青藏高原两种高寒草地植被变化及其水温驱动因素分析

高寒草甸和高寒草原作为青藏高原两种重要植被类型,研究其植被变化与气候变化相关性,有助于为青藏高原两种高寒草地生态系统应对全球气候变化管理提供参考。以位于同纬度的三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原为研究对象,基于植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)变化表征植被变化,利用NPP数据和气象数据,分别分析两地2000—2017年植被NPP、降水和气温时空变化差异;利用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势检验,研究两种高寒草地气候与植被净初级生产力变化趋势;以县域统计年鉴牛羊肉产量表征放牧强度,研究放牧活动对高寒草地植被变化的影响;通过Pearson相关和偏相关分析方法,分别研究降水和气温对两种高寒草地植被NPP变化影响差异。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2017年三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原区年平均气温以0.085℃/a和0.084℃/a的趋势上升,降水以平均每年3.87 mm和2.23 mm的趋势增加,高寒草甸区变暖变湿速率较高寒草原区快。(2)三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原植被NPP均呈现由东南向西北逐渐降低空间格局;2000—2017年高寒草甸区57.7...     

青藏高原那曲高山嵩草草甸植物物候对增温的异步响应

植物物候对气候变暖的响应是全球气候变化研究的重要内容。目前,高海拔生态系统植物物候对气候变暖响应的研究仍然较少。该研究依托西藏那曲高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站布设的梯度增温实验,分别于2015、2017、2018和2021年对模拟增温下优势物种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)返青期、现蕾期和开花期等表征植物物候的指标进行了观测,以期揭示增温下藏北高寒草甸植物物候变化机制。结果表明:随着温度升高,高寒草甸中优势植物物候具有不同的变化趋势。高山嵩草返青、现蕾和开花物候期的推迟幅度与温度升高幅度呈正相关关系;钉柱委陵菜返青、现蕾和开花时间随着温度上升表现为先提前后推迟;这表明高寒草甸植物物候对增温产生异步响应。此外,长期增温下的藏北高寒草甸优势种的物候变化均显示出了延迟效应。结构方程归因分析发现,空气温度升高促使高山嵩草返青时间推迟;低水平增温可以促进钉柱委陵菜物候提前,而随着温度继续升高其物候响应发生逆转,土壤水分在决定物候对气候变暖响应的幅度和方向上具有关键作用。该研究结果揭示了藏北高寒草甸优势植物物候响...     

The relative controls of temperature and soil moisture on the start of carbon flux phenology and net ecosystem production in two alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

在温带和寒冷地区,春季植被物候的变化普遍受温度影响。然而,在寒冷地区的干旱/半干旱生态系统中,温度对物候的影响仍难以捉摸,因为土壤水分状况有调节物候的重要作用。利用生长度日(growing degree day, GDD)和生长季节指数(growing season index, GSI)模型,对最低温度(minimum daily temperature, T_min)与土壤水分(daily soil moisture, SM)进行耦合,探索热量需求和水文气候交互作用对青藏高原(QTP)两个不同降水状况的高寒草甸生态系统碳吸收期开始日期(start of carbon uptake period, SCUP)和净生态系统初级生产力(net ecosystem productivity, NEP)的影响。其中,一种是水分限制的高寒草原草甸生态系统,另一种是温度限制的高寒灌丛草甸生态系统。GDD模型和GSI模型与SCUP明显相关联：在湿润的高寒灌丛草甸生态系统中,SCUP对生长季前GDD和GSI的变化同样敏感;而在半干旱高寒草原草甸生态系统中,与GDD相比,SCUP对生长季前GSI的变化更敏感。这些不同模式表明,限制SCUP的气候因子由温度和水分有效性的平衡来决定。在湿润的高寒草甸生态系统中,在不受干旱胁迫的情况下,较高的SCUP温度敏感性可以最大化热效益,正如观察到的SCUPs与GDD模型模拟具有较高的线性相关系数(R²)和AIC。而在半干旱的草原化草甸中,较高的SCUP水分敏感性可以最大化水分效益,正如观测到的SCUPs与GSI模型模拟具有较高的R²和AIC。此外,虽然在高寒灌丛草甸生态系统中SCUPs由GDD决定,但两个高寒草甸生态系统NEP均受累积GSI控制。本研究重点强调湿润和半干旱高寒草甸生态系统水文气候交互作用对春季碳通量物候和植被生产力的影响;揭示半干旱地区高寒草甸生态系统物候和碳平衡模型中应该包括温度和水分条件。这些结果对改善植被物候模型具有重要意义,从而加深我们对将来植被物候、生产力和气候变化相互作用的理解。     

无纺布对不同坡度高寒退化草甸地上植被和土壤理化特征的影响

当前三江源区高寒草甸在气候变化和人类活动作用下已经大面积退化。由于该区域地势复杂, 除滩地之外, 不同坡度的退化草地治理技术研究亟待加强。针对退化草地恢复已有大量研究, 然而对草地干扰相对较低的无纺布覆盖技术研究薄弱。基于以上, 在三江源区不同坡度的高寒退化草甸通过铺设无纺布, 来探讨无纺布对不同坡度退化草地植被及土壤理化性质的影响。结果发现: 缓坡地地上生物量、植被高度、土壤水分显著低于陡坡地; 无纺布覆盖能显著提升植被地上生物量、 盖度、 物种分盖度和、含水量以及碳、氮积累; 且对缓坡地植被地上生物量、 物种分盖度和及土壤水分的促进幅度更大。因此无纺布覆盖对植被及土壤提升效应说明这是一项适宜于高寒退化草甸的恢复技术, 特别对水热条件相对较差的缓坡退化草地治理中, 此项技术适宜推广。     

青藏高原草地生态系统对气候变化的响应

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统对气候变化高度敏感,其如何响应和反馈气候变化一直以来受到极大关注.本文系统综述了近5年来有关青藏高原草地生态系统在物候、生产力、碳循环等方面对气候变化的响应过程以及应对气候变化的适应性管理的最新研究成果,发现气候变化对高寒草地生态系统的诸多影响还存在很大的不确定性.多数研究结果表明,增温使高寒草甸的植被物候提前和初级生产力水平提高,而高寒草原有相反的影响趋势,说明不同地域、不同群落类型对不同季节温度变化的响应模式不同.而气候变化对物种多样性和碳循环有关过程的影响结果尚没有一致的结论,时空尺度和方法上的差异可能是导致不同结果的主要原因.因此,建议在增强时空异质性的响应与反馈研究的同时,更需要加强生态过程和机理的研究.     

甘南州不同退化程度高寒草甸植被及土壤特性的演化规律

为明确甘南州退化高寒草甸植被及土壤特性的演化规律,本研究以甘南藏族自治州碌曲县、夏河县和合作市不同退化程度高寒草甸为研究对象,调查其植被特征并采集土壤样品,测定土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物数量。结果表明,随退化程度加深,莎草科、蔷薇科和毛茛科等科属毒杂草逐渐代替禾本科优质牧草优势位,植被高度、盖度、草产量、多样性指数降低,重度退化草地较轻度退化草地草产量降低了约2000 kg/hm²;土壤理化性质全氮、全磷、全钾、孔隙度、粉粒含量下降,pH值、全盐、容重及黏粒含量升高,由轻度至重度退化草地土壤全磷含量下降了0.67 g/kg,土壤全钾含量下降0.62 g/kg;土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性降低,蔗糖酶活性由轻度至重度退化草地降幅最大,可达0.45 mg/g/24h;土壤细菌和放线菌数量降低,真菌数量增加,重度退化草地较轻度而言细菌数量降低约5×10⁶ cfu/g,放线菌降低约5×10⁵ cfu/g,真菌增加约2×10³ cfu/g;相关性分析发现各因子与退化程度的相关性性强,相关系数在0.92以上,多为0.99甚至1。因此,甘南州高寒草甸随退化程度加深,总体呈现出草地优势种消失,植被高度、盖度、草产量、多样性下降,土壤养分及活性降低,并呈现向盐碱化、荒漠化演替的趋势。本研究为甘南州高寒草甸生态系统退化预测、管理、恢复等方案的制定提供理论依据。     

新疆天山山区禾本科牧草物候区域差异及其驱动力分析

天山山区地形复杂,同种植被因所处地理位置、地形特征的不同,其生育期对气候变化的响应特征差异明显。基于天山山区1990—2015年气象及物候观测数据,利用数理统计及空间插值等方法,分析了典型禾本科牧草物候空间差异及其关键驱动因子,结果表明:(1)26年来,天山山区年平均气温和年平均0 cm地温明显上升,北坡升温幅度大于南坡;年降水量增加,大致为"北坡趋多,南坡趋少";气候总体呈明显暖湿化趋势。(2)天山山区4个牧业气象观测站所共有的优势禾本科牧草物候呈现较明显的差异,春季返青期普遍提前,黄枯期大多为提前,生长季变化差异较大。(3)返青期主要受温度影响,与当月及春季平均气温、平均0 cm地温显著负相关,春季平均温度每升高1℃,返青日期提前1.98—5.77 d,春季平均0 cm地温每升高1℃,返青日期提前1.40—5.08 d;黄枯期主要受前期气温、0 cm地温和降水的综合影响,与前三个月的气温、0 cm地温显著负相关,与降水显著正相关。(4)在热量条件适合时,降水增加,对牧草的生育期是促进作用,相反,若热量条件不足时,降水增加,则会对牧草的发育产生抑制作用。(5)牧草生育期对于海拔高度的敏感性存在明显差异,随海拔高度的增加,物候对气候变化的响应程度更为显著。     

内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用1982-1999年内蒙古地区NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数字遥感影像,对内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度进行了反演,探讨了近20a来温带草原植被盖度的变化情况,并对植被盖度与不同组合方式的降水及气温数据进行了相关分析,探讨了植被盖度与气象因子的关系。结果表明:①近20a来温带草原植被盖度呈上升趋势,占总面积72%的草原植被盖度发生了增长,3种不同草原类型中典型草原盖度上升趋势最为明显;②温带草原生长季平均盖度、逐月盖度与降水成正相关关系,与气温呈负相关关系,其中降水对盖度的影响存在着时滞及累积效应;③3种草原类型植被盖度对气象因子的敏感性不同,荒漠草原植被盖度与气温和降水相关性最强,其次为典型草原与草甸草原。     

民勤荒漠植被对气候变化的响应

运用民勤荒漠区1974-2009年物候观测资料和2002-2010年植被样方观测资料以及同期气象资料,分析了荒漠植被对气候变化的响应.结果表明:1961-2010年,民勤荒漠区气温升高,空气湿度增大,年均气温升高速率大于全球水平和中国近百年平均水平;植物对气温变化的响应主要表现在春季物候提前、秋季物候推迟、生长季延长;植被对降水量变化的响应主要表现为植被盖度和纯盖度随降水量减少而降低,植株密度、植物多度随降水量变化而波动;植被盖度和纯盖度与年降水量的相关性较高,然后依次为6-7月和4-5月的降水量;植株密度和植物多度与9月降水量呈正相关;植物春季物候提前的次序是芽初膨大期＞芽开放期＞开花始期＞展叶始期和展叶盛期＞花蕾序出现＞开花盛期＞开花末期＞果实成熟期;秋季物候推迟的次序是叶全变色期＞落叶始期＞叶初变色期＞落叶末期.春季气温升高对民勤荒漠区植物物候的影响大于秋季气温升高对物候的影响.     

土壤-牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响

在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站 ,选取处于不同退化阶段的具有典型代表意义的草甸草场为研究对象 ,通过对其土壤氮素矿化补给能力、牧草对氮素的需求量的研究 ,探讨土壤 牧草氮素供需状况变化对高寒草甸植被演替与草地退化的影响。结果表明 ,在牧草生长季 5～ 8月 ,高寒草甸土壤的氮素矿化补给量为 15 86 g·m-2 ,而随着高寒草甸退化程度的加重 ,植物群落中优势种群由禾草演替为禾草 苔草 嵩草、嵩草至杂类草 ,其牧草生长需要的总氮量分别为 2 2 86、2 4 87、37 3、14 96g·m-2 ,只有在杂类草草甸阶段 ,其牧草生长对氮素的需求才与其土壤氮素供求相适配 ,可见养分是高寒草甸植被演替与草场退化的重要驱动因子之一。     

气候变化对内蒙古草原典型植物物候的影响

自然物候期是气候变化最直观的植物信号记录,自然物候变化是气候与自然环境变化的综合指标。基于1983—2009年内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原区典型植物马兰草、霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期物候观测资料和同时段的气象观测资料,利用数理统计等方法,分析了不同草原区典型植物物候期与气候要素间的相互关系,结果表明:(1)1983—2009年内蒙古草原区植物物候期总体呈提前趋势,但地域差异明显,典型草原区植物萌芽返青、开花及黄枯期等物候提早趋势最为明显,说明不同草原区植物物候对气候变暖的区域响应不同。(2)内蒙古草原区植物物候期与气候变化密切相关。春季3—5月累积气温与植物萌芽返青期和开花期呈显著负相关,与日照时数为正相关,降水量对其影响不同草原区差异较大。荒漠草原和典型草原区植物黄枯期早晚与黄枯前1—2个月平均气温呈显著负相关,草甸草原区植物黄枯期与前1—2个月的降水量和日照时数有关,与气温关系不显著。(3)随着气候变暖,马兰草生长期缩短,霸王、贝加尔针茅和羊草生长期延长,其中典型草原区主要植物针茅生长季延长趋势最为明显,荒漠草原次之,草甸草原延长最少。     

Field evidence for earlier leaf-out dates in alpine grassland on the eastern Tibetan Plateau from 1990 to 2006

Worldwide, many plant species are experiencing an earlier onset of spring phenophases due to climate warming. Rapid recent temperature increases on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have triggered changes in the spring phenology of the local vegetation. However, remote sensing studies of the land surface phenology have reached conflicting interpretations about green-up patterns observed on the TP since the mid-1990s. We investigated this issue using field phenological observations from 1990 to 2006, for 11 dominant plants on the TP at the levels of species, families (Gramineae—grasses and Cyperaceae—sedges) and vegetation communities (alpine meadow and alpine steppe). We found a significant trend of earlier leaf-out dates for one species (Koeleria cristata). The leaf-out dates of both Gramineae and Cyperaceae had advanced (the latter significantly, starting an average of 9 days later per year than the former), but the correlation between them was significant. The leaf-out dates of both vegetation communities also advanced, but the pattern was only significant in the alpine meadow. This study provides the first field evidence of advancement in spring leaf phenology on the TP and suggests that the phenology of the alpine steppe can differ from that of the alpine meadow. These findings will be useful for understanding ecosystem responses to climate change and for grassland management on the TP.     

祁连山东段高原鼢鼠对高寒草甸危害评价

为了客观评价高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)对高寒草甸的危害程度,在祁连山东段研究了高原鼢鼠不同种群密度与草地质量之间的关系,共设置了3个高原鼢鼠种群密度梯度,调查了3个危害等级变量(鼠丘数、鼠丘面积和鼠丘产草量)和6个生境变量(草地产草量、总盖度、可食牧草产量、植被组成、土壤水分和土壤紧实度),通过One-Way ANOVA检验法研究这些因子与高原鼢鼠危害程度的关系。结果表明:在设置的3个种群密度梯度下,草地产草量、总盖度、可食牧草产量和鼠丘产草量无显著性差异;草地植物群落结构、新鼠丘面积占调查区面积的比例无显著性差异,除高原鼢鼠采食深度(0—20 cm)外,3个种群密度区土壤紧实度无显著性差异,而0—30 cm处土壤水分存在显著性差异,说明本研究中不同高原鼢鼠种群密度区的草地质量没有显著性差异。此外,研究结果表明调查样地大小与危害评价有着密切关系,在高寒草甸区,单个样方调查面积以0.5 hm~2以上为宜。     

Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in Xizang alpine meadow北大核心CSCD

Aims: Climate warming strongly influences reproductive phenology of plants in alpine and arctic ecosystems. Here we focus on phenological shifts caused by warming in a typical alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Our objective was to explore phenological responses of alpine plant species to experimental warming. Methods: Passive warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). The treatments included control (C), and four levels of warming (T1, T2, T3, T4). We selected Kobresia pygmaea, Potentilla saundersiana, Potentilla cuneata, Stipa purpurea, Festuca coelestis and Youngia simulatrix as the focal species. Plant phenology was scored every 3-5 days in the growing season. The reproductive phenology phases of each species were estimated through fitting the phenological scores to the Richards function. Important findings: Under soil water stress caused by warming, most plants in the alpine meadow advanced or delayed their reproductive events. As a result, warming significantly delayed phenological development of K. pygmaea. Warming significantly advanced reproductive phenology of P. saundersiana, S. purpurea and F. coelestis, but not of P. cuneata and Y. simulatrix. In addition, warming significantly shortened the average flowering duration of alpine plant species. The potentially warmer and drier growing seasons under climate change may shift the reproductive phenology of the alpine systems in similar pattern.     

Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in Xizang alpine meadow

Aims Climate warming strongly influences reproductive phenology of plants in alpine and arctic ecosystems. Here we focus on phenological shifts caused by warming in a typical alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Our objective was to explore phenological responses of alpine plant species to experimental warming. Methods Passive warming was achieved using open-top chambers (OTCs). The treatments included control (C), and four levels of warming (T1, T2, T3, T4). We selected Kobresia pygmaea, Potentilla saundersiana, Potentilla cuneata, Stipa purpurea, Festuca coelestis and Youngia simulatrix as the focal species. Plant phenology was scored every 3-5 days in the growing season. The reproductive phenology phases of each species were estimated through fitting the phenological scores to the Richards function. Important findings Under soil water stress caused by warming, most plants in the alpine meadow advanced or delayed their reproductive events. As a result, warming significantly delayed phenological development of K. pygmaea. Warming significantly advanced reproductive phenology of P. saundersiana, S. purpurea and F. coelestis, but not of P. cuneata and Y. simulatrix. In addition, warming significantly shortened the average flowering duration of alpine plant species. The potentially warmer and drier growing seasons under climate change may shift the reproductive phenology of the alpine systems in similar pattern.     

实验增温对藏北高寒草甸植物繁殖物候的影响

全球气候变暖对高寒和极地地区的植物物候产生强烈的影响。该研究主要关注增温条件下藏北高寒草甸不同功能型植物繁殖时间(生殖物候)的改变。实验采用开顶箱式增温方法, 对3个主要功能群浅根-早花、浅根-中花和深根-晚花植物的现蕾、开花、结实时间进行观测。研究结果表明: (1)增温导致了土壤水分胁迫, 显著推迟了浅根-早花植物高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的繁殖时间; (2)增温显著提前了浅根-中花植物钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)和深根晚花植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)和矮羊茅(Festuca coelestis)的繁殖时间; (3)增温没有显著影响浅根-中花植物楔叶委陵菜(Potentilla cuneata)和深根-晚花植物无茎黄鹌菜(Youngia simulatrix)的繁殖时间; (4)增温缩短了3种类型植物的开花持续时间。这些结果显示增温改变了藏北高寒草甸群落中多数物种的繁殖时间, 这预示着在未来更热更干的生长季, 青藏高原高寒草甸系统的植物物候格局可能会被重塑。     

Alpine grassland plants grow earlier and faster but biomass remains unchanged over 35 years of climate change

Satellite data indicate significant advancement in alpine spring phenology over decades of climate warming, but corresponding field evidence is scarce. It is also unknown whether this advancement results from an earlier shift of phenological events, or enhancement of plant growth under unchanged phenological pattern. By analyzing a 35‐year dataset of seasonal biomass dynamics of a Tibetan alpine grassland, we show that climate change promoted both earlier phenology and faster growth, without changing annual biomass production. Biomass production increased in spring due to a warming‐induced earlier onset of plant growth, but decreased in autumn due mainly to increased water stress. Plants grew faster but the fast‐growing period shortened during the mid‐growing season. These findings provide the first in situ evidence of long‐term changes in growth patterns in alpine grassland plant communities, and suggest that earlier phenology and faster growth will jointly contribute to plant growth in a warming climate.     

Tell me what you eat and I'll tell you when you fly: diet can predict phenological changes in response to climate change

Changes in phenology are correlated with climate change. However, we still struggle to understand the traits making species susceptible to climate change, and the implications of species' reactions for communities and food webs. Butterflies and moths are an ecologically important group that have shown pronounced phenological changes over the last decades. Tests using a > 150-year dataset from 566 European butterfly and moth species demonstrated that variation in phenological change was strongly related to traits describing plant-herbivore interactions (larval diet breadth, diet composition), and the life cycle. The results indicate that climate change related shifts in phenology are correlated with the seasonal availability and palatability of food plants. Lepidopterans feeding on herbaceous plants showed smaller shifts in flight periods but larger increases in voltinism than lepidopterans feeding on woody plants. Consequently, the effect of herbivorous lepidopterans may increase in herb-rich grassland ecosystems under warmer conditions, and not in forest ecosystems.     

Phylogenetic conservatism and climate factors shape flowering phenology in alpine meadows

The study of phylogenetic conservatism in alpine plant phenology is critical for predicting climate change impacts; currently we have a poor understanding of how phylogeny and climate factors interactively influence plant phenology. Therefore, we explored the influence of phylogeny and climate factors on flowering phenology in alpine meadows. For two different types of alpine plant communities, we recorded phenological data, including flowering peak, first flower budding, first flowering, first fruiting and the flowering end for 62 species over the course of 5 years (2008–2012). From sequences in two plastid regions, we constructed phylogenetic trees. We used Blomberg’s K and Pagel’s lambda to assess the phylogenetic signal in phenological traits and species’ phenological responses to climate factors. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in the date of all reproductive phenological events and in species’ phenological responses to weekly day length and temperature. The number of species in flower was strongly associated with the weekly day lengths and followed by the weekly temperature prior to phenological activity. Based on phylogenetic eigenvector regression (PVR) analysis, we found a highly shared influence of phylogeny and climate factors on alpine species flowering phenology. Our results suggest the phylogenetic conservatism in both flowering and fruiting phenology may depend on the similarity of responses to external environmental cues among close relatives.     

藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候作为陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈的重要指示,已成为区域或全球生态环境领域研究的热点。基于非对称高斯拟合方法重建了2001—2010年MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取藏北高原植被覆盖2001—2010年每年关键物候参数。选取研究区内东部高寒灌丛草甸、中部高寒草甸及西部高寒草原和高寒荒漠4种典型植被类型,并结合附近的4个气象台站气候资料,分析典型植被物候在近10a对关键气候因子的响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)4种不同典型植被的物候特征(EVImax降低、返青期延后和生长季长度缩短)均表现出高寒灌丛草甸→高寒草甸→高寒草原→高寒荒漠草原的过渡;(2)藏北高原近10a的年平均气温及春、夏、冬三个季度的平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,升温幅度在0.8—3.9℃/10a,降水减少趋势不显著,在这种水热条件下典型植被均表现出返青提前(7.2—15.5d/10a)、生长季延长(8.4—19.2d/10a)的趋势,而枯黄出现时间为年际间自然波动;(3)高寒灌丛草甸EVImax主要受春季降水量和气温影响,且降水的影响程度大于气温;对高寒草甸植被而言,春、夏季的气温和降水均有较大的影响;而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受夏季平均气温和降水量影响;(4)高寒灌丛草甸的返青时间主要受前一年秋季降水量的影响,相关系数达-0.579;而高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受春季平均气温影响,高寒荒漠草原的特征最为明显(r=-0.559)。