我国西北春麦区小麦育成品种遗传多样性的AFLP分析

对我国西北春麦区56份小麦育成品种应用扩增片段长度多态性(Amplified Fragment Length Polmorphics,简称AFLP)分子标记技术进行遗传多样性分析。共用24对引物组合进行扩增,每对引物组合的平均多态性条带为14．7,多态性百分率为24．4,而多态性信息指数PIC范围为0．11～0．44,平均0．22。结合品种的系谱亲缘关系分析,得知依据AFLP数据的类群划分结果与品种的亲缘系谱关系基本一致,表明AFLP技术用于种质鉴定和遗传多样性研究是有效的、可取的;同时。对如何合理应用AFLP数据中的多态性带和共有带进行聚类分析,及如何正确对待小麦核心种质构建中的形态和农艺性状数据与分子数据的问题作了进一步的探讨。仅用多态性谱带产生的相似系数矩阵与用所有扩增谱带产生的相似系数矩阵之间的相关系数r=0．86,表明在利用AFLP进行品种间遗传关系分析时,利用所有扩增产物的信息是必要的;如果仅仅是为了鉴剐品种或压缩样品,完全可以只考虑多态性扩增产物。利用AFLP分子数据和田间数据对56份材料进行主成分分析(PCO),发现用田间数据产生的PCO图,材料之间分散,遗传关系不很明了,进一步压缩样品难度较大;而分子数据产生的PCO图,可将材料分成明显的五类,聚类结果与品种系谱基本相吻合,为进一步压缩样品提供了科学依据。形态数据与分子数据聚类的结果差异较大,相关系数仅为0．310因此,在利用田间数据的基础上,必须兼顾和利用DNA数据,才能保证所建立核心种质的代表性。这也是一条比较科学、经济和可行的途径。     

河北省大豆推广品种遗传多样性分析

利用主要农艺性状以及SSR和AFLP2种分子标记,对河北省41个大豆推广品种进行遗传多样性分析,以便为种质资源利用和创新提供依据。农艺性状聚类结果将41个材料划分为3个类群和2个特殊品种,聚类结果与材料系谱来源相差悬殊,不能反映材料间亲缘关系。SSR和AFLP数据聚类结果将41个材料划分为4个SAG（SSR and AFLP—basedgroups）分子类群。30对SSR引物共检测出135个等位变异,平均每个位点上有4．47个等位变异,SSR的遗传多样性指数（Simpson）分布范围为0．0928～0．7800,平均值为0、6442。10对AFLP引物共扩增出93个多态性标记,平均每对引物9．3个多态性标记。品种间的遗传相似系数（GS）变化范围为0．5877～0．9868,平均值变化范围为0．6732～0．7653,总体平均值为0.7237,遗传相似系数较高,说明材料间遗传变异较小。     

AFLP标记在玉米种质资源鉴定中的应用

利用AFLP分子标记技术对55份玉米(Z ea m ay s L.)种质材料进行了研究.结果表明,20对AFLP引物检测到清晰可见的带656条,其中多态性带487条.平均每个引物组合可以检测到24.4条多态性带.将55份玉米材料聚为6组,与材料来源基本一致.结果显示AFLP有利于玉米遗传多样性分析.对来源美国先锋的P ioneer系列与瑞得种群和BSSS种群的关系进行了初步探讨,认为P ioneer系列中有很多材料与瑞得种群有亲缘关系.     

51个春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)品种的AFLP遗传多样性分析

为了揭示春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为春兰种质资源的有效利用和开发提供依据,采用AFLP技术对51个春兰品种进行了遗传多样性分析,经筛选得到了8对条带清晰、多态性高的引物,共扩增出1315条DNA片段,其中多态性条带为1217条,平均1对引物扩增条带164条,多态性带152条,多态性位点频率为92.5%,表明春兰品种具有丰富的遗传多态性。49个品种含有特有带。51个品种间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.501~0.716,聚类分析表明,51个春兰品种共分为5个类群,来自同一地区的品种并没有聚在一起,表明春兰品种的遗传背景混乱。AFLP分子标记技术能有效地分析春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

玉米品种遗传多态性与根系内生细菌种群的相互关系

对辽宁省14个玉米主栽品种根系内主要细菌种群的分析结果表明,芽孢杆菌属（Bucillus ssp．）为玉米内生细菌的主要种群,其它种属包括肠杆菌属、沙雷氏杆菌属、假单孢菌属、黄单孢菌属和棍状杆菌属。内生细菌在不同玉米品种和不同生育期之间存在程度不同的差异。从90条随机引物中筛选出条带清晰、重复性好的13个引物,对14个玉米主栽品种进行遗传多态性的RAPD分析,共扩增出条带139条,其中多态性条带101条,多态性比率72．7％。利用SPSS统计分析软件对14个玉米品种在DNA水平和内生细菌种群水平上进行聚类分析,结果表明,品种亲缘关系在这两个水平上表现基本一致,即品种内生细菌的种类及其数量在很大程度上受品种的遗传背景控制。     

濒危植物绵刺8个种群遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用8对AFLP引物对我国绵刺的8个种群240份材料的基因组DNA进行扩增,得到大小在65～530bp之间的397条清晰显带,其中296(74.56%)条呈多态性,平均每对AFLP引物得到37条多态性带;用PopGen32软件将AFLP多态性数据进行分析,不同种群的Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数变化范围分别在0.0845～0.1779和0.1280～0.2377之间,其中遗传多样性最高为上沙窝种群,最低为银根种群,可将上沙窝种群作为种质遗传中心之一进行保护.绵刺遗传变异有68.31%存在种群内,31.69%种群之间,说明变异主要存在于种群内部.8个种群的平均遗传距离为0.1341,按UPGMA进行聚类分析,结果表明绵刺种群具有明显的地域相关性和遗传类型趋同性,说明不同的种群可能有共同的起源,随机遗传漂变不是影响绵刺种群遗传多样性的主要过程.建议在迁地保护和取样时,不仅要在每个种群中取足够多的个体,而且要在尽可能多的种群中取样,最大限度地保护绵刺的遗传多样性,为进一步地系统演化研究奠定基础.     

黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种群黄果厚壳桂的AFLP分析

以扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）分析了黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种群黄果厚壳桂（Cryptocarya concinna)在三个不同群落类型中的遗传多态性及遗传结构,并比较了该3个种群间的遗传分,以4对AFLP选择引物组合产生了大量扩增表型带,用AMOVA、PHYLIP等软件分析计算了种群的遗传结构。结果表明黑石顶黄果厚0壳桂种群具有高的种群内遗传多态性、低的种群间遗传分析。并讨论了种群遗传变化与生境的关系。     

AFLP指纹图谱试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的应用

目的：比较甜菜无融合生殖品系M14子代之间的同一性及亲缘关系,从而验证AFLP试验体系在甜菜无融合生殖系中的适用性。方法：利用已建立的AFLP试验体系,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测以及遗传距离的比较来验证这一试验体系。结果：M14子代之间及二倍体甜菜之间的同一性较好,其亲缘关系也较近。结论：验证了所建立的AFLP试验体系的适用性,同时也确证了AFLP技术在构建DNA指纹图谱中的优越性,为无融合生殖的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

杨树重要品种( 无性系) 的AFLP 指纹分析

品种的准确鉴定及其遗传相关性的了解对杨树育种和品种管理具有非常重要的意义。本试验采用AFLP对来自青杨组和黑杨组的21 个重要杨树品种( 无性系) 的鉴定与遗传相关性进行了研究。结果显示, 筛选的4对AFLP 引物总共产生了181 条多态性带,尤其是每对引物对每个品种都产生了独特的指纹图谱; 聚类分析和多维尺度分析将试验材料大体上分为五类, 结果不仅显示了组间不同品种的差异, 而且大体上区分了我国原生品种和外来品种。本研究表明, 所有品种都可被筛选的引物准确鉴定, 遗传相关性的推断结果与它们的系谱或分类基本一致。另外, 本研究还表明AFLP 技术完全可用于大规模地构建杨树树种DNA 指纹图谱、进行树种鉴定和遗传相关性的研究。     

杨树重要品种(无性系)的AFLP指纹分析

品种的准确鉴定及其遗传相关性的了解对杨树育种和品种管理具有非常重要的意义。本试验采用AFLP对来自青杨组和黑杨组的21个重要杨树品种（无性系）的鉴定与遗传相关性进行了研究。结果显示,筛选的4对AFLP引物总共产生了181条多态性带,尤其是每对引物对每个品种都产生了独特的指纹图谱;聚类分析和多维尺度分析将试验材料大体上分为五类,结果不仅显示了组间不同品种的差异,而且大体上区分了我国原生品种和外来品种。本研究表明,所有品种都可被筛选的引物准确鉴定,遗传相关性的推断结果与它们的系谱或分类基本一致。另外,本研究还表明AFLP技术完全可用于大规模地构建杨树树种DNA指纹图谱、进行树种鉴定和遗传相关性的研究．     

Mapping QTLs for sucrose content,yield and quality in a sugar beet population fingerprinted by EST-related markers

Seventy five expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that are associated with functions in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were genotyped in 108 plants of an F2 population of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) segregating for sugar quality and yield parameters. Supplemented by known RFLP and AFLP markers, the resulting map spans 446 cM of the 758-Mbp genome of sugar beet. F3 test-cross plants were analysed for corrected sugar yield, beet yield, ion balance and the content of sugar, amino nitrogen, potassium and sodium in six locations. Twenty one significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected using the composite interval mapping approach. Expressed genes flanking the QTLs were identified in all cases. Correlations between QTLs and potential candidate genes are discussed.     

转基因抗虫棉SSR和AFLP遗传变异研究

利用SSR和AFLP两种分子标记技术,分析了52份转基因抗虫棉品种（系）的遗传多样性。结果表明：在61对SSR引物中,有4对引物在供试材料中表现出多态性,共扩增出102个标记,其中多态性标记25个,多态性百分率为24．51％,每对引物的扩增带数变化在17～30之间;在100对AFLP引物中,有9对引物在供试材料中产生多态性,共扩增出618个标记,多态性标记33个,占总数的5．34％,每对引物组合扩增的标记数分布于47～81之间。成对品种的欧式距离变化在2．00～5．57之间,平均值为4．21,单一品种欧氏距离的平均值分布在3．73～4．75之间,表明不同品种之间遗传差异不大。基于SSRs和AFLPs多态性数据的聚类分析,可以将供试材料划分为3个类群（SAGs）,但类群划分与品种地理来源不十分吻合。     

不同国家甜菜种质资源遗传多样性研究

通过对来自12个国家的247份甜菜种质资源的16个描述型性状及10个数值型性状的遗传多样性进行分析,结果表明:16个描述型性状均表现出不同程度的遗传差异,多样性指数在0.4806~1.5230之间,平均值为0.8608,其中根肉色多样性指数最小,生长势的多样性指数最大;10个数值型性状的变异系数在1.29%~7.08%之间,平均为3.57%,α-氮含量最小,叶片数最大;不同国家甜菜种质资源的表型遗传差异大小为中国荷兰美国瑞典日本德国匈牙利波兰俄罗斯丹麦法国比利时。对247份材料表型进行聚类分析表明,在阈值为7.5时把材料分为5类,每个国家在5个分类中所占的比例均不同。鉴定筛选出的15份丰产资源和15份高糖资源,可在育种中做为品种产量改良及提高含糖率的亲本材料。     

Comparison of RAPD,ISSR, and AFLP Molecular Markers to Reveal and Classify Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Germplasm Variations

Three different DNA-based techniques, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers, were used for fingerprinting Dactylis glomerata genotypes and for detecting genetic variation between the three different subspecies. In this study, RAPD assays produced 97 bands, of which 40 were polymorphic (41.2%). The ISSR primers amplified 91 bands, and 54 showed polymorphism (59.3%). Finally, the AFLP showed 100 bands, of which 92 were polymorphic (92%). The fragments were scored as present (1) or absent (0), and those readings were entered in a computer file as a binary matrix (one for each marker). Three cluster analyses were performed to express–in the form of dendrograms–the relationships among the genotypes and the genetic variability detected. All DNA-based techniques used were able to amplify all of the genotypes. There were highly significant correlation coefficients between cophenetic matrices based on the genetic distance for the RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, and combined RAPD-ISSR-AFLP data (0.68, 0.78, 0.70, and 0.70, respectively). Two hypotheses were formulated to explain these results; both of them are in agreement with the results obtained using these three types of molecular markers. We conclude that when we study genotypes close related, the analysis of variability could require more than one DNA-based technique; in fact, the genetic variation present in different sources could interfere or combine with the more or less polymorphic ability, as our results showed for RAPD, ISSR and AFLP markers. Our results indicate that AFLP seemed to be the best-suited molecular assay for fingerprinting and assessing genetic relationship among genotypes of Dactylis glomerata.     

An analysis of the variation in crown size in sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) grown in England

The processed part of the sugar-beet plant, the beet, consists of secondary storage tissues developed from the root and hypocotyl and the crown which, botanically, is the compressed stem. Crowns contain less sugar than roots and higher concentrations of melassigenic substances (such as amino-nitrogen compounds, sodium, potassium and invert sugars) which impair the crystallisation of white sugar during processing and make beets with high proportions of crown costly to process. Two factors influence the amount of crown material in beet delivered to factories: the original size of the whole crown in intact beet (subsequently referred to as the biological crown), and the fraction removed by the topping mechanisms of beet harvesters when the crop is lifted. The residue left on the delivered beet, for which growers in the UK are not paid, is measured as crown tare at the factory. To understand the causes of variation in crown tare, an analysis was made of the trend and variation in the size of the biological crown of sugar beet varieties introduced in the UK during the last 25 yr using information from past variety trials and new trials done in 1993, 1997 and 1998. Except for a few diploids, the biological crown was generally as large and variable in recently-introduced varieties as in those grown 15–20 yr ago. Its size was strongly influenced by locational and seasonal factors which changed the plant's shoot:root ratio primarily, it is suggested, through differences in amounts of available nitrogen. There was no evidence of changes in beet anatomy in recently-introduced varieties that would result in root material being removed with the crown when samples of delivered, machine-topped beet are contractually de-crowned to estimate crown tares in the factory tarehouse. Variable amounts of crown are removed by harvesting machines. Experiments showed that a greater proportion of beet were over-topped and more root material was removed with the crown when the biological crown was small and when harvester knives were set low to deliver a minimal crown tare. In these situations, significant amounts of root material, for which growers would be paid if delivered to the factory, were left in the field. Data from differential machine-topping trials on commercial sugar beet crops at four locations in 1996 and 1997 were used to relate yield loss through over-topping to crown tare. A crown tare of at least 8% was needed to ensure that no economic yield was left in the field; below this level the losses in delivered yield and grower's income increased exponentially through over-topping. It was estimated from the factory records of individual contracts that deliveries of beet with crown tares below 8% decreased the national adjusted yield of clean beet by 58 400 t in 1997, equivalent to 0.34 t ha^-1 and 0.56% of the total delivered tonnage.     

AFLP based alternatives for the assessment of Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability of sugar beet varieties

Three approaches for addressing criteria for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) assessment by means of AFLP data are presented. AFLP data were obtained for three consecutive seed deliveries of 15 sugar beet varieties that were under investigation for the official Belgian list (’93, ’94 and ’95). In total, 696 AFLP markers were scored on 1350 plants. As a first approach, a cluster analysis based on Nei’s standard genetic distances between varieties and/or seed deliveries was made. Three major groups put together varieties belonging to corresponding breeding programmes. Statistical procedures, involving bootstrapping and random sampling of subsets of markers, were applied to test the reproducibility of the ordinations and the redundancy present in the data set. In a second approach, the genetic structure inferred by varieties and seed deliveries was submitted to an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA). Major genetic variation was attributed to individual plant differences within seed deliveries. Differences among seed deliveries seemed to be as important as differences among varieties or breeding programmes. Individual plant data were used for assignment tests. The computation of the assignment was based on the ranking of individual genotypes to one other (based on Jaccard similarity coefficients). The distribution over the accessions for each variety or seed delivery was used to check what group of plants each individual is genetically most similar to. Varieties were classified according to the degree to which the distribution over the different accessions was mainly allocated to their appropriate seed deliveries (from the same variety) or cross- allocated to other varieties. Criteria for DUS-evaluation could be set by each of the approaches; it is discussed in what way the result obtained differs and agrees. Received: 26 June 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2001     

Manifestation of "hairy leaf" trait in mangel beet

New morphological trait, "Hairy leaf", of mangel beet has been picked out. Dominant character and monogenic inheritance of the trait were found. Comparative analysis of manifestation of this trait in mangel and sugar beets was done. It is shown that the gene of "hairiness" (Hl) in sugar beet is not allelic to the Hlvar gene in mangel beet. This trait can be used as a marker in selection-genetical investigation.     

南亚热带森林优势种群荷木和锥栗在演替系列群落中的分子生态研究(英文)

用扩增片段长度多态性 (AFLP ,amplifiedfragmentlengthpolymorphism)方法研究了荷木 (SchimasuperbaGardn .etChamp .)和锥栗 (CastanopsischinensisHance .)在 3个演替系列群落中的分子变化。研究地点位于广东省鼎湖山。 3个群落是针叶林群落、针阔叶混交林群落和常绿阔叶林群落。荷木的AFLP分析结果表明 ,4组引物对分别扩增出2 4、40、2 7、2 7条带 ,其中分别有 15、2 3、2 3、16条是多样性带 ;锥栗的AFLP分析结果表明同样的 4组引物对分别扩增出 2 7、2 0、33、39条带 ,其中分别有 12、5、15、13条是多样性带。平均杂合度表明荷木比锥栗有更大的分子变异。用AMOVA(analysisofmolecularvariance)分析表明荷木种群有 95 .99%的分子分化表现在种群内 ,4.0 1%的分子分化表现在种群间 ,表现极显著 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;锥栗种群有 75 .36 %的分子分化表现在种群内 ,2 4.6 4%的分子分化表现在种群间 ,极显著 (P <0 .0 0 1)。除趋势面对应分析表明荷木来自不同群落的个体分布没有规律 ,而锥栗来自不同群落的个体大致分布在一起。上述结果的产生是两个不同种群的生物学特性的反映 ,并提示了不同群落微环境对种群分化的影响 ,以及与森林演替群落的相关性。     

南亚热带森林优势种群荷木和锥栗在演替系列群落中的分子生态研究

Amplified fragment length polymorphism（AFLP）was used to analyze 2 populations: Schima superba Gardn. et Ｃhamp. and Castanopsis chinensis Hance. across three different communities representing three succession stages, in Dinghu Mountain, China. These two were middle succession species in the lower subtropical broad-leaved forest. Four AFLP primer combinations using total 48 individuals of S. superba provided 24, 40, 27 and 27 reliable bands, of which 15, 23, 23 and 16 were polymorphic, respectively. Similarly, total 48 individuals of C. chinensis provided 27, 20, 33 and 39 reliable bands, of which 12, 5, 15 and 13 were polymorphic respectively. These bands were used as presence/absence data to assess the levels of genetic variation and population structure of those species. From average heterozygosity, S．superba possessed higher molecular variation than C．chinensis. Analysis of molecular variance（AMOVA）indicated that most of the genetic variation of S．superba was due to the differences within population（95.99%, P<0.001）, with 4.01%（P<0.001）genetic variation among population. Similarly, AMOVA indicated the most of the genetic variation of C. chinensis was due to the differences within population（75.36%, P<0.001）, with 24.64%（P<0.001）genetic variation among communities（24.64%）. DCA（Detrended Correspondence Analysis） analysis showed that the individuals of S．superba from the same community did not cluster together, while the individuals of C．chinensis from the same community roughly cluster together. The above results reflected the biological characteristics of the two different species suggesting the significant effect of microenvironment of different community on population differentiation and its relationship of which to forest succession resulted in genetic divergence.