与CK2之间的t值为0.7067和0.4484;t值均小于t0.05(2.07),其群落稳定性差异均不显著,表明镧和钕叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落多样性和稳定性影响不显著。对12次调查的捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的物种数比值(Sn/Sp)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.5111和0.1499,与CK2的t值为0.1146和0.2466,CK1与CK2的t值为0.3476;萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sn/Sp的比值t检验的t值为0.0976和0.0547,与CK2的t值为0.0975和0.1749,CK1与CK2的t值为0.2337,t值均小于t0.05,他们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的复杂性影响不显著。对12次调查捕食性天敌和植食性昆虫的个体数比值(Sa/Sb)进行分析,肥东喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.9427和0.9727,与CK2的t值为0.5023和0.5342,CK1与CK2的t值为0.4957;萧县喷镧和喷钕处理与CK1之间Sa/Sb的比值t检验的t值为0.8820和0.0345,与CK2的t值为0.0741和1.0572,CK1与CK2的t值为0.8571,t值均小于t0.05,它们之间差异均不显著,表明两地两种稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落内食物网络关系的益害比影响不显著。     

Caffeine in tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze]: in situ lowering by Bacillus licheniformis (Weigmann) Chester

Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) contain 5-6% caffeine that is responsible for the stimulating effect of the beverage. As the tolerance to caffeine varies among individuals, low caffeine tea would be an ideal alternative. While assessing the potential of a few selected bacteria-Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. firmus, to multiply on nutrient medium supplemented with glucose (5%) and tea leaf extract (2%), it was observed that only B. licheniformis could proliferate on this medium. Hence, B. licheniformis was used for further studies. Tea plants were sprayed with a suspension of B. licheniformis at a dilution of 5 x 10(8) CFU/ml containing 0.1% Tween 80 as surfactant. In situ lowering of caffeine from tea leaves was evident without affecting the quality of the other tea components. Further, there was no change in the morphological and physiological characteristics as well. It is suggested that spraying of B. licheniformis may be useful in yielding decaffeinated tea with good flavour and aroma.     

Rainfall, nitrogen and host plant condition: consequences for the processionary caterpillar, Ochrogaster lunifer

1. At the end of November in subtropical areas of Australia, second-instar larvae of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) initiate feeding on the peripheral shoots of acacias (first-instar larvae do not feed). Field surveys at ten localities in south-east Queensland showed that larval survival was highly variable both among and within localities. Within-locality variation in larval growth was low compared with variation among localities. Larval growth and survival rates were higher at coastal and island localities, where November rainfall was high, than at drier inland localities.
2. Potted Acacia concurrens were grown in the greenhouse under high and low watering regimes, with and without nitrogen-rich fertilizer. Plant vigour (height, foliar water content and quantity of flush growth) was significantly greater in high-water treatments than in low-water treatments. Watering also affected foliar nitrogen, with plants in the high-water/no fertilizer treatment having similar nitrogen levels to those in fertilized treatments. Fertilizer increased foliar nitrogen levels of plants in low-water treatments and increased the number of shoots in high-water treatments. Different treatments had no effect on leaf toughness. After the first 3 weeks of feeding, size and survival of larvae were significantly reduced on the small, less vigorous plants in low water treatments. These results do not support the plant stress hypothesis.
3. Early-instar larvae (instar II–IV) developed more quickly and grew larger when reared on flush leaves than when reared on senescent leaves of A. concurrens . As water uptake affects the quantity of flush growth available to early stage larvae as well as foliar quality, rainfall and water availability may have important consequences for the distribution and population dynamics of the moth at local and regional scales.     

Biofertilizers and/or some micronutrients role on wheat plants grown on newly reclaimed soil

Pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers (inoculation with different bacterial isolates), foliar spraying with some micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe and Mn+Zn+Fe) and their interaction on growth, physiological parameters and nutrients content of wheat plants grown on reclaimed soil. Pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of National Research center, The experimental design was split plot with four replicates. Four biofertilizer treatments (un‐inoculated, Bacillus polymyxa, Azotobacter chroococcum or Azosprillium barasilense) were used and randomly distributed in the main pots. The foliar treatments with micronutrients were randomly distributed in the sub plots. The growth parameters (plant height, leaf area, roots, shoots and whole plant dry weights and number of tillers & leaves per plant); some physiological parameters (soluble sugar %, protein %, polysaccharide %, chl. A+b μg cm^?1 leaf per plant, carotenoids μg g^?1, IAA mg kg^?1 and psll mol DCPIP reduced per mg chl. per h) and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu) of wheat plants were significantly increased by inoculating wheat grains with different bacteria as compared with un‐inoculated plants (control). The highest values of all the mentioned parameters were obtained by using Azospirillum brasilense followed by Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus polymyxa in decreasing order. Foliar spraying treatments significantly increased the growth parameters, physiological parameters as well as nutrients content of wheat plants as compared with control. Highest values were obtained by using (Mn+Fe+Zn) treatment followed by Zn, Fe and Mn in decreasing order. Micronutrients in wheat plants differed as the foliar treatments were differed, so application of any micronutrient individually significantly increased its content and enhanced the content of other micronutrients in wheat. Interaction between the used biofertilizers and foliar spraying with micronutrients significantly affected all the studied parameters of wheat plants, the highest were obtained by inoculating wheat grains with Azospirillum brasilense and spraying the plants with (Mn+Fe+Zn) treatment, while the lowest values were attained by un‐inoculated grains (control) and spraying the wheat plants with tap water (control). Effective microorganisms in combination with micronutrients could be recommended to farmers to lead higher wheat yield.     

稀土叶面肥对葡萄园节肢动物群落和食饵功能团的影响

为阐明稀土叶面肥对江淮丘陵和黄河故道葡萄园节肢动物群落、中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团组成的影响,通过系统调查和数学分析得出,稀土元素镧、钕和醋(CK2)对肥东葡萄园节肢动物总群落、植食性昆虫亚群落和捕食性天敌亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度的影响均不显著。稀土叶面肥对萧县总群落的物种数影响显著,镧对总群落物种丰富度影响显著,其余影响不显著。镧和钕元素对两地葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落的物种数和物种丰富度影响极显著,对个体数影响不显著,CK2对中性昆虫亚群落的物种数、个体数和物种丰富度影响均不显著;肥东县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为3.4384、2.3911和2.0528,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间食饵功能团物种数的t值为1.6397和0.6357;萧县葡萄园镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的物种数t值为2.2909、2.3223和0.3674,镧肥和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为2.7533和2.7744,表明镧肥和钕肥对两地食饵功能团的物种数影响均显著。肥东县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.3047、1.0338和0.2300,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为1.6014和1.1835;萧县镧肥区、钕肥区和CK2与CK1之间食饵功能团的个体数t值为1.0431、1.0245和0.7369,镧肥区和钕肥区与CK2之间的t值为0.9495和0.9490;两地处理与与CK1和CK2之间食饵功能团的个体数t值均小于t0.05,表明稀土叶面肥对两地食饵功能团个体数影响不显著。稀土叶面肥对肥东葡萄园食饵功能团物种丰富度影响很小,萧县镧肥和钕肥与CK2之间物种丰富度的t值为2.1709和2.0226,差异显著。综上所述,稀土叶面肥对葡萄园中性昆虫亚群落和食饵功能团的物种数影响显著。     

Effects of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms and fertilizers on growth of cabbage and tomato and Spodoptera litura performance

Fertilizer and plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) both benefit crop growth; however, little is known about the interaction effects when they are combined. This study assessed the effect of PGPMs and fertilizer on plant growth, foliar chemistry, and subsequent insect feeding. Cabbage and tomato plants were inoculated with PGPMs (fungi and bacteria) and various levels of fertilization. Plant growth parameters (fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area) and foliar chemistry (water content, protein content, and polyphenol oxidase activity) were then analyzed. In addition, foliage was also fed to the third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura to evaluate foliage quality. The results indicated that plant performance differed significantly among treatments, and the combined fungi Meyerozyma guilliermondii and fertilizer treatment promoted the greatest plant growth. In summary, PGPMs and fertilization can have their own effect; their interaction effect, however, need to be clarified.