米瓦罐的光合特性研究

采用美国LI-COR生产的LI-6400便携式光合系统研究了米瓦罐的光合特性。结果表明,米瓦罐光 合速率的日变化呈单峰曲线,上午10:00时光合速率达到最大值;在大气CO2浓度下,米瓦罐的光饱和点为 1 800μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点为30μmol·m-2·s-1;在光饱和点的光强下,米瓦罐的CO2饱和点为1 200 μmolCO2·mol-1,CO2补偿点为40μmolCO2·mol-1。     

Structure and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Awns of Wheat and Barley

The surface and the cross section of awns of wheat and barley were examined by scanning electron microscopy,ultrastructure of cells were observed under a transmisson electron microscope and the photosynthetic rates were measured with an oxygen, electrode and infra-red CO2 analyser. The main results were as follows :The cross section of wheat awn appeared to be acutely trianglular whereas that of barley awn was obtusely triangular. There were rows of stomota on either side of epidermis in both wheat and barley awns. Under the stomatic band there were green tissues. The green cells in the awn were differentiated from the parenchyma cells . The mature green cells possessed papillae which were rich in chloroplasts and mitochondria. The tamella system in chloroplasts was well developed and contained many starch grains. There were three vascular bundles in each awn. The sheath cells near the green tissues contained chloroplasts. The photosynthate in the green cells might pass through the sheath cells and companion cells to sieve elements. The highest photosynthetic rate of the awn was seen at the flowering stage ,reaching about 20 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1. The light compensation point was 70—80 μE·m-2· s-1. The light saturation point was about 1500 μE·m-2·s-1. The CO2 compensation point was 50—60 ppm and the CO2 saturation point was about 900ppm . The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were easily effected by CO2 concentration, light intensity and the duration of illumination . There was a positive correlation between the photosynthetic rate and the chloro-phyll content in the awns. The CO2-releasing rate in photorespiration of awn was about 4–5 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1.     

Study of Diurnal Changes in Photosynthetic Rate and Quantum Efficiency of Grapevine Leaves and Their Utilization in Canopy Management

Photosynthetic rate and quatum efficiency of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc) leaves were measured under the field with ample soil water supply, and in phytotron with ample supply of water and mineral nutrients, constant air humidity and CO2 concentration, and optimum air temperature, respectively. Under field conditions CO2 assimilation quantum efficiency of leaves reached its maximum in the morning, which was followed by continuous decrease and midday depression. The leaves intercepting more light energy in the morning showed a higher quantum efficiency. Those leaves subjected continuously to strong irradiance exhibited a more obvious and longer midday depression. Reduction of leaf light interception around midday could reduce midday depression. Shaded leaves had a higher quantum efficiency than leaves under direct sunlight. The diurnal changes in photosynthetic rate and quantum efficiency of leaves were shown to be closely related to the variations in mesophyll resistance to CO2. In phytotron experiments the photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves was reduced after a certain period of illumination not only at 1200 μmol · m-2 · s-1 PFD, higher than the saturating light of vine leaves (≈1000 μmol · m-2 · s-1), which was caused by "photoinhibition”, but also at 800 and 200μmol · m-2 · s-1, which was similar to "photoinhibition”. But photosynthetic quantum efficiency of leaves exposed continuously to a very weak PFD (100 μmol · m -2 · s-1) remained contant. The diurnal changes in mesophyll resistance to CO2 of vine leaves could be partly related to photoinhibition. It is considered that, under field conditions without soil water limitation, midday depression of vine leaf photosynthesis could be a result of an increase of the mesophyll resistance induced by multiple effects of strong light, high temperature and low humidity. A higher light interception by canopy plane in the morning may be advantageous to exploit higher photosynthetic potentiality of leaves, but a lower light interception in the middle of day may reduce midday depression. The north-south orientation plane can provide optimum light regime and improve photosynthetic environment in vineyards.     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cyanotis arachnoidea and Their Ecological Significance

The photosynthetic characteristics of Cyanotis arachnoidea Clarke was studied through shading experimentation in pot culture. The effect of different shade level on the photosynthetic rate, the characteristics of photosynthetic organs and the bio-production of C. arachnoidea were compared. The main results are as follows: 1. C. arachnoidea was a C3 type solaphilic and shade tolerant herb. Its light saturation point was about 650 μmol · m-2 · s-1 and the light compensation point was about 17 μmol · m-2 · s-1. Its CO2 compensation point was about 130× 10-6. 2. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of C. arachnoidea was about 12.45 μmol · m-2 · s-1. The diurnal variation regularity of its photosynthetic rates exhibited a double peak curve in which the main peak appeared during 11: 00～12: 00, and the second around 15: 00. 3. 20%～50% shading favored the growth of C. arachnoidea. In comparison with those with control treatment, the content of chlorophyll b with 20%～50% of shading treatment increased by 47 %～83%, and the photosynthetic production increased by 12 %～18 % as a result of increase in the net photosynthetic rate (relative photosynthetic rate).     

胡杨不同叶形光合特性、水分利用效率及其对加富CO2的响应

 胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv.）叶形多变化,大致归纳为杨树叶（卵圆形叶）和柳树叶（披针形叶）两大类。在内蒙古额济纳旗胡杨林自然保护区,选择成年树同时具有卵圆形叶和披针形叶的标准株,将枝条拉至同一高度,通过活体测定,比较了其光合特征、水分利用效率及对CO2加富的响应。结果表明：在目前大气CO2浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m－2·s－1时,卵圆形叶（成年树主要叶片）（A）和披针形叶（成年树下部萌条叶片）(B)的净光合速率（Pn）分别为16.40 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1和9.38 μmol CO2·m－2·s－1;水分利用效率（WUE）分别为1.52 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O和1.18 mmol CO2·mol－1 H2O;A的光饱和点和补偿点分别为1 600 μmol·m－2·s－1和79 μmol·m－2·s－1,B的相对应值则为1 500 μmol·m m－2·s－1和168 μmol·m－2·s－1。当CO2浓度加富到450 μmol·mol－1时,A的光饱和点升高了150 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点降低了36 μmol·m－2·s－1;而B的光饱和点降低了272 μmol·m－2·s－1,光补偿点则升高了32 μmol·m－2·s－1。这表明,柳树叶的光合效率较低,以维持生长为主;随着树体长大,柳树叶难以维系其生长,出现杨树叶,杨树叶更能耐大气干旱,光合效率高,通过积累光合产物,使胡杨在极端逆境下得以生存并能达到较高的生长量,这就是胡杨从幼苗到成年树叶形变化的原因。随着CO2加富,两种叶片表现出截然相反的响应,柳树叶的光合时间缩短,光能利用率减小;而杨树叶的光合时间延长,光能利用率提高。如果地下水位下降,近地层空气变干燥,或随着大气CO2浓度升高,气候变暖,柳树叶可能会逐渐减少以至消失。     

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides Leaves

A field study on the photosynthetic characteristics in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. was conducted using a LI-6200 Portable Photosynthesis Analysis System as a measuring device and the modified half-leaf method. It was revealed that the light-saturating photosynthetic rate measured in leaves was in a range of 6~10 μmol CO2 · m-2 · s-1, and the lowest apparent quantum requirement was about 17. The CO2 compensation concentration of photosynthesis was a little more than 100μmol · mol-1 indicating that E. ulmoides was a C3 type plant. Besides stomatal limitation, photoinhibition of photosynthesis was a possible cause of the midday depression in photosynthetic rate. Only about 14 percent of the photosynthetic product was transported from the leaves during photosynthesis.     

铁皮石斛叶片光合作用的碳代谢途径

 利用LI-6400光合测定系统测定了不同天气条件下铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）叶片24h CO2吸收的动态以及CO2吸收对光强和温度的响应。晴天的白天和夜间铁皮石斛都能吸收CO2,中午CO2吸收速率为负值, CO2的交换方式具景天酸代谢途径(CAM)的特点。阴雨天,只有白天吸收CO2,夜间表现为暗呼吸,光合作用碳代谢的途径为C3途径。在多云的天气条件下,白天吸收CO2,并持续至日落后。夜间21∶00仍有CO2吸收,23∶00以后至次日凌晨处于暗呼吸状态。在500 μmol·m-2·s-1光照件下,20℃出现最大CO2吸收值。在夜间,25℃时CO2的吸收速率最高。有光和无光条件下,低温或高温引起CO2吸收速率下降均为非气孔因素所致。晴天上午,铁皮石斛叶片的表观量子产额为0.035,光合补偿点为2.9μmol·m-2·s-1,饱和光强为500μmol·m-2·s-1,强光下出现光抑制现象。叶片受到强光预先照射后,即使光照减弱光抑制效应仍保持一段时间,致使光合补偿点升高,表观量子产额下降,相同光强下的CO2吸收效率降低。结果表明：铁皮石斛为兼性CAM植物,随着环境条件的变化,其光合作用在景天酸代谢途径(CAM)与C3途径间变化。     

苋菜的光合特性

宽菜Amaranthus cruentus cv.生长在调控的温室条件。在光强0至800μmol.m~(-2)S~(-1),光合速率(PN,μmol.CO_2m~(-2)、s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol、m~(-2)、s~(-1))增高而增大,其关系为PN=56.82 PFD×10~(-3)—2.13。光补偿点为60μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)。叶片在1400 μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)达到光合光饱和点。在叶温35℃,叶片/空气水蒸汽压陡度20 m Pa、Pa~(-1)和外界CO_2浓度340μ1、1~(-1),光饱和光合速率为51.63±4.90μ mol.CO_2、m~(-2)、S~(-1)。在光强0至600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率随光强增高而增大。光强高于600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率变化较小。细胞间CO_2浓度为120μ1.1~(-1)由于细胞间CO_2浓度在光合速率——CO_2关系曲线的转折点,可能表明光合作用不受气孔限制。结果表明,苋菜适于高光强环境生长,在干旱条件下具有高的光合速率。     

两种土壤含水率下匙羹藤的光合及水分利用率的初步研究

采用便携式LI-6400光合测定系统,对生长于两种土壤含水率下的当年生匙羹藤光合特性及其水分利用率进行研究。结果表明:(1)匙羹藤叶片的光饱和点(LSP)200～400μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点(LCP)12.1880～12.5593μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子利用效率(α)0.0472～0.0508mol.mol-1,为阳生植物,但具有较强的弱光利用能力。(2)叶片CO2补偿点为70.97～73.75μmol.mol-1,CO2饱和点在1115.51～1687.99μmol.mol-1,羧化效率7.35×10-3～8.64×10-3μmol.m-2.s-1,表明匙羹藤为C3型植物。(3)上午10:00左右和下午4:00左右是匙羹藤水分利用率的最高时段。(4)含水率高时饱和净光合速率(Pm)、表观光合量子利用效率(α)、光饱和点都比含水率低时高,但光补偿点却比含水率低时低,说明匙羹藤利用弱光的能力较强,能有效地利用全日照的强光,光合潜力较大,生长较好;含水率低时匙羹藤的CO2补偿点较低,说明匙羹藤能利用较低的外界CO2浓度;最大水分利用效率较高,表明含水率低时匙羹藤的节水潜力较大。     

楸树无性系光合特性研究

以10个楸树无性系为试验材料,利用Li-6400光合测定仪对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:楸树净光合速率(Pn)日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合"午休"的主要调节因素。楸树所有无性系光合作用对光照强度(PAR)单一生态因子水平的响应均可以用二次方程描述。楸树的光补偿点(LCP,11.37~57.4μmol.m-2.s-1)和CO2补偿点(CCP,57.73~77.06μmol.mol-1)在10个无性系间存在显著差异。10个楸树无性系的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率在无性系间存在极显著差异。在光饱和点(LSP)条件下,10个无性系净光合速率处于18.8~24.4μmol.m-2.s-1之间。环境因子与光合指标存在显著的相关关系,PAR和空气湿度(RH)对楸树无性系瞬时Pn影响最大。     

10个秋菊品种的光合特性及净光合速率与部分生理生态因子的相关性分析

用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定系统测定了9月至10月10个秋菊[Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tvzel.]品种叶片的光合特征参数;在此基础上,对叶片光响应参数和CO2响应参数以及部分光合特征参数的日变化进行了比较分析;此外,还对净光合速率(Pn)与部分生理生态因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:10个秋菊品种的光补偿点(LCP)为92.83～167.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为962.51～1 077.53 μmol·m-2·s-1,说明它们均为喜光植物;10个秋菊品种的CO2饱和点为1 060.46 ～1 485.48μmol·mol-1,CO2补偿点为77.62 ～ 133.16μmo1·mol-1,远大于一般的C3植物;各品种Pn的日变化呈典型的双峰型曲线,首峰(11～19μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在10:00左右,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的“午休”现象.相关分析结果表明:10个品种的Pn与气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著或极显著正相关(品种‘关东新侠’、‘云龙凤舞’和‘日本黄’除外),与胞间CO2浓度呈显著或极显著负相关,与光合有效辐射强度和大气温度呈不显著正相关,与大气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈不显著负相关.早花品种‘太平的小鼓’和‘铜雀春深’具有较高的LSP以及较低的LCP和表观量子效率(AQY),对光照强度的适应范围较大,可栽培在光照较强的环境中;品种‘早粉盘’和‘檀香狮子’具有较高的LCP、AQY和LSP,对强光的利用能力较强;晚花品种‘关东新侠’、‘绿牡丹’和‘星光灿烂’具有较高的LCP和AQY以及较低的LSP,具有一定的耐阴能力,可种植在光照较弱的环境中.     

NaCl胁迫对互花米草细胞膜和光响应曲线特征参数的影响

以大米草的互花米草为材料,研究了不同盐浓度对其细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和光响应曲线的特征参数的变化情况。结果表明:盐浓度低于300mmol·L-1时,互花米草细胞膜透性和MDA含量较对照组无显著差异;其较高的最大光合速率(>30μmol·m-2·s-1),表观量子效率(>0.05mol·mol-1Photons)以及较低的暗呼吸速率(<1.5μmolCO2·m-2·s-1)和光补偿点(<20μmol·m-2·s-1)为其有机物质积累、竞争、建立种群并扩散提供条件。盐浓度高于500mmol·L-1时,互花米草膜透性和MDA含量显著上升,最大光合速率(Amax)及表观量子效率(Q)显著下降,暗呼吸速率(Rday)和光补偿点(LCP)上升。表明细胞膜和光合作用有关酶受到迫害,抑制了其正常生长。盐胁迫下互花米草光合速率降低,但蒸腾速率的显著下降提高了单叶水分利用效率,从而部分缓解了渗透势变化对细胞的迫害,为其生存和生长提供条件。     

巨尾桉在岩溶石山生境中的适应性研究（Ⅰ）：春季光合生理生态学特性

以岩溶石山生境的3年生巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,采用LI-6400型便携式光合仪测定巨尾桉在春季的叶片净光合速率(Pn)及其他生理生态因子日变化,同时测定巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线,并通过相关分析和通径分析探讨净光合速率与其他生理生态因子的关系。结果表明:巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线符合Walker的非直线双曲线模型。巨尾桉的光饱和点为1 340μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为14.68μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.06mol.mol-1,具有阳生植物的特点。净光合速率日变化呈现"单峰型"的特点。蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和大气CO2浓度(Ca)是影响巨尾桉叶片净光合速率日变化的重要因子。巨尾桉有较高的水分利用效率,说明巨尾桉具有适应岩溶石山干旱的特征或避旱策略。     

CO2对植物在光补偿点附近量子效率的影响

应用植物光合作用对光响应修正模型研究了CO2浓度分别为380和600 mol·mol-1时,栾树和辣椒在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变及Kok效应。结果表明:光响应修正模型可很好地拟合栾树和辣椒2种CO2浓度下的光响应曲线,且获得的光合参数与实测值相符合;2种不同CO2浓度条件下,栾树和辣椒总是存在初始量子效率(φ0)大于光补偿点处的量子效率(φc),光合量子效率在光补偿点附近不是常数,且与暗呼吸速率无关;CO2浓度的大小影响着栾树的Kok效应,但对辣椒的Kok效应影响不明显,分析认为,这是由于栾树在光补偿点附近光合量子效率的改变来自其净光合速率对光强的非线性响应,而辣椒不存在Kok效应。     

几种银莲花光合特性的初步分析

采用LI6400便携式光合仪分析昆明室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性。净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10～11点,后者的峰值出现在13点前后。在光强0～2000μmol·m2·s1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光合补偿点为60～80μmol·m2·s1,饱和点为800μmol·m2·s1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m2·s1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢地增加。在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol1范围内几乎呈水平线。野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现较明显的种间差异。     

引种地被石竹光合特征与生理生态因子的关系

以上海地区引种的一年生地被石竹实生苗为材料,研究其苗高生长变化、生物量积累和分配、光合特性及其变化规律,并分析主要生理生态因子对其净光合速率的影响。结果表明:(1)3～6月份为地被石竹苗高生长速生期,生长量为年生长量的65.93%,实生苗各部分器官的生物量总体呈现上升的趋势;3～6月份苗木以地上部分生物量积累为主,其占总生物量的比例从46.89%升至65.60%,6月份以后地下部分生物量所占比例从34.40%升至53.11%。(2)地被石竹叶片净光合速率(Pn)日变化在春季和秋季呈单峰曲线型,而在夏季表现为双峰曲线,且具有典型的光合"午睡"现象。(3)影响光合变化的主要决定生理生态因子:春季为蒸腾速率和气温,夏季为气孔导度和大气CO2摩尔分数,秋季为胞间CO2摩尔分数和光合有效辐射;限制地被石竹Pn日变化生理生态因子:春季为胞间CO2摩尔分数和光合有效辐射,夏季为蒸腾速率和空气相对湿度,秋季为气孔导度和气温。(4)地被石竹具有较高水平的光补偿点(56.94μmol·m-2·s-1)和光饱和点(780.07μmol·m-2·s-1),应属于喜光植物。     

The Photosynthetic Characteristics of Wheat Ear

The stomata and green cells in wheat ears were observed by electron microscopy, and the photosynthetic activity of the ears was measured with an infra-red gas analyser. 1. The awn, glume, palea, lemma, and axis were photosynthetic organs on the wheat ears. Stomata, however, only existed at the green parts in these organs. The ears which had longer awns and higher content of chlorophyll usually showed relatively high photosynthetic rates. 2. The structure and photochemical activity of the chloroplasts in the awns were similar to those in the leaves. 3. The photosynthetic rate of ears could be promoted by increasing light intensity and CO2 concentration. The CO2 compensation point (110 ppm) and the light compensation point (200μE·m-2 · s-1)of ears were higher than those of leaves. 4. The wheat ears had photoresplration. The CO2-releasing rate of the ears under light could be promoted by high O3 concentration. The CO2 outburst and the oscillation in photosynthesis in the awns could be measured. These results suggested that the photosynthetic pathway in the wheat ears was Cspathway. 5. The highest photosynthetic rate of ears emerged at flowering stage. Thereafter, the photosynthetic activity of the ears fell down as the chlorophyll content declined and the grains were filled up.     

亚热带季风阔叶林不同林地几种植物光合作用的比较研究

比较了亚热带季风阔叶林不同林地几种植物的叶特性、叶含氮量、叶绿素含量、光合速率和气孔对CO_2的传导率,表明疏林的桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentoso)和荷树(Schima superba)的叶厚和栅栏组织厚度较九节(Psychotria rubra)小,但单位面积干重较九节大,叶含氮量(N mg/g干重)较密林的罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)低,疏林的桃金娘和荷树的光合作用饱和光强为600和550 μmol 光量子m~(-2),S~(-1),光补偿点分别为12和20 μmol,光量子m~(-2),s~(-1),两种植物的平均最大光合速率分别为11.9±0.4和7.5±1.8 μol CO_2,m~(-2),S~(-1),光合量子产率分别为0.056和0.048,而密林的罗伞光合速率变化对光强变化反应敏感,暗呼吸速率较低。光补偿点为5μmol,光量子m~(-2),S~(-1),显著低于疏林植物,疏林植物有着较高的Ci/Ca值和水分利用效率。亚热带季风阔叶林的不同林地的植物有着不同的光合作用特性,这可能与植物生境的光状况有关。     

紫茎泽兰的光合作用特征及其生态学意义

本文研究了紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)光合作用强度的变化规律及其与环境主要生态因子的关系,比较了它与某些农作物叶片净光合速率的差异,得到如下结果: 1.紫茎泽兰是一种阳性偏阴的C_3类草本植物,其光合作用的光饱和点约为40000 lx,光补偿点约为700 lx,且具有80 ppm左右的CO_2补偿点。 2.紫茎泽兰的最大净光合速率能达到23毫克CO_2/平方分米·时左右,叶片净光合速率的日变化规律呈双峰曲线型(主峰在10时左右,次峰在16时左右)。在一年中有较长的时间,它的光合速率保持着较高的水平。 3.生长在一般菜园土上的紫茎泽兰,当土壤含水量降至17％左右时,叶片光合速率接近0:而且,受过干旱处理的紫茎泽兰植株,在恢复供水后的第三天,其光合速率只达到原来的53％。 根据以上结果,结合受紫茎泽兰危害地区干湿季分明的特点,提出干季是防除紫茎泽兰的最佳季节。     

杂交酸模叶片线粒体交替氧化酶呼吸途径在光破坏防御中的作用

以杂交酸模(Rumex K-1)为试材,研究了不同光强下线粒体交替氧化酶呼吸途径(AOX途径)对酸模叶片光破坏的防御作用.结果表明:在200 μmol·m-2·s-1弱光下,用水杨基羟肟酸抑制AOX途径后,Rumex K-1叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学效率、光合线性电子传递速率以及光合放氧速率均显著下降,非还原性QB反应中心显著升高,加重了叶片的光抑制,而活性氧清除机制上调,避免了活性氧的过量积累,部分缓解了Rumex K-1叶片的光抑制;在800 μmol·m-2·s-1强光下,AOX途径受抑,导致Rumex K-1叶片发生严重的光抑制,而此时活性氧清除机制的上调不足以缓解活性氧过量的积累.无论在强光还是弱光下,AOX途径在Rumex K-1叶片的光破坏防御过程中都起着重要作用,而且在强光下,AOX途径对叶片的光破坏防御作用是叶绿体内其他光破坏防御途径所不能代替的.