川西亚高山林牧交错区土壤动物多样性

交错区复杂的生境常常导致相对较高的物种多样性。为探讨牧压条件形成的林牧交错区土壤动物多样性,研究了川西亚高山典型林牧交错区的土壤动物群落结构与多样性。在交错区5种生境下,共获得土壤动物49837只,隶属7门16纲33目126类。从草甸到针叶林的过渡生境中,土壤动物明显受到放牧干扰影响,其个体密度随干扰的减弱呈逐步上升趋势,而类群数则呈单峰型变化趋势;Shannon-Wiener、DG多样性指数都呈现逐步上升趋势;Wilson-Shmida多样性指数表明相邻干扰梯度下土壤动物类群替代率相近。大型土壤动物生物量在草甸最低,阔叶林最高。CCA排序显示凋落物厚度与中小型土壤动物存正相关,pH与其存负相关,不同类群对环境因子响应存在差异。这些结果表明农牧交错区不同干扰梯度下土壤动物群落结构和多样性存在明显差异。     

干旱与湿润区流域时变水热耦合参数的归因分析

气候变化和下垫面条件的改变共同影响着流域的水热耦合状况,定量剖析其影响对研究变化环境下流域水量平衡和能量分配具有重要意义。以往多数研究只做了定性分析,对不同影响因素的定量贡献研究甚少。基于此,以干旱区无定河流域和湿润区汉江上游为研究区域,在Budyko框架下,估算了干旱与湿润区流域的时变水热耦合参数,并通过逐步多元回归模型、敏感性和贡献率分析,定量归因了水热耦合控制参数的演变,并将干旱与湿润区流域做了对比分析。结果表明：干旱与湿润区流域的水热耦合参数在1970-2013年间均呈显著上升趋势;不同气候区水热耦合参数变化的主导因子不同,干旱区无定河参数对降水和植被覆盖度（NDVI）具有较高的敏感性,且NDVI的变化主导着参数的变化（贡献率为89.5%）;湿润区汉江上游参数的变化对气温、有效灌溉面积（EIA）和NDVI更敏感,其中,EIA主导着参数的变化（贡献率为83.1%）;总体来说,下垫面的变化是无定河和汉江上游水热状况改变的驱动因素。     

浙江西天目山30年来苔藓物种多样性变化

苔藓物种多样性变化对苔藓植物保护和森林生态系统健康起着重要的预警作用.基于1977-1980年和2010-2011年对西天目山国家自然保护区苔藓植物的两次详细调查,本文比较了该地区1977-2011年间苔藓植物物种多样性的变化.结果表明:(1)在过去的30年间,该地区苔藓植物的科、属、种数均呈下降趋势,苔类植物的属、种数减少尤为显著;(2)青藓科、曲尾藓科、灰藓科和丛藓科一直为该地区的优势科;(3)科的稳定性均高于属、种;(4)缓冲区的总物种数变化最大,新增物种数最多;核心区(进山门-老殿)苔藓植物种类始终最为丰富,两个时期的物种相似性最高,且苔类占新增物种数百分比最高;核心区(老殿-仙人顶)苔藓物种数最少,相似性最低;(5)核心区的物种多样性要高于缓冲区,是该地区保护苔藓植物多样性的关键区域.     

大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性比较研究

在中国东北大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区,选择典型群落,采用物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及均匀度指数,研究了大兴安岭植物区、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种构成和不同分布区群落的结构。分析比较了3个植物区物种多样性指数及不同生活型物种多样性指数及均匀度指数,结果表明：大、小兴安岭植物区与交错区植物种类过渡性明显,小兴安岭植物区和交错区植物群落结构以落叶松、红松、白桦针阔混交林为主,大兴安岭植物区以兴安落叶松、东北白桦、樟子松为主;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区物种多样性指数表现为小兴安岭植物区＞交错区＞大兴安岭植物区;大、小兴安岭植物区及交错区不同生活型物种多样性指数变化为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,乔木层物种多样性指数差异显著,灌木层和草本层差异不显著。     

自然和人工管理驱动下盐城海滨湿地景观格局演变特征与空间差异

将盐城国家级自然保护区核心区划分为人工管理区和自然湿地区两种模式,根据1987年、1997年、2007年3个时相的景观资料,运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析不同驱动力下湿地景观格局的变化差异。结果表明:(1)人工管理区,景观斑块平均面积由205.31 hm2降至55.60 hm2,景观多样性指数1.4284降低到1.2928,优势度从0.3634上升到0.7766,表明景观破碎化明显,景观多样性呈降低趋势,优势度则呈上升趋势。景观变化的结果导致景观带状特征变弱,镶嵌性特征十分明显;1987—1997年期间,景观格局空间演变表现为从陆地向海洋的单向演替;而1997—2007年,景观演替呈现多向性特征。(2)自然湿地区,景观优势度呈下降趋势,从0.4844下降到0.3164;而景观多样性呈上升趋势,其指数从0.9019上升到1.4754。景观带状格局发育更加明显,各景观带宽趋于均匀,并且景观从陆地向海洋呈单向演替特征。(3)影响海滨湿地景观格局演变的驱动因素是:自然湿地区主要受海洋潮汐作用影响,其主要自然过程如地貌过程和植物群落演替过程等呈连续性变化,从而导致景观演变呈带状连续性发展;人工管理区主要受人为管理影响,人为管理往往使生态过程的连续性发生突变,从而使景观演变呈多向性特征。     

中国"三江并流"纵谷地蚤类丰富度与区系沿纬度梯度的水平分布格局

为探讨横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系沿纬度梯度变化的基本规律以及影响它们分布的主要生态因子,作者就云南西部横断山区21o-28oN的8个纬度梯度带目前所知分布的9科45属153种(亚种)蚤类的水平分布资料进行了综合整理和统计分析。结果表明:(1)这一区域蚤类科、属、种丰富度,特有种丰富度和特有度,以及东洋界和古北界区系成分物种丰富度沿纬度梯度的变化,都呈现了随纬度增加先增高后降低的单峰分布格局,最大峰值出现在25o-27oN之间,研究认为,形成物种密度高峰的主要因素是两大区系分界线和交错区的边缘效应;(2)东洋和古北两大区系成分构成比的水平分布格局截然不同,前者随纬度的增加递减,后者则随纬度的增加呈递增的趋势,两区系成分过渡或交错区的跨度在23o-29oN之间,并在25o-27oN形成交汇和分异的中心;(3)聚类分析结果表明,横断山8个纬度梯度带的蚤类总体上归为3个主要地域区系类型,反映出纬度、地理气候环境等因素对蚤类区系及物种分布的影响,以及蚤类区系和物种组成沿纬度梯度的水平分布格局与地理和气候环境的统一性;(4)蚤类的属、种β多样性沿纬度梯度的水平分布基本呈现双峰格局,峰值反映出蚤类的组成及分布在不同纬度梯度、气候带之间的过渡与转变,说明β多样性的水平分布格局与纬度梯度的气候、环境变化程度的关系密切,以及过渡区的边缘效应对两区系物种丰富度高峰的形成具有重要影响;(5)横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的水平分布与垂直分布的规律和格局基本相同,显示了具有同源性的水平地带性与垂直地带性对蚤类空间分布格局所产生的类似影响,证实了横断山区蚤类物种丰富度与区系的水平分布格局理应出现近似于它们垂直分布的一般规律与格局的推论;(6)横断山25o-27oN的区域形成了两大区系物种交汇和分异的中心,由于边缘效应和复杂的地理景观,这里蚤类科、属、种、特有种都具有较高多样性,据此作者推断,这里可能是我国横断山区多物种保存、分布和分化的核心区。     

非生长季降水对青藏高原高寒草甸优势种生物量稳定性的影响

受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原在过去的几十年间整体上呈现暖湿化的趋势,相比于年际之间温度和降水的变化外,生长季和非生长季气候变化模式的差异可能会对生态系统产生更重要的影响,但相关的研究尚不充分。以青藏高原东部的高寒草甸为研究对象,基于2001年至2017年17年的野外观测数据,包括优势植物紫花针茅的高度、多度以及生物量、次优势物种洽草的生物量,结合生长季和非生长季平均温度和降水量的变化,通过线性回归以及结构方程模型,探究生长季/非生长季不对称气候变化对于青藏高原高寒草甸优势物种生物量稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：1)青藏高原东部年均温和年降水在过去的17年间显著增加,呈现暖湿化的趋势,但是非生长的降水却变化不明显;2)紫花针茅的高度、多度以及生物量在过去17年没有显著的趋势,但是洽草的生物量稳定性显著减少;3)非生长降水结合紫花针茅的高度、多度以及洽草的生物量稳定性促进了紫花针茅的生物量稳定性。研究结果可以为青藏高原高寒草甸在未来气候变化的背景下合理保护与利用提供科学依据。     

中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度分布格局及其驱动因素

明确大尺度物种丰富度的分布格局及其影响因素一直是生态学及生物地理学领域的核心议题之一,其对于预测全球环境变化背景下生物多样性的响应和制定减少生物多样性丧失的保护方案有着重要意义。本文基于全国芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽野外调查数据,结合气候、地理、土壤等环境因子,探讨了中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度的分布格局及其驱动机制。结果表明:(1)中国的芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度总体表现为亚热带湿润区和温带湿润半湿润区较高,青藏高原区、温带干旱半干旱区和滨海区较低的特点;(2)芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度与年降水、土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、纬度均呈显著正相关,而与年均温、最冷月最低温、土壤pH值、海拔之间表现为显著负相关;(3)土壤因子特别是土壤pH值是影响芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度的最主要因素,其次分别为淹水状况、气候因子和地理因子;(4)结构方程模型结果表明土壤因子、淹水状况和气候因子直接影响植物物种丰富度,而地理因子通过调控土壤因子、淹水状况与气候因子间接影响植物物种丰富度。总体而言,中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度具有空间异质性,其分布格局受到多种因素的共同影响,土壤因子是影响植物物种丰富度...     

伊春林区白桦/沼泽交错群落植物多样性的研究

通过对伊春林区白桦/沼泽交错群落植物多样性状况、优势种类与分布、数量、环境及人为活动对植物多样性影响的调查、分析。结果表明:森林/沼泽交错区植物多样性较高。无人为干扰情况下,交错区植物多样性状况高于典型沼泽和典型森林群落,人类经营活动对交错区物种多样性影响大,多样性指数表现出草本层灌木层乔木层。该研究为了解伊春林区森林/沼泽交错区植物多样性现状,湿地保护提供了基础资料和科学依据。     

森林-草原交错带夏季鸟类群落多样性特征

2004～2006年夏季利用样线法研究了内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带鸟类群落多样性特征及变化规律.共记录鸟类73种,隶属于13目28科56属,鸟类区系具有明显的古北界特征.鸟类群落物种数和密度年间差异不显著,α多样性随森林-草原交错带环境梯度变化而发生显著变化:在不同植被地带之间,物种数、密度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数差异极显著、但科-属多样性差异不显著,鸟类群落α多样性各项指数表现为森林带＜交错带森林草甸区＞交错带草甸草原区＞草原带的特征与变化趋势(DG-F为交错带草甸草原区＞森林带);其中,森林草甸区是鸟类物种多样性的显著增长区,具有最高的物种数和密度,明显体现了交错区的边缘效应,草甸草原区是鸟类向草原过渡的显著变化区域、物种多样性开始显著减少.β多样性随不同植被地带逐级发生显著变化,环境差异最大的森林带-森林草甸区和草甸草原区-草原带具有最高的β多样性,物种替代速率最大;鸟类物种替代速率与环境梯度"陡度"有密切关系.鸟类优势种在各植被地带之间存在较大变化.鸟类群落的物种数、密度和物种多样性(H')与森林斑块数呈显著的正相关性,在大尺度空间上森林斑块数是影响鸟类群落多样性的最主要因素.     

高寒草甸植物群落生长发育特征与气候因子的关系

为合理利用高寒草甸资源，探讨近年来气候变化对高寒草甸的影响，以青海省甘德县高寒草甸为例，基于牧业气象站1976-2006年的气象资料和1994-2006年的牧草观测资料，分析了草地植被地上生物量、高度、盖度和物候期等群落特征以及当地气温、降雨等气象因素的年际变化趋势，采用典型相关分析法和逐步回归分析法对草地植物群落特征变化与气象因子的关系进行了研究，综合分析了影响植被生长状况的关键因子，结果表明：（1）青藏高原高寒草甸总体呈年均气温和平均地温上升、年降水量下降的"暖干化"趋势，牧草盖度高度增大，产量减少，整体观测水平下的牧草物候期推迟。（2）牧草的高度、盖度及产量对不同气候因子的响应程度不同。牧草高度与盖度对温度因子的变化更敏感，牧草产量对水分因子的变化更敏感。平均地温和相对湿度越高，牧草高度越高，产量越多。（3）不同牧草的物候期受不同气象因子的影响，变化趋势也不相同。从整体水平上看，牧草物候期对温度因子更敏感，温度越高，物候期越提前。     

Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: a method for landscapes

Improved sampling designs are needed to detect, monitor, and predict plant migrations and plant diversity changes caused by climate change and other human activities. We propose a methodology based on multi-scale vegetation plots established across forest ecotones which provide baseline data on patterns of plant diversity, invasions of exotic plant species, and plant migrations at landscape scales in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We established forty two 1000-m² plots in relatively homogeneous forest types and the ecotones between them on 14 vegetation transects. We found that 64% of the variance in understory species distributions at landscape scales were described generally by gradients of elevation and under-canopy solar radiation. Superimposed on broad-scale climatic gradients are small-scale gradients characterized by patches of light, pockets of fertile soil, and zones of high soil moisture. Eighteen of the 42 plots contained at least one exotic species; monitoring exotic plant invasions provides a means to assess changes in native plant diversity and plant migrations. Plant species showed weak affinities to overstory vegetation types, with 43% of the plant species found in three or more vegetation types. Replicate transects along several environmental gradients may provide the means to monitor plant diversity and species migrations at landscape scales because: (1) ecotones may play crucial roles in expanding the geophysiological ranges of many plant species; (2) low affinities of understory species to overstory forest types may predispose vegetation types to be resilient to rapid environmental change; and (3) ecotones may help buffer plant species from extirpation and extinction.     

Study on Climate Vegetation Classification for Global Change in China

The study on climate-vegetation relationship is the basis for determining the re sponse of terrestrial ecosystem to global change. By means of quantitative analysis on climate-vegetation interaction, vegetation types and their distribution pattern could be corresponded with certain climatic types in a series of mathematical forms. Thus, the climate could be used to predict vegetation types and their distribution, the same is in reverse. Potential evapotranspiration rate is a comprehensive climatological index which combines temperature with precipitation, and could be used to evaluate the effect of climate on vegetation. In this respect, Holdridge life zone system has been drawing much attention and widely applied internationally owing to its simplicity. It is especially used in the assessment of sensibility of terrestrial ecosystems and their distribution in accordance with climate change and in prediction of the changing pattern of vegetation under doubled CO2 condition. However, Prentice (1990) pointed out that the accurancy of Holdridge life zone system is less than 40 % when it is used at global scale. The reason may be that the potential evapotranspiration calculated by Thornthwaite method, which is used in Holdridge life zone system, reflects the potential evapotranspiration from small evaporated area, while climate-vegetation classification is based on the regional scale. The authors try to establish a new climate-vegetation classification system based on the regional potential evapotranspiration. According to the following formula: where E designates regional actual evapotranspiration: Ep local potential evapotran-spiration: Epo, regional potential evapotranspiration. Ed can be calculated from Penman model or other models. E can be calculated from the following model: E=r · Rn (r2+Rn2+r · Rn) / (2) (r+Rn) · (r2+Rn2)where r designates precipitation (mm); Rn, net radiation (mm). Thus, Ep0 can be easily obtained. It is used as the regional thermal index (RTI) of climate-vegetation classification,and can be expressed as: RTl = Epo (3) Moisture index is another index of climate-veggetation classification. Usually, it can be expressed as the ratio between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. However, this ratio can not reflect soil moisture, which is important for plant. The ratio between regional actual evapotranspiration and regional potential evapotranspiration is associated not only with climatic condition but also with soil moisture. So it can be used as the moisture index of climate-vegetation classification, and is defined as regional moisture index (RMI): RMI = E/Epo (5) Based on the average climatological data of 30 years from 647 meteorological observation stations in China. It was found that RTl could well reflect a regional thermal level. The values of RTI were less than 360 mm in cold temperate zone, 360～650 mm in temperate zone, 650～380 mm in warm temperate zone, 780～1100 mm in subtropical zone. And more than 1100 mm in tropical zone. RMI also reflects a regional moisture level very well. The values of RMI was less than 0.4 in desert area, 0.4～0.7 in grassland area and more than 0.7 in forest area. Thus, the climate-vegetation classification in China is established on the basis of the two indices: RTI and RMI. According to this model, the changing patterns of vegetation zones in China are given under the conditions of mean annual temperature in creasing by 2℃ and 4℃ and mean annual precipitation increasing by 20%. The results showed that the areas of forest and grassland would decrease, the vegetation zones would move northward and upward, and the area of desert would increase. The results also indicate that the Tibetan Plateau is an area highly sensitive to global change. It could be considered as an indicative or forewarning area for global change , and therefore, an area of great siginificance for monitoring and research. The possible beneficial effect of global change on China terrestrial ecosystems is that the plantation boundary will move northwards and upwards; and the disadvantageous effect is the expansion of desertification and the increase of instability in climatic conditions.     

近30年来青藏高原高寒草地NDVI动态变化对自然及人为因子的响应

草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，在调节气候、水土保持、防风固沙、保护生物多样性等方面发挥着重要作用。青藏高原是全球海拔最高的独特地域单元，平均海拔超过4000 m，素有“世界第三极”之称，亦是我国重要的生态安全屏障，其对气候变化敏感且易受人类活动的影响，属于气候变化敏感区和生态脆弱带。近年来，由于气候变化和人类活动的不断加剧，青藏高原区域气候和环境发生了重大变化，气候变暖、水污染、草地退化和沙化等问题已严重阻碍了当地社会经济的可持续发展。高寒草地是青藏高原主要的植被类型，在气候变化和人类活动加剧的背景下，青藏高原高寒草地植被的动态变化受到人们的广泛关注。归一化植被指数（Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI）因能有效地反映植被覆盖程度和生长状况而被广泛应用于植被动态的研究中。气温与降水被认为是影响青藏高原植被动态的主要气候因子，放牧强度与人口数量则是主要人为因子。因此，研究高寒草地植被对气候变化和人类活动的响应机制对预测未来草地变化有着重要的意义。基于青藏高原生长季草地的NDVI、气温、降水、放牧强度及人口数量等数据，在县区尺度上，采用趋势分析法探究了1982—2013年青藏高原143个县区生长季草地NDVI动态变化、气候变化及人类活动的变化，同时采用面板数据模型分析了32年来青藏高原143个县区气候、人为因子变化对草地NDVI变化的相对贡献。研究结果显示：（1）青藏高原高寒草地生长季NDVI总体呈增长趋势，草地植被生长状态呈现“整体改善、局部退化”趋势；（2）青藏高原生长季平均气温与降水量整体增加，气候呈现“暖湿化”趋势；（3）在长时间尺度上，气候因子主导了青藏高原高寒草地NDVI的变化，降雨和气温的增加促进草地NDVI的增加，放牧强度的持续增加则导致草地NDVI的减少。     

降水和氮沉降增加对草地土壤微生物与酶活性的影响研究进展

降雨格局改变和区域氮沉降增加是近年来全球变化研究中的热点问题,而草地生态系统分布十分广泛,且大多位于生态脆弱带,易受到全球变化的干扰而失衡。土壤微生物及土壤酶活性是自然生态系统中土壤质量变化的敏感性指标,微生物与酶活性的变化可用来监测水、氮变化大背景下草地生态系统结构和功能的改变。基于此,综述了降雨格局改变和氮沉降增加及其双因子交互作用对草地土壤系统中微生物数量、微生物生物量、微生物多样性与酶活性变化影响的相关研究进展,为更好地预测评估并最终调控和保持草地生态系统稳定性提供科学依据,同时分析阐述了当前工作中存在的一些问题与不足,并对未来研究所面临的关键科学问题进行了探讨和展望。     

气候变暖与荒漠-草原过渡带植物动态响应灰色分析--以美国新墨西哥州Sevilleta生态过渡带为例

在当前全球气候变暖的形势下,地表生态系统表现出不同的响应。干旱-半干旱地区的生态过渡带的生物反应更为敏感。美国新墨西哥州中部的荒漠-草原生态过渡带是监测全球气候变化和人类活动对生物影响的重要区域之一。本文以Sevilleta荒漠．草原生态过渡带为例,运用灰色系统分析方法．研究在当前全球气候变暖的条件下,1989～1998年10年间该生态过渡带的两种共存的植物优势种(Bouteloua eripoda)和(Bouteloua grncilis)历年的种群密度、组合形式和变化趋势,分析引起这些变化的主要气候因子。结果表明,Sevilleta生态过渡带中来自荒漠草原的优势物种Bouteloua eripoda的密度有上升的趋势,来自大草原的优势物种Bouteloua gracilis的密度有下降的趋势,它们的密度比大于1且有上升的趋势;在影响种群密度变化的降水、最高温度、最低温度、湿度的4个气候因子中,温度因子起着重要的作用。由此可以认为,随着气候的变暖,本区来自荒漠地区的优势植物种在荒漠-草原群落过渡带中将逐渐处于强优势地位,生态过渡带将有可能被荒漠草原所替代。     

Decadal change in wetland–woodland boundaries during the late 20th century reflects climatic trends

Wetlands are important and restricted habitats for dependent biota and play vital roles in landscape function, hydrology and carbon sequestration. They are also likely to be one of the most sensitive components of the terrestrial biosphere to global climate change. An understanding of relationships between wetland persistence and climate is imperative for predicting, mitigating and adapting to the impacts of future climate change on wetland extent and function. We investigated whether mire wetlands had contracted, expanded or remained stable during 1960–2000. We chose a study area encompassing a regional climatic gradient in southeastern Australia, specifically to avoid confounding effects of water extraction on wetland hydrology and extent. We first characterized trends in climate by examining data from local weather stations, which showed a slight increase in precipitation and marked decline in pan evaporation over the relevant period. Remote sensing of vegetation boundaries showed a marked lateral expansion of mires during 1961–1998, and a corresponding contraction of woodland. The spatial patterns in vegetation change were consistent with the regional climatic gradient and showed a weaker co‐relationship to fire history. Resource exploitation, wildland fires and autogenic mire development failed to explain the observed expansion of mire vegetation in the absence of climate change. We therefore conclude that the extent of mire wetlands is likely to be sensitive to variation in climatic moisture over decadal time scales. Late 20th‐century trends in climatic moisture may be related primarily to reduced irradiance and/or reduced wind speeds. In the 21st century, however, net climatic moisture in this region is projected to decline. As mires are apparently sensitive to hydrological change, we anticipate lateral contraction of mire boundaries in coming decades as projected climatic drying eventuates. This raises concerns about the future hydrological functions, carbon storage capacity and unique biodiversity of these important ecosystems.     

极端降水和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统的影响

当前人类活动的加剧显著地影响着全球大气循环的格局。大气循环的多个模型均预测未来全球气候变化的显著特征是极端降水事件和极端干旱事件发生的频率会显著增加。水分是干旱、半干旱区草原植物生长发育的限制性资源, 而草原生态系统是陆地生态系统中对降水格局变化非常敏感的系统。但是, 关于极端降水事件和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统结构和功能的影响还是以分散的个案研究为主, 甚至关于极端气候事件的定义迄今也不尽相同。为此, 该文在分析极端气候事件定义及其研究方法的基础上, 总结了极端降水事件和极端干旱事件对草原生态系统土壤水分和养分状况、植物生长发育和生理特性、群落结构、生产力和碳循环过程的影响, 并提出了未来极端气候事件研究中应重点关注的5个重要方向, 以及控制试验研究的2个关键科学问题, 对开展全球变化背景下草原生态系统对极端气候事件响应机制的研究具有指导意义。     

贡嘎山树线过渡带土壤胞外酶活性及其化学计量比特征

土壤胞外酶及其化学计量比是反映土壤养分可用性和微生物底物限制的敏感指标。然而, 对全球变化敏感的高山树线过渡带土壤酶活性和化学计量比的变化特征及其关键驱动因素仍不清楚。该研究在青藏高原东南部的川西贡嘎山高山树线过渡带(森林、树线、灌丛)进行土壤采样, 测定了树线过渡带土壤中5种水解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维素二糖水解酶(CBH)、木聚糖水解酶(XYL)、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP))和2种氧化酶(多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT))的活性, 并计算土壤胞外酶活性化学计量比(碳、氮(N)酶活性比和碳质量指数)。结果表明: 灌丛土壤LAP、POX、CAT活性显著低于树线和森林土壤, XYL活性在树线最低, 其他胞外酶活性在树线过渡带不同位置差异不显著。灌丛土壤lnBG/lnLAP显著高于森林和树线处土壤, lnBG/ln(NAG + LAP)在树线过渡带没有显著变化, 碳质量指数在树线处最高。非度量多维尺度分析表明, 土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮含量和植物叶片木质素:N是影响树线过渡带土壤酶活性差异的主要因素, 植物叶片碳氮比、木质素:N和土壤可溶性氮含量是影响树线过渡带土壤胞外酶活性化学计量比差异的主要因素。综上所述, 贡嘎山地区的部分土壤酶活性及其化学计量比沿树线过渡带会发生明显的变化, 这种变化可能是由不同植物类型下微生物群落差异导致。这表明, 未来气候变化引起的树线迁移可能会改变胞外酶活性进而影响土壤养分循环。     

Butterfly diversity at the ecotone between agricultural and semi‐natural habitats across a climatic gradient

Aim Understanding the response of species to ecotones and habitat edges is essential to designing conservation management, especially in mosaic agricultural landscapes. This study examines how species diversity and composition change with distance from semi‐natural habitats, over ecotones into agricultural fields, and how within‐site patterns of community transition change across a climatic gradient and differ between crop types. Location A total of 19 sites in Israel where semi‐natural habitats border agricultural fields (wheat fields or olive groves) distributed along a sharp climatic gradient ranging between 100 and 800 mm mean annual rainfall. Methods  We performed butterfly surveys in 2006. We analysed species richness (α‐diversity), diversity, community nestedness and species turnover (β‐diversity) within sites and between sites (γ‐diversity). We also assessed where species of conservation concern occurred. Results In wheat sites, richness and diversity declined abruptly from ecotones to fields and remained homogenously poor throughout the fields, regardless of climate. In olive sites, despite the sharp structural boundary, richness and diversity remained high from the semi‐natural habitat to the grove margins and then declined gradually into groves. Species of conservation concern occurred across all habitats at olive sites, but none were found inside wheat fields or at their ecotones. The contrast in community structure between semi‐natural habitats and fields was affected by both climate and field type. Irrigation in arid regions did not augment species diversity. Main conclusions Our results indicate that consideration of crop type, within a climatic context, should receive high priority in biodiversity conservation in agricultural areas. In ‘hostile’ crops, such as wheat, we suggest favouring a combination of high‐intensity management and wide margins over less intensive management without margins, which may merely aid generalist butterfly species. The scarcity of butterflies in arid irrigated fields suggests a need to carefully assess the effects of irrigation and agrochemicals on species’ communities.