利用大肠杆菌表达禽流感病毒聚合酶酸性蛋白

目的：通过在大肠杆菌中分段表达禽流感病毒聚合酶酸性蛋白（PA蛋白）,探索PA基因中可能影响表达的区域。方法：构建分段缺失的PA蛋白突变体,用IPTG在大肠杆菌RosettaGamiB（DE3）中诱导表达,比较各突变体的表达效率。结果：N端缺失长度在143～408个氨基酸残基之间的9个突变体在大肠杆菌中的表达水平较高;而突变体PA/K（Δ1-40aa）、PA/M（Δ1-56aa）、PA/N（Δ41-56aa）和PA/P（Δ57-75aa）的表达水平很低;全长PA蛋白和缺失N端20个氨基酸残基的突变体PA/L则检测不到表达。结论：PA基因的61～225bp和325～426bp可能是影响PA蛋白表达的2个重要区域,为下一步表达全长PA蛋白奠定了基础。     

微小RNA-129在肿瘤发生中的作用机制

微小RNA-129（microRNA-129, miR-129）是一种能产生miR-129-5p、miR-129-1-3p和miR-129-2-3p等3种成熟产物的miRNA,它们在细胞生长、发育、癌变等生命过程中有重要作用. miR-129在多种常见肿瘤中呈现高表达（如：胃癌和肺癌）或低表达（如：乳腺癌和食管鳞状细胞癌）的多样现象,而且这种异常表达与肿瘤的发生发展有密切联系. miR-129通过作用于性别决定区Y框蛋白4（sex-determining-region Y-box 4, SOX4）、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶6（cyclin-dependent kinase 6, Cdk6）、含缬酪肽蛋白（valosin containing protein, VCP）和磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖-3（glypican-3, GP3）等多种靶基因而在肿瘤发生、发展过程中起着重要作用.     

亨廷顿舞蹈病致病蛋白氨基端出核序列的研究及其对聚集体的影响

亨廷顿舞蹈病是一种常染色体显性遗传的神经变性疾病.其致病基因为IT15,其编码的蛋白为亨廷顿蛋白.IT15基因1号外显子含有多态性三核苷酸（胞嘧啶-腺嘌呤-鸟嘌呤（CAG））重复序列,当CAG重复拷贝数大于37时引起发病.亨廷顿蛋白羧基端存在一个明确的、经典的出核信号,而新近的报道指出该蛋白的氨基端也存在一个胞浆定位相关功能域.通过对亨廷顿蛋白氨基端的部分氨基酸缺失和点突变等方式来研究该功能域,继而用免疫荧光和Western等技术观察该蛋白表达、聚集物形成和细胞内定位.结果发现,4～17个氨基酸是亨廷顿蛋白胞浆定位所必需的.L4R和L7R（由疏水氨基酸变为亲水氨基酸）的突变方式会导致1～17个氨基酸胞浆定位功能的缺失,而L4M和M8L（均为疏水氨基酸）的突变方式并未影响1～17个氨基酸的胞浆定位功能,说明其胞浆定位功能的维系依赖于该段序列的空间结构.前3个氨基酸的缺失并未影响前17个氨基酸与线粒体的共定位.同时观察到,该胞浆定位序列的功能缺失将导致异常增多的CAG重复所致的聚集物总量减少、定位于核内的比例增高,表明亨廷顿蛋白在细胞内的分布一定程度上也影响了聚集物的形成过程.这些结果对进一步研究聚集物的分子机制有一定的启示作用.     

肌钙蛋白I2与“孤儿”核受体ERRα1相互作用位点的鉴定

为深入研究肌钙蛋白I2（TNNI2）作为核受体相互作用蛋白参与核受体基因表达调控的分子机制,采用缺失突变联合酵母双杂交技术证明了TNNI2与ERRα1的相互作用位于TNNI2的1～128位氨基酸残基区域.该区域包括TNNI2蛋白的N末端、抑制肽段（96～116位氨基酸残基）和一个核受体结合位点LXXLL模序（即NR盒）.哺乳细胞瞬时共转染实验证实,TNNI21-128缺失突变体不具备辅助活化功能,并能作为负显性突变体完全抑制野生型TNNI2的辅活化作用.研究充分证明TNNI2与核受体的相互作用定位于TNNI2蛋白1～128氨基酸残基,并从侧面进一步证实了TNNI2能辅助核受体反式激活作用的功能.     

缺失Arg245和252对大肠杆菌ArgRS的影响

为研究大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ）精氨酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）的结构与功能的关系,用基因突变法将２４５和２５２位的两个Ａｒｇ分别缺失,得到了突变基因ａｒｇＳΔｒ２５２。对ａｒｇＳΔｒ２４５的表达和变种酶的性质进行了研究,野生型基因在大肠杆菌中以可溶性蛋白的形式表达,而缺失了Ａｒｇ２４５的突变酶ＡｒｇＲＳΔＲ２４５在大肠杆菌中形成了包涵体蛋白。包涵体蛋白复性后,酶的比活约为４０单位／毫克,为天然     

两种存活蛋白变异剪接体在HeLa细胞中的表达定位及相互作用

存活蛋白(survivin)是重要的肿瘤相关抗原基因,在肿瘤的发生发展中 起着重要的作用. 除了标准的剪接形式外,它至少还编码2种变异剪接产物—存活蛋白-2B 和存活蛋白-ΔEx3,这2个变异剪接体所编码的蛋白具有不同的生物学功能.为研究这2个变 异剪接体在肿瘤细胞中的相互作用情况,本实验利用增强型青色荧光蛋白（enhanced cyan fluorescent protein, ECFP）和增强型黄色荧光蛋白（enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, EYFP）分别标记存活蛋白-2B 和存活蛋白-ΔEx3.首先通过激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观 察它们的细胞定位;同时利用荧光共振能量转移（fluorescence resonance energy transf er, FRET）技术研究两者在细胞内的相互作用情况.研究结果表明, 存活蛋白-2B主要分布 在细胞质中,而存活蛋白-ΔEx3则主要分布在细胞核内,少量分布在细胞质中;FRET分析结 果显示,两者仅在细胞质中存在着很弱的相互作用,表明两者很可能是通过某种间接的方式发 挥功能上的相互调节作用.本研究为进一步探讨存活蛋白变异剪接体的生物学功能及相互作用 机制奠定了基础.     

草鱼两个细胞因子信号抑制因子3基因序列及表达分析

细胞因子信号抑制因子3 (SOCS3)是一类调节免疫反应的蛋白, 为研究其在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)中的功能, 文章克隆了草鱼SOCS3b基因, 分析了SOCS3s基因在成鱼组织中的表达情况。序列分析结果显示, 草鱼SOCS3b基因全长2126 bp, 编码216个氨基酸。qRT-PCR结果显示, 草鱼SOCS3a和SOCS3b在成鱼11个组织中均有表达, 但表达略有差异。注射嗜水气单胞菌(Aerononas hydrophila)后, 草鱼SOCS3a和SOCS3b在肝、脾、肠、肾中的表达均有明显上升。以上结果表明SOCS3s基因在草鱼的组织生长调控中发挥着重要的作用, 且SOCS3s可以调节细菌诱导的免疫应答。研究将为后续草鱼SOCS3s基因的功能研究提供参考依据。     

荧光假单胞菌2P24中RstA蛋白的功能鉴定

探究荧光假单胞菌2P24中OmpR家族转录因子RstA的功能,明确其对EmhABC外排泵的调控作用及机制。利用共适应分析预测RstA的潜在功能;采用同源重组技术构建rstA、emhABC基因缺失菌株ΔrstA和ΔemhABC,检测野生型、ΔrstA、ΔemhABC对多种抗生素的敏感性;通过qRT-PCR和β-半乳糖苷酶实验检测emhABC在野生型和ΔrstA菌株中的转录、表达水平;表达纯化His-RstA蛋白并经凝胶阻滞实验检测RstA蛋白与emhABC基因启动子区域的结合活性。结果显示,RstA同EmhABC存在共适应性,并预测RstA与多种抗生素胁迫环境的适应相关;ΔrstA和ΔemhABC对多种抗生素耐受性下降;与野生株相比,突变株ΔrstA中emhABC的转录、表达水平均下降超过3倍;成功表达纯化His-RstA蛋白,经凝胶阻滞实验显示重组His-RstA蛋白可与emhABC基因启动子区域特异性结合。OmpR家族转录因子RstA通过结合在emhABC上游启动子区域正向调控EmhABC的表达,并影响荧光假单胞菌2P24的多重耐药性。     

茶树脯氨酸转运蛋白基因鉴定及表达分析

脯氨酸转运蛋白在植物体内脯氨酸的分配及响应多种非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。为明确茶树体内脯氨酸转运蛋白家族情况,该研究从全基因组水平鉴定获得茶树脯氨酸转运蛋白家族成员,进行了系统进化关系、蛋白结构、基因表达特异性等分析。结果表明:(1)茶树中有6个脯氨酸转运蛋白基因,长度为1 326～1 725 bp之间,编码氨基酸数目在441～574 aa之间,蛋白质分子质量在48.5～63.0 kD之间,等电点为8.51～9.41,大部分为碱性蛋白,其结构中含有大量的α-螺旋和自由卷曲,少量的延长链和β-转角结构。(2)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,茶树CsProT1、CsProT2、CsProT4、CsProT5和CsProT6蛋白定位于细胞膜,CsProT3蛋白则定位于高尔基体。(3)CsProTs蛋白中含9～11个典型的跨膜结构域,其三级结构与保守基序特征均与拟南芥高度相似,具有高度的保守性,不同成员间氨基酸序列相似性达40.14%。(4)基因表达特异性分析显示,CsProT1,CsProT2和CsProT3基因在各个组织部位的表达量均较高,CsProT4、CsProT5和CsProT6表达量均较低,且CsProT1基因的表达量最高;除CsProT5基因外,CsProTs蛋白家族的基因均受到NaCl、干旱及冷胁迫的诱导表达。(5)蛋白相互作用分析结果显示,CsProTs蛋白可与脯氨酸氧化酶ERD5,脯氨酸生物合成限速酶P5CS1、P5CS2和δ-吡咯啉-5-羧酸脱氢酶ALDH12A1等脯氨酸合成,转运及降解有关的蛋白相互作用,共同调控茶树体内脯氨酸的含量。研究认为,茶树6个CsProTs蛋白可共同参与茶树体内脯氨酸的转运平衡及对多种非生物逆境胁迫响应的过程。     

手掌参γ-硫素的原核表达及纯化

目的：在原核系统中高效表达手掌参γ-硫素,并对其进行纯化。方法：通过筛选手掌参cDNA文库获得γ-硫素基因（gcthionin）,分别对其全长及信号肽编码序列缺失的cDNA片段进行PCR扩增,克隆入原核表达载体pET-32（a）,构建重组质粒pET-32（a）/gcthionin和pET-32（a）/Δgcthionin;测序鉴定后,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,经IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白;SDS-PAGE分析后,采用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱及凝胶柱对可溶性蛋白进行纯化,Western blotting鉴定。结果：gcthionin基因开放式阅读框全长225nt,编码一个由74个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白;带有信号肽的重组质粒在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中以包涵体形式表达;信号肽缺失可以极大地提高外源蛋白的可溶性,该可溶性产物经Ni-NTA柱及凝胶过滤后可获得纯度较高的蛋白,经Western blotting分析,相对分子质量约21.9×10^3处有明显的蛋白条带,与预期蛋白分子大小一致。结论：信号肽编码序列缺失的Δgcthionin可在大肠杆菌中可溶、高效表达。     

Cell proliferation and STAT6 pathways are negatively regulated in T cells by STAT1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins have emerged as important regulators of cytokine signals in lymphocytes. In this study, we have investigated regulation of SOCS expression and their role in Th cell growth and differentiation. We show that SOCS genes are constitutively expressed in naive Th cells, albeit at low levels, and are differentially induced by Ag and Th-polarizing cytokines. Whereas cytokines up-regulate expression of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and cytokine-induced Src homology 2 protein, Ags induce down-regulation of SOCS3 within 48 h of Th cell activation and concomitantly up-regulate SOCS1, SOCS2, and cytokine-induced Src homology 2 protein expression. We further show that STAT1 signals play major roles in inducing SOCS expression in Th cells and that induction of SOCS expression by IL-4, IL-12, or IFN-gamma is compromised in STAT1-deficient primary Th cells. Surprisingly, IL-4 is a potent inducer of STAT1 activation in Th2 but not Th1 cells, and SOCS1 or SOCS3 expression is dramatically reduced in STAT1(-/-) Th2 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IL-4-induced STAT1 activation in Th cells, and suggests that its induction of SOCS, may in part, regulate IL-4 functions in Th2 cells. In fact, overexpression of SOCS1 in Th2 cells represses STAT6 activation and profoundly inhibits IL-4-induced proliferation, while depletion of SOCS1 by an anti-sense SOCS1 cDNA construct enhances cell proliferation and induces constitutive activation of STAT6 in Th2 cells. These results are consistent with a model where IL-4 has dual effects on differentiating T cells: it simulates proliferation/differentiation through STAT6 and autoregulates its effects on Th2 growth and effector functions via STAT1-dependent up-regulation of SOCS proteins.     

The nuclear localization of SOCS6 requires the N-terminal region and negatively regulates Stat3 protein levels

We determined that endogenous- and overexpressed- SOCS6 was localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The localization of SOCS6 depended on amino acids 1-210 in the N-terminal region of the protein, which contains an unidentified domain. GFP-tagged SOCS6 or the N-terminal region, was exclusively localized and widely distributed throughout the entire nucleus, whereas the C-terminal region displayed a nuclear omission pattern. We also demonstrated that the SOCS6 protein could decrease the levels of the Stat3 protein in the nucleus, and that its negative regulation of the Stat3 protein level was dependent on its C-terminal region. These observations suggest that SOCS6 is composed of at least two functional domains required for its biological role in localizing and degrading Stat3 in the nucleus.     

IL-6 promotes acute and chronic inflammatory disease in the absence of SOCS3

The lack of expression of the suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS3) or inactivation of the negative regulatory capacity of SOCS3 has been well documented in rheumatoid arthritis, viral hepatitis and cancer. The specific qualitative and quantitative consequences of SOCS3 deficiency on interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory responses remain controversial in vitro and unknown in vivo. Mice with a conditional deletion of SOCS3 in hematopoietic cells develop lethal inflammatory disease during adult life and develop gross histopathological changes during experimental arthritis, typified by elevated IL-6 levels. To clarify the nature of the IL-6 responses in vivo, we generated mice deficient in SOCS3 (SOCS3(-/Δvav)) or both SOCS3 and IL-6 (IL-6(-/-)/SOCS3(-/Δvav)), and examined responses in models of acute and chronic inflammation. Acute responses to IL-1β were lethal to SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice but not IL-6(-/-)/SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice, indicating that IL-6 was required for the lethal inflammation induced by IL-1β. Administration of IL-1β to SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice induced systemic apoptosis of lymphocytes in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes that was dependent on the presence of IL-6. IL-6 deficiency prolonged survival of SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice and ameliorated spontaneous inflammatory disease developing during adult life. Infection of SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice with LCMV induced a lethal inflammatory response that was dependent on IL-6, despite SOCS3(-/Δvav) mice controlling viral replication. We conclude that SOCS3 is required for survival during inflammatory responses and is a critical regulator of IL-6 in vivo.     

人Nmi mRNA编码区存在变异形式

Ｎｍｉ基因编码一种可与Ｍｙｃ相互作用的蛋白质．在人红白血病细胞系ＴＦ－１细胞去细胞因子ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ后８ｈ,发现ＮｍｉＲＮＡ表达水平升高．利用ＰＣＲ方法从中扩增ＮｍｉｃＤＮＡ编码区,发现除正常大小的扩增片段外,还有一比公布核酸序列小约１００～２００ｂｐ的扩增片段．序列分析表明该片段为编码区第３３７～５０９位的碱基缺失,由ＧＴＴＣＣＡＴＴＧＣＧ１１个碱基取代,形成一个开放读码框架,编码２５４个氨基酸,比野生型Ｎｍｉ编码的３０７个氨基酸少５３个氨基酸．     

SOCS3: an essential regulator of LIF receptor signaling in trophoblast giant cell differentiation

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) binds cytokine receptors and thereby suppresses cytokine signaling. Deletion of SOCS3 causes an embryonic lethality that is rescued by a tetraploid rescue approach, demonstrating an essential role in placental development and a non-essential role in embryo development. Rescued SOCS3-deficient mice show a perinatal lethality with cardiac hypertrophy. SOCS3-deficient placentas have reduced spongiotrophoblasts and increased trophoblast secondary giant cells. Enforced expression of SOCS3 in a trophoblast stem cell line (Rcho-1) suppresses giant cell differentiation. Conversely, SOCS3-deficient trophoblast stem cells differentiate more readily to giant cells in culture, demonstrating that SOCS3 negatively regulates trophoblast giant cell differentiation. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes giant cell differentiation in vitro, and LIF receptor (LIFR) deficiency results in loss of giant cell differentiation in vivo. Finally, LIFR deficiency rescues the SOCS3-deficient placental defect and embryonic lethality. The results establish SOCS3 as an essential regulator of LIFR signaling in trophoblast differentiation.     

Mutational analyses of the SOCS proteins suggest a dual domain requirement but distinct mechanisms for inhibition of LIF and IL-6 signal transduction.

SOCS-1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-1) is a representative of a family of negative regulators of cytokine signaling (SOCS-1 to SOCS-7 and CIS) characterized by a highly conserved C-terminal SOCS box preceded by an SH2 domain. This study comprehensively examined the ability of several SOCS family members to negatively regulate the gp130 signaling pathway. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 inhibited both interleukin-6 (IL-6)- and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced macrophage differentiation of murine monocytic leukemic M1 cells and LIF induction of a Stat3-responsive reporter construct in 293T fibroblasts. Deletion of amino acids 51-78 in the N-terminal region of SOCS-1 prevented inhibition of LIF signaling. The SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 N-terminal regions were functionally interchangeable, but this did not extend to other SOCS family members. Mutation of SH2 domains abrogated the ability of both SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 to inhibit LIF signal transduction. Unlike SOCS-1, SOCS-3 was unable to inhibit JAK kinase activity in vitro, suggesting that SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 act on the JAK-STAT pathway in different ways. Thus, although inhibition of signaling by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 requires both the SH2 and N-terminal domains, their mechanisms of action appear to be biochemically different.