双源CT冠脉成像在冠脉粥样硬化性狭窄诊断中的价值研究

目的:分析双源CT冠脉成像在冠脉粥样硬化性狭窄诊断中的价值。方法:以2014年5月至2016年5月我院初诊为"冠心病"的100例患者为研究对象,所有患者均行冠状动脉造影(CAG)和双源CT(DSCT)检查,比较两种检查方法在冠脉粥样硬化性显著性狭窄患者和不同冠脉血管(右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支)狭窄中的检查结果。结果:常规CAG检查共发现35例患者存在冠状动脉显著性狭窄,检出率为35%。DSCT共检出冠状动脉显著性狭窄患者45例,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为100.0%,84.61%,77.78%和100.0%。一致性分析结果显示两种检测方法结果存在较强一致性,kappa=0.794(P0.05)。100例患者中,常规CAG检查共发现显著性狭窄血管47条。DSCT共检出显著性狭窄血管39条,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为93.62%、92.92%、63.77%和99.10%。一致性分析结果显示两种检测方法存在较强一致性,kappa=0.719(P0.05)。右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支中,检查特异度和阴性预测值以左冠脉主干最高,敏感度和阳性预测值以左前降支最高。DSCT检查对于冠脉血管的完全闭塞、重度狭窄、中度狭窄和轻度狭窄的显示率高于CAG检查,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:DSCT检查在冠脉粥样硬化显著性狭窄患者和狭窄冠脉血管(右冠脉、左冠脉主干、左前降支和回旋支)中具有较高的诊断价值。     

乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X 线摄影曝光条件 及平均腺体剂量的关系

目的:探讨不同乳腺分型(Ⅰ型(脂肪型)、Ⅱ型(致密型)、Ⅲ型(中间型)、Ⅳ型(导管型))、不同乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件(kV、mAs)、平均腺体剂量(mGy)之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析2009年9月~2010年6月间采用德国Siemens公司MAMMOMAT Novation DR全数字化乳腺摄影系统、自动曝光控制模式下摄影所获得的2 000例头尾位和内外侧斜位乳腺片,分析7 840幅Ⅰ级乳腺照片中不同乳腺分型、不同乳腺厚度的曝光条件、平均腺体剂量,以研究乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系。结果:当乳腺厚度相同时,Ⅱ型(致密型)乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最大,Ⅳ型(导管型)次之,Ⅲ型(中间型)再次之,Ⅰ型(脂肪型)乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最小。无论何种乳腺分型,随着乳腺厚度的增加,全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量随之增加。结论:乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量关系密切,乳腺腺体组织越致密、厚度越厚,其曝光条件及平均腺体剂量就越大。     

乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系

目的：探讨不同乳腺分型（Ⅰ型（脂肪型）、Ⅱ型（致密型）、Ⅲ型（中间型）、Ⅳ型（导管型））、不同乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件（kV、mms）、平均腺体剂量（mGy）之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析2009年9月-2010年6月间采用德国Siemens公司MAMMOMAT Novation DR全数字化乳腺摄影系统、自动曝光控制模式下摄影所获得的2000例头尾位和内外侧斜位乳腺片,分析7840幅Ⅰ级乳腺照片中不同乳腺分型、不同乳腺厚度的曝光条件、平均腺体剂量,以研究乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系。结果：当乳腺厚度相同时,Ⅱ型（致密型）乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最大,Ⅳ型（导管型）次之,Ⅲ型（中间型）再次之,Ⅰ型（脂肪型）乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最小。无论何种乳腺分型,随着乳腺厚度的增加,全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量随之增加。结论：乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量关系密切,乳腺腺体组织越致密、厚度越厚,其曝光条件及平均腺体剂量就越大。     

经胸腔镜建立巴马小型猪冠状动脉狭窄模型

目的探讨一种高效、稳定的经胸腔镜构建不同程度冠状动脉狭窄动物模型的方法。方法 20头巴马小型猪,在胸腔镜直视下手术丝线永久性环扎左前降支近端,从而造成前降支不同程度的狭窄。术后进行定量冠状动脉造影检查评价狭窄程度。结果 20头小型猪中18头手术顺利完成,2头术中出现室颤,除颤成功后分别于术后8 h和48 h死亡。术后行定量冠状动脉造影显示7头小型猪狭窄程度不超过50%,6头狭窄程度在50%到70%,5头狭窄程度在70%以上,即时手术成功率100%,建模成功率90%。结论完全胸腔镜下应用丝线环扎法可成功地制作不同程度的冠脉狭窄动物模型。     

宝石能谱CT 冠脉成像在隐匿型冠心病冠状动脉粥样斑块性质判断中的价值

目的:探讨宝石能谱CT冠脉成像在隐匿型冠心病冠状动脉粥样斑块性质判断中的价值,为临床隐匿型冠心病的诊断和治疗提供影像学参考依据。方法:选择2014年6月~2015年6月在我院诊断为心肌缺血且无临床症状的隐匿型冠心病患者共360例,所有入选患者均行宝石能谱CT冠脉成像检查,其中155例有冠状动脉狭窄,且伴有不同性质的粥样斑块。分析冠状动脉不同血管狭窄情况、斑块分型和斑块数目。结果:所有冠脉动脉狭窄均为轻度狭窄和中度狭窄,主要集中在左主干和左前降支,分别占35.48%和37.42%。硬斑块数目最多,占75.43%,其次为混合斑块和软斑块,分别占16.19%和8.38%。冠状动脉4支血管粥样斑块均为硬斑块者最多(29.03%)、硬斑块与软斑块同时存在者占29.03%、硬斑块与软斑块、混合斑块同时存在者占14.84%,未见单纯混合斑块或软斑块的患者。结论:隐匿型冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄主要为轻、中度狭窄,冠状动脉斑块以硬斑块为主。宝石能谱CT冠脉成像能准确的判断隐匿型冠心病冠状动脉粥样斑块性质,值得临床推广借鉴。     

血管内支架成形术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄

目的:探讨血管内支架成形术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄的疗效及安全性.方法:对22例大脑中动脉狭窄患者行血管内支架成形术,回顾性分析其临床特点、疗效及治疗经验.结果:22例患者共植入22枚支架,均获得成功.术后即刻造影狭窄率为(11.2±4.5)%,较术前(79±15)%明显改善.术后残余狭窄程度均小于20%.临床随访无TIA发作或脑卒中再发,DSA随访除1例外均无再狭窄发生.结论:血管内支架成形术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄安全有效,但远期疗效还需进一步观察.     

320排CT冠状动脉支架术后再狭窄的应用价值初探

目的:探讨320排CT冠状动脉成像对冠状动脉支架术后再狭窄的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析110例冠状动脉支架术后患者的320排CT资料及冠状动脉造影资料,以常规冠状动脉造影结果作为"金标准"进行对比分析。统计学方法采用Kappa评价方法。结果:200枚支架均显示优良,320排CT能够对支架置入术后的通畅情况、术后血栓形成等情况进行观察及评估。冠状动脉造影示冠状动脉支架内中度以上再狭窄62枚,320排CTA二维、三维图像及仿真内镜正确诊断50枚,漏诊2枚,误诊10枚,320排CTA诊断支架内再狭窄的敏感性96.87%、特异性95.83%、准确度78.50%、阳性预测值91.18%、阴性预测值98.57%,Kappa值的u检验中得到:u=16.2494,存在一致性,Kappa值=0.6920,参照评价原则,320排CTA和冠状动脉造影对支架内狭窄程度评估一致性极好。结论:320排CTA二维、三维图像能很好显示冠状动脉支架术后管腔,对再狭窄部位、性质、程度能够进行准确全面的观察,而且无创、重复性好,对支架术后疗效观察和随访有较高的临床应用价值。     

血管内超声在冠状动脉临界病变诊断及介入治疗中的应用

为探讨血管内超声在冠状动脉临界病变的诊断及介入治疗中的应用价值,本研究选取我院2015年8月至2016年7月收治的60例经冠状动脉造影提示为冠状动脉临界病变患者为研究对象,所有患者均接受血管内超声检查,根据血管内超声检测的最小管腔面积≤4.0 mm~2作为介入治疗的标准,分为治疗组(n=28)和对照组(n=32)。治疗组采用置入冠脉支架治疗,对照组仅采用药物强化治疗;比较两组冠状动脉病变的性状及心脏事件发生率。结果显示,血管内超声对于偏心斑块、钙化斑块的检出率均明显高于冠状动脉造影,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);治疗组软斑块、偏心性检出率明显高于对照组,而心脏事件发生率明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);两组钙化及硬斑块检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(p0.05)。本研究认为,对冠状动脉临界病变患者采用血管内超声检查,可明确临界病变的狭窄程度及性质,对于介入治疗的开展具有一定的指导价值。     

冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠脉旁路移植术

目的:总结15例冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床经验。方法:回顾分析行冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术15例患者的资料,男10例,女5例,平均年龄(61±5)岁。行冠状动脉支架植入术后再行冠状动脉旁路移植术时间间隔(24±4)月,冠状动脉内置入支架3-6枚,左室射血分数为43%-64%,其中50%为3例。全组行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术3例,行非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术12例。结果:全组共行动脉桥吻合13支,静脉桥33支;围术期并发低心排综合征3例,肺部感染4例,胸腔内出血行胸腔闭式引流术2例,本组患者无死亡病例。术后平均住院日(13±4)天。结论:对冠状动脉内支架植入术后再狭窄或(和)冠状动脉再血管化不足的病例进行冠状动脉旁路移植治疗,可使冠状动脉达到充分再血管化,提高冠心病患者生活质量及预后。     

冠脉护理在320排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影中提高图像质量的作用

目的：探讨320排螺旋CT心脏冠状动脉护理的作用及其临床意义。方法：2009年11月至2010年3月,于我院行心脏检查1024例行320排螺旋CT冠状动脉造影检查的患者,检查前对每一患者进行心理辅导,减轻紧张情绪;进行心率控制、屏气训练等护理措施准备;在扫描过程中配合影像技师使用高压注射器;检查完成后积极与患者交谈,严密观察患者状态,预防造影剂不良反应的发生。结果：受检患者中987例患者顺利完成检查,图像重建后血管显示效果优;16例血管显示良;有1例患者造影剂未全部进入血管内,导致血管显影不充分。有2例出现轻度过敏反应;无空气栓塞或任何心脑血管意外的发生。受检病例中432例同时进行了冠状动脉造影,98%（425/432）与检查结果完全一致,有2%（8/432）与检查结果有轻度误差。结论：检查前细致的护理对提高心脏冠状动脉血管成像成功率、提高至关重要。     

The YUMIKO catheter: a useful tool for angiography of the right internal mammary artery via a right brachial approach

The YUMIKO catheter (Goodman, Nagoya, Japan) was recently developed for a left internal mammary artery (IMA) angiography with a right radial or brachial approach. The present authors experienced an interesting case where the YUMIKO catheter was useful for a right IMA angiography via a right brachial artery. A 53-year-old man with bilateral IMA grafts underwent follow-up coronary angiography via a right brachial artery. Native coronary artery and left IMA angiography were performed without difficulty using the Judkins Right and Left and YUMIKO catheters. Angiography of the right IMA was attempted with the Judkins Right catheter and IMA catheter, resulting in a nonselective angiogram with poor imaging. The YUMIKO catheter, however, enabled smooth cannulation to the right IMA and provided good images of the selective right IMA angiography.     

Kawasaki disease causing saccular aneurysms of the coronary arteries

A 22-year-old man was referred for treatment of a 45 mm saccular aneurysm of the right coronary artery (RCA) and a 15 mm saccular aneurysm of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The patient developed Kawasaki disease in 1998. The aneurysms were diagnosed in 2002. The RCA showed thrombus formation. Until now the patient had remained asymptomatic. He now presented with effort angina. On coronary angiography and magnetic resonance imaging, an occluded aneurysm of the proximal RCA (45 mm) was seen with a second aneurysm more distally (22 mm).     

Variations in coronary artery anatomy: Normal versus abnormal

We offer a comprehensive classification of coronary artery anomalies, together with angiographic examples of each entity. Minimal requirements for normality include the following criteria: (1) the dual aortic origin is from right and left coronary ostia; (2) the course of the right coronary artery follows the right atrioventricular groove; (3) the course of the left coronary artery follows the left atrioventricular groove and anterior interventricular groove; (4) the posterior descending branch originates from either the right or left coronary artery; (5) the major coronary branches flow epicardially; and (6) the coronary arteries terminate at the myocardial capillary level. This conception of "normal" coronary arteries has determined the classification of abnormalities presented here. Early and correct diagnosis of anomalies that may compromise the myocardial blood supply is stressed, and possible surgical solutions are offered. Selective coronary angiography is the technique of choice for precise visualization of the coronary artery system.     

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the left main stem of a monocoronary artery

In a 71-year-old female with evolving anterior wall myocardial infarction, coronary angiography revealed a monocoronary artery which arose from the right sinus of Valsalva. Originating from a short common trunk, the left main stem showed a thrombotic lesion that occluded the left anterior descending coronary artery while the circumflex artery was obstructed. Intracoronary administration of abciximab, followed by stenting of the transition between the left anterior descending coronary artery and the main stem, and final kissing balloon inflation of the bifurcation resulted in an excellent angiographic result and favourable clinical outcome. (Neth Heart J 2009;17:274–6.)     

Predictors of Operative Mortality for Coronary Bypass Grafting in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease

Predictors for operative mortality (OM) were studied in 172 consecutive patients (pts) undergoing coronary artery grafts (CAG) for angina pectoris.Seventy eight pts had Class IV angina; of the 147 patients given propranolol, 41 were gradually withdrawn from propranolol and finally discontinued 24 hours before surgery, and 106 were abruptly withdrawn from propranolol 24 hours before CAG; 20 pts had left main coronary disease; 156 pts had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time shorter than 20 minutes, and 16 pts had a CPB longer than 120 minutes.The operative mortality was 5.2% (9/172) for the entire group. Class IV angina (OM 7%), abrupt propranolol withdrawal (OM 6.6%), left main coronary artery disease (OM 25%), and CPB longer than 120 minutes (OM 50%), all significantly increased OM. These variables were interdependent, however, as many pts belonged to several predictor categories, combinations of predictors were examined, in order to more accurately predict the risk of individual pts. The combination of left main coronary artery disease and CPB longer than 120 minutes; and Class IV angina and CPB longer than 120 minutes were significantly associated with higher operative mortality.We conclude that Class IV angina, abrupt propranolol withdrawal, left main coronary artery disease and prolonged CPB are potent, interdependent predictors of OM in pts undergoing CAG. Consideration of these predictors, alone and in combination, allows effective prediction of OM for CAG in patients with stable angina pectoris.     

Electrocardiographic chest wall mapping in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.

Chest wall mapping of ST segment changes, inverted U waves, and Q waves using 16 electrocardiographic electrodes was performed at rest and during and after bicycle ergometry in 150 patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of angina. All patients underwent coronary angiography. The presence or absence of appreciable coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% stenosis) was detected with a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 88%. The identification of lesions in individual coronary arteries was also possible with a sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 85% respectively for the territory of the left anterior descending and diagonal artery, 71% and 85% respectively for the right coronary artery, and 85% and 80% respectively for the circumflex artery. This test appears to be a reliable non-invasive screening method for selecting patients for angiography.     

Coronary artery anomalies detected by MSCT-coronary angiography in the adult

Background. Before coronary evaluation by modern imaging techniques was feasible, premorbid diagnoses of coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) were usually made fortuitously by invasive coronary angiography (ICA). However, this technique is limited by its invasive and projectional nature. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) and multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) broadened clinical information by enabling visualisation of the coronary arteries in their anatomical environment. Methods. This case series visualises and reviews anomalous coronary artery from the opposite sinus (ACAOS) and coronary artery fistulae. All CAAs were detected by means of 64-slice dual source computed tomography after 1000 cardiac scans at the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Results. Eight ACAOS cases, one anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and one congenital aneurysm of an aortic sinus were found. Seven out often detected CAAs were considered malignant whereas three CAAs of the ACAOS type (retroaortic path) were considered benign. Significant coronary artery disease was found in three out of eight ACAOS cases. In one of the ACAOS cases complete evaluation of the anomalous coronary artery was limited by motion artifacts. All five cases of right ACAOS were referred for MSCT because the right coronary artery could not be located by invasive angiography. Conclusion. All CAAs were easy to diagnose because of 3D imaging and high temporal and spatial resolution. High resolution made it possible to not only depict coronary artery abnormalities, but also to quantify luminal and vessel properties such as stenosis grade, aspects of plaque, anomalous vessel length, luminal area ratio and the asymmetry ratio. Because of its comprehensiveness, MSCT can be an effective imaging modality in patients suspected of coronary artery abnormalities caused by coronary artery disease, CAAs, or a combination of both. (Neth Heart J 2008;16:369-75.)     

False-negative myocardial scintigraphy in balanced three-vessel disease,revealed by coronary pressure measurement

In nuclear perfusion imaging of the myocardium, a false-negative test result in patients with balanced three-vessel disease is a well-known pitfall. This paper describes a patient with typical chest pain and a negative myocardial perfusion scintigram. At coronary angiography, intermediate stenoses in the left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary (RCA) arteries were present. Fractional flow reserve, measured by coronary pressure measurement, was 0.54, 0.56, and 0.66 respectively for the LAD, LCX, and RCA, unequivocally demonstrating the presence of balanced three-vessel disease. The patient underwent successful bypass surgery and remained event-free thereafter.     

髓周动静脉瘘（PMAVF）一例及文献复习

目的:探讨髓周动静脉瘘(perimedullary arteriovenous fistulas,PMAVF)的临床、影像学特征以及治疗方案的选择,以提高对该病的诊断水平。方法:报道1例PMAVF患者的临床诊治经过,并结合相关文献对PMAVF的临床、影像学特征和治疗方法进行总结。结果:1例表现为进行性下肢麻木伴无力的患者,并逐渐出现大小便失禁,胸腰段MRI示第9胸椎水平附近椎管内髓周血管明显迂曲扩张。行脊髓血管造影检查示右侧胸9肋间动脉发出的脊髓前动脉在胸12椎体水平通过分支供应的异常引流静脉走形于脊柱右侧。予Onyx胶栓塞引流静脉及瘘口,术后一年肌力恢复至4级左右。结论:PMAVF早期临床表现多不具有特异性,后逐渐出现进展性脊髓病变表现。脊髓MRI对提示PMAVF诊断具有重要作用,脊髓血管CTA和ceMRA有助术前判断供血动脉和瘘口位置。脊髓血管造影仍是诊断该病的金标准。手术切除和血管内治疗是治疗该病的主要方法。     

Assessment of atrial regional and global electromechanical function by tissue velocity echocardiography: a feasibility study on healthy individuals

Background

Myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary flow velocity pattern with a rapid diastolic deceleration time after percutaneous coronary intervention has been reported to be useful in assessing microvascular damage in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Aim

To evaluate myocardial contrast echocardiography with harmonic power Doppler imaging, coronary flow velocity reserve and coronary artery flow pattern in predicting functional recovery by using transthoracic echocardiography.

Methods

Thirty patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction underwent myocardial contrast echocardiography at rest and during hyperemia and were quantitatively analyzed by the peak color pixel intensity ratio of the risk area to the control area (PIR). Coronary flow pattern was measured using transthoracic echocardiography in the distal portion of left anterior descending artery within 24 hours after recanalization and we assessed deceleration time of diastolic flow velocity. Coronary flow velocity reserve was calculated two weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Left ventricular end-diastolic volumes and ejection fraction by angiography were computed.

Results

Pts were divided into 2 groups according to the deceleration time of coronary artery flow pattern (Group A; 20 pts with deceleration time ≧ 600 msec, Group B; 10 pts with deceleration time < 600 msec). In acute phase, there were no significant differences in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction (Left ventricular end-diastolic volume 112 ± 33 vs. 146 ± 38 ml, ejection fraction 50 ± 7 vs. 45 ± 9 %; group A vs. B). However, left ventricular end-diastolic volume in Group B was significantly larger than that in Group A (192 ± 39 vs. 114 ± 30 ml, p < 0.01), and ejection fraction in Group B was significantly lower than that in Group A (39 ± 9 vs. 52 ± 7%, p < 0.01) at 6 months. PIR and coronary flow velocity reserve of Group A were higher than Group B (PIR, at rest: 0.668 ± 0.178 vs. 0.248 ± 0.015, p < 0.0001: during hyperemia 0.725 ± 0.194 vs. 0.295 ± 0.107, p < 0.0001; coronary flow velocity reserve, 2.60 ± 0.80 vs. 1.31 ± 0.29, p = 0.0002, respectively).

Conclusion

The preserved microvasculature detecting by myocardial contrast echocardiography and coronary flow velocity reserve is related to functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction.