春玉米不同产量群体叶面积指数动态特征与生态因子资源量的分配特点

利用吉林桦甸连续3年的田间试验结果,结合气象观测资料,对春玉米群体叶面积指数动态特征及不同产量水平下的生态因子资源量的分配特点进行了研究.结果表明：以相对生长天数、相对有效积温、相对日照时数和相对降雨量为自变量的相对叶面积指数动态模型均符合有理方程：y=（a+bx）/（1+cx+dx²）;产量（y）与吐丝前后生长天数比值（x₁）、吐丝前后有效积温比值（x₂）、吐丝前后降雨量比值（x₃）以及吐丝前后日照时数比值（x₄）的回归方程为y=5465.19+17810.64x₁-23236.14x₂+4093.41x₃+6287.37x₄(R²=0.8187,P<0.01),各生态因子对产量的影响按照偏回归系数绝对值排序为x₁>x₂>x₃>x₄;超高产（15499.86 kg·hm^-2）生态因子资源量在吐丝前与吐丝后的比值分别为：生长天数1.43、有效积温1.41、降雨量1.44、日照时数1.40.在东北地区,适期早播,在延长总生长天数的前提下适当增加吐丝前的生长天数、降雨量以及日照时数均能提高产量,当生长天数、有效积温、降雨量以及日照时数在吐丝前与吐丝后的分配比值均约为1.4时,可获得高产、超高产.     

二氧化碳和臭氧浓度升高对春小麦生长及次生代谢的影响

通过开顶式气室(OTCs)研究了OTC对照（自然CO₂浓度约342 μmol·mol^-1,O₃浓度约30 nmol·mol^-1）、高浓度CO₂（550 μmol·mol^-1）、高浓度O₃（浓度为80 nmol·mol^-1）及其交互作用（CO₂ 550 μmol ·mol^-1,O₃ 80 nmol·mol^-1）对春小麦不同发育时期生物量、总酚量、黄酮含量及成熟期产量性状的影响.结果表明：CO₂浓度增加条件下,春小麦生物量和产量性状都显著高于OTC对照（P<0.05）;而O₃浓度升高条件下,小麦生物量降低,株高、穗长、穗粒质量及千粒重也显著低于对照;CO₂和O₃交互作用下各项指标处于二者之间.说明CO₂可以缓解O₃对小麦的负效应,而O₃对CO₂的正效应具有削弱作用,但二者的作用并非简单的叠加.CO₂、O₃浓度增加及其交互作用显著增加了春小麦叶片中的总酚含量,其中两者交互作用的效应更大,但在小麦生长后期,总酚含量增加量比对照有所降低.在小麦生长前期,各处理总黄酮含量均低于对照;而在成熟期,各处理都显著高于对照.     

褐飞虱对噻嗪酮抗性的遗传分析

害虫的抗性遗传特性是影响其抗性发展的一个重要因子,也是制订抗性治理对策的重要依据。我们采用稻茎浸渍法测定了褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens (Stal)抗性和敏感亲本、正反交（F₁、F₁₂、F'₂）及回交（BC）后代3龄若虫对噻嗪酮的剂量反应数据,研究了褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性遗传特性。结果表明: 正反交后代的显性度分别为-0.3153（F₁）和-0.376 3（F'₁）,表明抗性遗传为常染色体的不完全隐性;将自交及回交后代的剂量反应数据进行单个主基因假设的卡方(χ²)检验,其卡方值分别为42.11（F₂）、5.44 （F'₂）及93.57（BC）,均大于χ^２0.05= 15.51(df=8),表明其抗性是多基因控制的。还讨论了褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性治理策略。     

百菌清对土壤氧化亚氮和二氧化碳排放的影响

在25 ℃、60%WHC（最大持水量）的好氧条件下进行14 d的培养试验,研究杀菌剂百菌清在添加水平为0 mg·kg^-1（CK）、5.5 mg·kg^-1（田间施用量,FR）及110 mg·kg^-1(20FR)和220 mg·kg^-1（40FR）时对酸性、中性和碱性土壤中N₂O和CO₂排放的影响.结果表明：百菌清对N₂O和CO₂排放的影响取决于土壤类型和施用浓度.与对照相比,百菌清在20FR和40FR时显著抑制了酸性土壤N₂O的产生与排放;3种施用量均显著促进了中性土壤N₂O的排放,其中FR水平的促进效果最显著;高浓度（20FR和40FR）的百菌清在培养初期抑制了碱性土壤N₂O的排放,而在培养后期显著促进了N₂O的排放.田间用量的百菌清对土壤CO₂排放量没有明显影响;高浓度（20FR和40FR）时显著促进了酸性土壤CO₂的排放,显著抑制了中性和碱性土壤CO₂的排放.     

不同磷水平下外生菌根真菌对铅的耐性反应

采用液体离体培养的方法,研究了不同磷和铅水平对3个外生菌根真菌生物量、ZC₁菌丝含磷量和含铅量的影响.结果表明,不同水平的磷和铅胁迫下,菌种ZC₁和ZC₂的生物量显著高于菌种GV(Gomphidius viscidus);低磷时（0.16 mmol·L^-1）,3个菌种的生物量随着铅浓度的增加都受到了抑制,在较高的磷水平下(0.81和2.42 mmol·L^-1),铅浓度的增加显著的抑制了菌种GV的生物量,但对菌种ZC₁和ZC₂的生物量没有显著抑制.GV的菌丝含铅量在各处理水平下都显著高于ZC₁和ZC₂.同一铅水平下,GV的菌丝含磷量在低磷时高于ZC₁和ZC₂,在较高磷浓度时却低于ZC₁和ZC₂;铅浓度的增加降低了菌种ZC₂和GV的菌丝含磷量,但菌种ZC₁的菌丝含磷量没有受到显著的抑制.与无污染地采集的菌种GV相比,污染地采集的菌种ZC₁和ZC₂表现出快速生长、低铅积累以及高磷吸收的特点,显示出较高的抗环境胁迫能力.     

湿地植物小叶章对外源氮输入的响应

选取三江平原典型沼泽湿地植物小叶章为对象,通过野外控制试验（2004—2007年）,研究了4个不同氮素输入水平［0（对照,CK）、6（N₆）、12（N₁₂）和24（N₂₄） g·m^-2·a^-1］对小叶章叶片形态、叶绿素和生物量累积等的影响.结果表明：不同氮处理间小叶章叶长和叶宽未出现显著差异,比叶面积在N₁₂处理时最小［（149.54±18.27） cm²·g^-1］,即此氮处理水平下叶片的厚度最大.叶片的叶绿素含量均呈单峰型变化,峰前,随着氮输入量的增大而增大,且N₁₂和N₂₄处理下峰值出现的时间早于N₆和CK处理;峰后,N₂₄处理下叶绿素含量迅速降低,N₆处理则降低缓慢,说明适量的氮输入延缓了叶片衰老.连续的高氮（N₂₄）输入使小叶章的生长发育有所提前,在成熟后叶片出现早衰现象.2005和2007年生长季末,小叶章地上部分生物量均随着外源氮输入量的增加而增大,但是经过4年 (2007年) 连续高氮（N₂₄）处理的小叶章地上部分生物量较输入2年 (2005年) 时降低了53.72％.     

A/DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的生态安全调控

以A/DAT-IAT工艺出水的常规指标和生态毒性指标为考察对象,对A/DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的运行周期（T）、外回流比（R₁）、内回流比（R₂）和混合液污泥浓度（MLSS）4个控制参数进行了3个水平的正交试验.结果表明：混合液污泥浓度（MLSS）是4个控制参数中对考察对象影响最大的因素;去除常规指标的最优运行条件为运行周期3 h,外回流比20%,内回流比150%,MLSS 5000 mg·L^-1;去除生态毒性指标的最优运行条件为运行周期3 h,外回流比20%,内回流比150%,MLSS 3000 mg·L^-1.分析表明,造成去除两类指标的最优运行条件不同的主要原因可能是污水中存在具有一定生态毒性的难生物降解有机物和经水解酸化后毒性增强的有机物.本试验研究为该工艺今后的生态安全调控改进提供了参考方向.建议投加絮凝剂,同时适当选择运行控制参数,以共同提高对常规指标和生态毒性指标的去除效果.     

嫁接对低温弱光下甜椒幼苗光合作用的影响

以‘卫士’和‘部野丁’为砧木,以‘赤峰特选’为接穂进行嫁接,在光照培养箱内对甜椒自根苗和嫁接苗进行低温(8 ℃/ 5℃)弱光(100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)处理,处理7 d后在正常条件（25 ℃/18 ℃,PFD 550～600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）下恢复3 d,研究低温弱光下甜椒嫁接苗和自根苗气体交换参数、羧化效率和荧光参数等的变化.结果表明：低温弱光胁迫3 d时,甜椒幼苗叶片的光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和羧化效率（CE）均下降50%以上,之后P_n、G_s趋于平稳,CE持续下降;胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）呈先下降后上升趋势.低温弱光下,甜椒幼苗的暗下最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光下实际光化学效率（Ф_PSⅡ）及电子传递速率（ETR）显著降低,初始荧光(F_o)有所升高,表明其光合机构受到一定伤害,但处理结束3 d后基本恢复.与自根苗相比,嫁接苗在各处理阶段的P_n、G_s、CE、Ф_PSⅡ、F_v/F_m和ETR都有不同程度的提高,F_o明显降低.可见,嫁接可显著提高甜椒幼苗的光合功能,减轻低温弱光对其光合作用的影响.     

在高CO2浓度下生长的小麦对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

通过室内饲养实验研究了在高CO₂浓度（738.8±25.7μL/L）中生长的小麦对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)生长发育,繁殖以及营养效应的影响。结果表明： （1）取食高CO₂浓度大气中生长的麦粒的棉铃虫对食料的取食量和粪便排泄量增加,与对照相比,取食量和粪便排泄量分别增加46.3%（P<0.05）和37.8%;（2）大气CO₂浓度增加影响了麦粒中的营养成分的含量,其中,可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、葡萄糖和总糖的含量及碳氮比(C∶N)都显著增加,果糖和粗蛋白的含量都显著降低;（3）大气 CO₂浓度升高所导致的麦粒营养成分的变化影响了棉铃虫幼虫的食物利用效率,与对照组相比,棉铃虫幼虫对食物的毛转化率和净转化率分别降低27.2%和25.4%,对食物的相对取食率则显著提高58.8%（P < 00.1）。据此推测,未来高CO₂浓度的大气环境会降低春小麦的营养价值,从而影响棉铃虫的生长发育,加重其对小麦的危害。     

大气二氧化碳浓度变化对禾谷缢管蚜种群动态的影响

利用开顶式熏气室研究了大气CO₂浓度和土壤水分对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (L.)种群动态的影响,并分析了禾谷缢管蚜密度与被处理小麦叶片化学成分的关系。结果表明：（1）禾谷缢管蚜种群密度随CO₂浓度升高而持续增大并与土壤水分密切相关,各CO₂浓度下均以60%田间持水量时的密度最大;（2）CO₂和土壤水分对小麦叶片化学成分有明显的影响,麦叶水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量随CO₂浓度和土壤水分含量上升而增加,纤维素含量随CO₂浓度上升而增加、随土壤水分含量上升而降低,单宁、丁布（DIMBOA）含量在CO₂浓度为550 μl/L时最高,但单宁含量随土壤水分上升而增加,丁布含量在60%田间持水量时最低;（3）禾谷缢管蚜密度与叶片水分、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉含量呈正相关,与丁布、单宁含量呈负相关。结论：在未来的气候条件下,随着CO₂浓度升高禾谷缢管蚜种群可能会持续增长,这种增长在半干旱区更加突出。禾谷缢管蚜种群增长的原因之一是大气CO₂和土壤水分条件改变了植物的化学成分构成。     

跨越生境的资源补贴对生态系统的影响研究进展

跨越不同生态系统之间的物质、能量和营养元素流动,即资源补贴,是生态系统的基本属性,也是生态学研究的基本问题之一.常见的资源补贴包括落入水体的树叶凋落物和陆地昆虫、水生昆虫成虫、从海洋生殖洄游的鲑鱼等,这些外源性的资源补贴对接收生态系统的生物个体、种群、群落、生物多样性和生态系统功能都有影响,包括促进个体生长、增加物种丰度和多样性、改变群落结构、增加生态系统的生产力、改变食物链长度及影响食物网、影响生态系统的稳定性等.随着未来人类活动对环境扰动的增加,尤其在土地利用、气候变化、生物入侵方面,对跨越生态系统资源补贴的时空动态影响将加剧,因而生态系统将面临更加严峻的威胁.鉴于此,未来在该领域的基础研究应着重开展以下几方面研究:单一和多重环境胁迫对资源补贴和生态系统的影响;动态资源补贴在生态系统修复及管理中的应用;关注与污染物相关的资源补贴的负面影响;加强跨越生境资源补贴在热带和亚热带以及在我国的生态学基础研究.     

大气CO2浓度增加对昆虫的影响

大气CO2浓度增加已经受到国内外的极大关注.CO2浓度升高不但影响植物的生长发育,而且还改变植物体内的化学成分的组成与含量,从而间接地影响到植食性昆虫,并进而通过食物链影响到以之为食的天敌.根据国内外研究进展,结合多年的研究,系统介绍了CO2浓度变化对植物-昆虫系统影响的研究方法,论述了CO2浓度变化对植食性昆虫、天敌的作用规律及作用机理,探讨了CO2浓度变化对植物-植食性昆虫系统影响的特征,分析了未来研究发展的趋势及其存在的问题.     

Insect-plant interactions on a planet of weeds

Two conflicting views confront ecologists and evolutionary biologists on the degree of symmetry in interactions between plants and phytophagous insects. The symmetrical view holds that insects and plants have strong effects on one another's evolutionary and ecological dynamics. Thus, herbivores are regarded as a major influence on plant distribution and abundance in contemporary ecosystems, and coevolution is commonly invoked to explain adaptive radiation in plants and insects, host specialization in insects, as well as much of the morphological and chemical variety observed in plants. The asymmetrical view acknowledges that plants have major effects on insects, but claims that insects seldom impose significant effects on plants. Proponents of the asymmetric view tend to ignore or discount insect-plant interactions in communities and ecosystems altered by human impacts. If we recognize the scope and scale of human impacts, and ways in which these impacts change insect-plant interactions, then our views about symmetry or asymmetry in insect-plant interactions will change. To understand, predict, and manage insect herbivory we need to study it in all its manifestations. In particular, the study of interactions involving alien species is both an urgent priority for environmental management and potentially a source of ecological insights on the role of herbivores in plant population and community dynamics. A complete theory of insect/host plant interactions must explain and predict interactions both within and beyond the native range. Such a theory might guide efforts to deal with environmental problems stemming from rapid rates of extinction and homogenization of the world's biota.     

地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例

地震是人类面临的主要自然灾难之一,其对于自然生态系统也有着巨大的影响。地震往往会导致生态系统发生退化,尤其自身比较脆弱的山地生态系统。以5．12汶川大地震为例,系统总结了山区地震的基本特点,综述了地震对于典型山地生态系统、生物多样性、山地景观以及区域生态安伞的影响。地震对于山地生态系统可能会产生直接的影响（损毁动植物、破坏栖息地、改变水文过程）,也可能产生间接的影响（污染环境、改变动植物习性、影响生物化学循环）。无论是直接还是间接影响,都是以地震对山地生态系统地形地貌的改变为主导。山区由于地震而引发的次生灾害对于山地生态系统的影响也非常显著。建议应该加强有关地震对山地生态系统影响方面的研究,并指出了围绕此次5．12汶川大地震,应该重点开展的几个研究方向。     

Aliens in caves: the global dimension of biological invasions in subterranean ecosystems

Alien species are a significant threat to natural ecosystems and human economies. Despite global efforts to address this challenge, the documented number of alien species is rapidly increasing worldwide. However, the magnitude of the impact of alien species may vary significantly across habitats. For example, some habitats are naturally less prone to biological invasions due to stringent abiotic and biotic characteristics, selecting for a limited number of introduced species possessing traits closely related to the native organisms. Subterranean ecosystems are quintessential examples of habitats with strong environmental filters (e.g. lack of light and scarcity of food), driving convergent adaptations in species that have successfully adapted to life in darkness. Despite these stringent environmental constraints, the number of records of alien species in subterranean ecosystems has increased in recent decades, but the relevant literature remains largely fragmented and mostly anecdotal. Therefore, even though caves are generally considered very fragile ecosystems, their susceptibility to impacts by alien species remains untested other than for some very specific cases. We provide the first systematic literature survey to synthesise available knowledge on alien species in subterranean ecosystems globally. This review is supported by a database summarising the available literature, aiming to identify gaps in the distribution and spread of alien invertebrate species in subterranean habitats, and laying the foundations for future management practices and interventions. First, we quantitatively assessed the current knowledge of alien species in subterranean ecosystems to shed light on broader questions about taxonomic biases, geographical patterns, modes of dispersal, pathways for introductions and potential impacts. Secondly, we collected species-specific traits for each recorded alien species and tested whether subterranean habitats act as ecological filters for their establishment, favouring organisms with pre-adaptive traits suitable for subterranean life. We found information on the presence of 246 subterranean alien species belonging to 18 different classes. The dominant alien species were invertebrates, especially insects and arachnids. Most species were reported in terrestrial subterranean habitats from all continents except Antarctica. Palaearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions represented the main source of alien species. The main routes of introductions into the recipient country are linked to commercial activities (84.3% of cases for which there was information available). Negative impacts have been documented for a small number of case studies (22.7%), mostly related to increased competition with native species. For a limited number of case studies (6.1%), management strategies were reported but the effectiveness of these interventions has rarely been quantified. Accordingly, information on costs is very limited. Approximately half of the species in our database can be considered established in subterranean habitats. According to our results, the presence of suitable traits grants access to the stringent environmental filter posed by subterranean environments, facilitating establishment in the new habitat. We recommend that future studies deepen the understanding of invasiveness into subterranean habitats, raising public and scientific community awareness of preserving these fragile ecosystems.     

全球变化对海洋生态系统初级生产关键过程的影响

工业革命以来, 不断加剧的人类活动所引起的大气CO₂浓度增加、温度上升等全球变化问题, 正使得海洋生态系统面临着前所未有的压力。该文通过文献计量的方法分析了国内外的研究现状, 简要地回顾了全球变化对海洋生态系统影响研究的发展简史, 并聚焦海洋暖化、海洋酸化和富营养化与缺氧这三个核心研究方向, 重点阐述了它们对海洋生态系统初级生产的关键过程的影响, 总结了已取得的重要进展以及存在的主要问题, 最后提出前沿展望。     

Chemical defenses: from compounds to communities

Marine natural products play critical roles in the chemical defense of many marine organisms and in some cases can influence the community structure of entire ecosystems. Although many marine natural products have been studied for biomedical activity, yielding important information about their biochemical effects and mechanisms of action, much less is known about ecological functions. The way in which marine consumers perceive chemical defenses can influence their health and survival and determine whether some natural products persist through a food chain. This article focuses on selected marine natural products, including okadaic acid, brevetoxins, lyngbyatoxin A, caulerpenyne, bryostatins, and isocyano terpenes, and examines their biosynthesis (sometimes by symbiotic microorganisms), mechanisms of action, and biological and ecological activity. We selected these compounds because their impacts on marine organisms and communities are some of the best-studied among marine natural products. We discuss the effects of these compounds on consumer behavior and physiology, with an emphasis on neuroecology. In addition to mediating a variety of trophic interactions, these compounds may be responsible for community-scale ecological impacts of chemically defended organisms, such as shifts in benthic and pelagic community composition. Our examples include harmful algal blooms; the invasion of the Mediterranean by Caulerpa taxifolia; overgrowth of coral reefs by chemically rich macroalgae and cyanobacteria; and invertebrate chemical defenses, including the role of microbial symbionts in compound production.     

Little evidence of a road‐effect zone for nocturnal,flying insects

Roads and traffic may be contributing to global declines of insect populations. The ecological effects of roads often extend far into the surrounding habitat, over a distance known as the road‐effect zone. The quality of habitat in the road‐effect zone is generally degraded (e.g., due to edge effects, noise, light, and chemical pollution) and can be reflected in species presence, abundance, or demographic parameters. Road‐effect zones have been quantified for some vertebrate species but are yet to be quantified for insects. Investigating the road‐effect zone for insects will provide a better understanding of how roads impact ecosystems, which is particularly important given the role insects play as pollinators, predators, and prey for other species. We quantified the road‐effect zone for nocturnal flying insects along three major freeways in agricultural landscapes in southeast Australia. We collected insects using light traps at six points along 2‐km transects perpendicular to each highway (n = 17). We sorted the samples into order, and dried and weighed each order to obtain a measure of dry biomass. Using regression models within a Bayesian framework of inference, we estimated the change in biomass of each order with distance from the road, while accounting for environmental variables such as temperature, moon phase, and vegetation structure. The biomass of nine of the ten orders sampled did not change with distance from the freeway. Orthoptera (i.e., grasshoppers and crickets) was the only order whose biomass increased with distance from the freeway. From our findings, we suggest that the impacts of roads on insects are unlikely extending into the surrounding landscape over a distance of 2 km. Therefore, if there are impacts of roads on insects, these are more likely to be concentrated at the road itself, or on finer taxonomic scales such as family or genus level.     

Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities

Management of marine ecosystems requires spatial information on current impacts. In several marine regions, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, legal mandates and agreements to implement ecosystem-based management and spatial plans provide new opportunities to balance uses and protection of marine ecosystems. Analyses of the intensity and distribution of cumulative impacts of human activities directly connected to the ecological goals of these policy efforts are critically needed. Quantification and mapping of the cumulative impact of 22 drivers to 17 marine ecosystems reveals that 20% of the entire basin and 60–99% of the territorial waters of EU member states are heavily impacted, with high human impact occurring in all ecoregions and territorial waters. Less than 1% of these regions are relatively unaffected. This high impact results from multiple drivers, rather than one individual use or stressor, with climatic drivers (increasing temperature and UV, and acidification), demersal fishing, ship traffic, and, in coastal areas, pollution from land accounting for a majority of cumulative impacts. These results show that coordinated management of key areas and activities could significantly improve the condition of these marine ecosystems.     

Anthropogenic effects on the biota: towards a new system of principles and criteria for analysis of ecological hazards.

The currently accepted system of criteria for evaluating environmental and ecological hazards of man-made chemicals (pollutants) is vulnerable to criticism. In this paper, a new concept of the system of approaches towards criteria for evaluating the ecological hazard from man-made impact is proposed. It is suggested to assess the man-made impacts (including effects of pollutants and xenobiotics) on the biota according to the following four levels of disturbance in biological and ecological systems: (1) the level of individual responses; (2) the level of aggregated responses of groups of organisms; (3) the level of stability and integrity of the ecosystem; (4) the level of contributions of the ecosystem to biospheric processes. On the basis of the author's experimental studies, an example is given of how to apply the proposed approach and the system of criteria to the analysis of concrete experimental data. To exemplify the efficiency of the proposed approach, it is shown how to use it to analyze new data on effects of a synthetic surfactant on water filtering by bivalves. It is concluded that the proposed approach will be helpful in better assessing environmental and ecological hazards from anthropogenic effects on biota, including effects of man-made chemicals polluting ecosystems.