哺乳动物长链非编码RNA的进化注释

哺乳动物的基因组中能转录出成千上万的长链非编码RNA(lnc RNA),这些新发现的RNA分子已经被证实参与了各种各样复杂的生物过程.目前大多数哺乳动物的lnc RNA的参考注释并不完全,这限制了对lnc RNA的进化以及接下来的功能研究.本研究组利用9个物种6种组织的转录组测序数据,成功地构建出一个完备的哺乳动物lnc RNA的参考注释集合(约4142~42558条lnc RNA).基于这些lnc RNA,做了一系列的进化研究,发现30%~99%的lnc RNA在基因组上是保守的,这些保守的lnc RNA中仅有20%~27%也能在转录层面保守,这与编码基因的保守性形成鲜明对比:保守的编码基因约有48%~80%能在转录层面保守.随后,基于lnc RNA的表达量数据成功地构建出其在9个物种中的系统发生树,通过对系统发生树的对比分析发现,lnc RNA的进化速率明显比编码基因快,且在不同的组织间有很大差别.将此项研究中得到的lnc RNA的集合以及其保守和进化的数据收集到Phylo NONCODE数据库中(http://www.bioinfo.org/phylo Noncode),这将成为研究非编码RNA进化及功能的非常有用的资源.     

基因组印记中的长非编码RNA

长非编码RNA(lnc RNA)是长度大于200 bp的一类非编码蛋白的RNA,因其在基因组中含量巨大以及重要的生物学功能引起了学术界的广泛关注.基因组印记是一种表观遗传现象,lnc RNAs通过建立靶基因的印记而发挥重要的生物功能.基因组印记可以用来研究lnc RNAs在转录和转录后水平调控基因表达的分子机制.本文选取6个印记机制研究比较透彻的印记区域,包括Kcnq1/Cdkn1c、Igf2r/Airn、Prader-Willi(PWS)/Angelman(AS)、Snurf/Snrpn、Dlk1-Dio3和H19/Igf2.通过介绍包括基因间lnc RNAs(H19、Ipw和Meg3)、反义lnc RNAs(Kcnq1ot1、Airn、Ube3a-ATS)和增强子lnc RNAs(IG-DMR e RNAs)在内的3种类型lnc RNAs在印记调控中的作用,从而了解lnc RNAs通过顺式或(/和)反式作用多种机制调控亲本特异性靶基因的表达.了解印记基因簇中lnc RNAs的作用方式将有助于我们揭示lnc RNAs在整个基因组中的作用机制.     

长非编码RNA与造血谱系分化

全基因组测序分析显示,人类基因组中蛋白质编码基因所占比例不足2%,但高达80%的基因位点可以转录出RNA。在这些非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,nc RNA)中,长度超过200个核苷酸的RNA分子被称为长非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)。在血液系统中,基于造血不同分化阶段的转录组测序和分析发现,几乎在造血分化各个阶段都有lnc RNA参与。lnc RNA在维持造血干细胞未分化状态、诱导红细胞脱核成熟、粒细胞定向分化以及淋巴细胞迁移等谱系分化过程中均发挥了不可或缺的作用。lnc RNA作为调控因子在转录、转录后以及翻译等多个水平参与造血谱系分化调控。该文综述了近年来lnc RNA在造血分化领域的研究现状,为后续进一步揭示lnc RNA介导的造血调控网络奠定基础。     

Junk DNA的功能诠释

在庞大的基因组序列中数量占绝对优势的序列因为不编码蛋白质或RNA产物,一直被人们称为junk DNA.事事讲究经济效率的生物在长期的进化中,应该不会让大量无功能的“垃圾”堆积在充满活力的生命细胞中.近年来的研究已揭示junk DNA具有重要的功能,随着研究的深入,一定会发现越来越多的junk DNA决非垃圾,而是基因组的宝贵财富.     

鉴定和预测长非编码RNAs的生物信息学方法

越来越多的研究表明,长非编码RNAs(long non-coding RNAs,lnc RNAs)可以调节蛋白质编码基因的表达、稳定性及亚细胞定位,参与众多重要的生物过程。由于lnc RNAs是一类新发现的非编码RNAs,挖掘各物种的lnc RNAs仍然是一个值得研究的问题。其中,利用生物信息学方法挖掘和鉴定lnc RNAs已经成为当前生物信息学家研究的一个热点。现就基于生物信息学方法对lnc RNAs的鉴定研究作一综述,主要内容分为两大类:基于测序和基于特征的计算机预测方法。基于测序又包括EST测序、c DNA测序及二代转录组RNA测序;而基于特征的计算机预测则主要包含基于序列保守性、基于碱基排列顺序及基于表观遗传修饰特征。通过以上几方面的论述,来阐明目前lnc RNAs鉴定方法的现状和进展。     

长链非编码RNA在体动物研究进展

从一开始被怀疑为基因组的噪音到目前成为生物医学研究领域的宠儿,主要基于细胞水平的长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lnc RNA)研究在过去的10年左右时间里得到了迅猛发展。随着近几年在体动物研究的发展,lnc RNA领域正在由其新生阶段进入下一个重要发展阶段。然而,由于lnc RNA的特殊性,使得lnc RNA在体动物研究难度依然很大,对实验策略,甚至目的基因的选择都有很强的技巧。现就lnc RNA在体动物研究现状和其中一些重要问题进行综述。     

非编码DNA序列的功能及其鉴定

非编码DNA序列是指基因组中不编码蛋白质的DNA序列。这些序列可以结合调节因子、转录为功能性RNA、单独或协同地调节生理活动和病理过程。文章围绕基因表达调控作用, 总结了近几年非编码DNA序列的研究成果, 对其结构、功能和可能的作用机制进行了初步阐述, 介绍了目前鉴定非编码DNA序列中功能元件的计算方法和实验技术, 并对非编码DNA未来的研究进行了展望。     

长链非编码RNA及其在疾病发生发展中的作用CSCD

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)是一类长度超过200个核苷酸、不编码蛋白质的功能性RNA分子,作为蛋白质和DNA之间的媒介,参与体内重要的细胞活动。Lnc RNA在多个水平调节基因表达,包括染色体重塑、转录和转录后加工等,通过多种机制发挥其生物学功能。随着研究的深入,lnc RNA许多潜在的功能逐渐被发现,其与人类疾病的关系日益受到人们的重视,lnc RNA的失调与越来越多的疾病有联系,特别是在癌症方面。本文主要就lnc RNA的功能、作用机制及其在临床疾病发生发展中的作用进行综述。     

长链非编码RNA及其在疾病发生发展中的作用

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lnc RNA)是一类长度超过200个核苷酸、不编码蛋白质的功能性RNA分子,作为蛋白质和DNA之间的媒介,参与体内重要的细胞活动。Lnc RNA在多个水平调节基因表达,包括染色体重塑、转录和转录后加工等,通过多种机制发挥其生物学功能。随着研究的深入,lnc RNA许多潜在的功能逐渐被发现,其与人类疾病的关系日益受到人们的重视,lnc RNA的失调与越来越多的疾病有联系,特别是在癌症方面。本文主要就lnc RNA的功能、作用机制及其在临床疾病发生发展中的作用进行综述。     

细胞色素P450 1A1和1B1靶向抗肿瘤前药研究进展

细胞色素P450（CYP）能催化各种内源性及外源性化合物的代谢,与多种肿瘤发生有关。其中CYP1A1参与多种前致癌物和致突变物的代谢活化,CYP1B1被认为在许多人癌细胞中特异性表达,参与药物的氧化代谢和前药的活化。CYP1A1和181已成为靶向抗肿瘤前药研究的新靶点。相继有大量相关研究报道,本文就近年来文献报道的CYP1A1和1B1靶向抗肿瘤前药研究进展。     

Association of SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 polymorphisms with breast cancer risk and phenotypes in Russian women

Estrogens are critical for breast cancer initiation and development. Sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) conjugate and inactivate both estrogens and their metabolites, thus preventing estrogen-mediated mitosis and mutagenesis. SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 are both polymorphic, and different alleles encode functionally different allozymes. We hypothesize that low-activity alleles SULT1A1*2 and UGT1A1*28 are associated with higher risk for breast cancer and more severe breast tumor phenotypes. We performed a case-control study, which included 119 women of Russian ancestry with breast cancer and 121 age-matched Russian female controls. We used PCR followed by pyrosequencing to determine the SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 genotypes. Allele UGT1A1*28 was present at a higher frequency than the wild-type UGT1A1*1 allele in breast cancer patients as compared to controls (P = 0.002, OR = 1.79, CI 1.23–2.63). Consistently, the frequency of genotypes that contain allele UGT1A1*28 in the homozygous or the heterozygous state was greater in breast cancer patients as compared with the frequency of the wild-type UGT1A1*1/*1 genotype (P = 0.003, OR = 4.00, CI 1.49–11.11 and P = 0.014, OR = 2.04, CI 1.14–3.57, respectively). Individuals carrying allele UGT1A1*28 in the homo-or heterozygous state had larger breast tumors (>2 cm) as compared to the group with high-activity genotypes (P = 0.011, IR = 3.44, CI 1.42–8.36). No association was observed between any of the SULT1A1 genotypes and breast cancer risk or phenotypes. Our data suggest that UGT1A1, but not SULT1A1, genotypes are important for breast cancer risk and phenotype in Russian women. Published in Russian in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2006, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 263–270. The article was translated by the authors.     

Upregulation of MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 lncRNAs in non-functioning pituitary adenoma

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be dysregulated in a variety of malignant and non-malignant lesions including non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs). In the current experimental study, we have selected six lncRNAs, namely MAPKAPK5-AS1, NUTM2B-AS1, ST7-AS1, LIFR-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 to assess their expression in a cohort of Iranian patients with NFPA. MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 were shown to be over-expressed in NFPA tissues compared with control samples (Expression ratios (95% CI) = 10 (3.94–25.36), 11.22 (4.3–28.8) and 9.33 (4.12–21.12); p values < 0.0001, respectively). The depicted ROC curves showed the AUC values of 0.73, 0.80 and 0.73 for MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1, respectively. Relative expression level of PXN-AS1 was associated with tumour subtype (p value = 0.49). Besides, relative expression levels of MAPKAPK5-AS1 and LIFR-AS1 were associated with gender of patients (p values = 0.043 and 0.01, respectively). Cumulatively, the current study indicates the possible role of MAPKAPK5-AS1, PXN-AS1 and URB1-AS1 lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of NFPAs.     

Bmi1 cooperates with Dnmt1-associated protein 1 in gene silencing

Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are involved in gene silencing through chromatin modifications. Among polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs), PRC1 exhibits H2A-K119 ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRC1-mediated gene silencing remain largely obscure. In this study, we found that Bmi1 directly interacts with Dnmt-associated protein 1 (Dmap1), which has been characterized to associate with the maintenance DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1. Bmi1 was demonstrated to form a ternary complex with Dmap1 and Dnmt1 with Dmap1 in the central position. Chromatin immunoprecipitations confirmed the ternary complex formation within the context of the PRC1 at the Bmi1 target loci. Loss of Dmap1 binding to the Bmi1 target loci was tightly associated with derepressed gene expression in Bmi1-/- cells. Dmap1 knockdown exhibited the same impact as Bmi1 knockout did on the expression of Bmi1 targets, including Hox genes. Collectively, our findings suggest that Bmi1 incorporates Dmap1 in polycomb gene silencing.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.     

Acid-dependent Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Cleavage Limits Available Pro-IL-1β for Caspase-1 Cleavage

Noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease (stroke and heart attack), cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes are a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and are worsened by inflammation. IL-1 is a driver of inflammation and implicated in many noncommunicable diseases. Acidosis is also a key feature of the inflammatory microenvironment; therefore it is vital to explore IL-1 signaling under acidic conditions. A HEK-IL-1 reporter assay and brain endothelial cell line were used to explore activity of mature IL-1α and IL-1β at pH 7.4 and pH 6.2, an acidic pH that can be reached under inflammatory or ischemic conditions, alongside cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β produced under acidic conditions. We report that mature IL-1 signaling at IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) is maintained at pH 6.2, but the activity of the decoy receptor, IL-1R2, is reduced. Additionally, cathepsin D-cleaved 20-kDa IL-1β was minimally active at IL-1R1 and was not further cleaved to highly active 17-kDa IL-1β. Therefore formation of the 20-kDa form of IL-1β may prevent the generation of mature bioactive IL-1β and thus may limit inflammation.