生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究进展

生物多样性和生态系统稳定性之间的关系是生态学的热门话题。围绕这一主题,文章回顾了其研究历史及学术界的不同观点,阐述了目前在理论和实验领域的主要工作结果、研究进展和存在问题。理论方面,由于生物多样性和生态系统稳定性的概念是复杂而多层面的,导致二者之间的关系仍然是复杂多样的。实验方面,已有实验仅仅强调了少数几种类型的多样性和稳定性,对多样性—稳定性关系的揭示有限。在生物多样性和生态系统功能的研究中,重要的不只是结论,还应包括其中所隐含的机制。未来的主要挑战是搞清生物多样性动态、生态系统过程和无机因子如何相互作用。     

再论生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性

本文在简述生物多样性与生态系统稳定性研究动态的基础上,从生物多样性和稳定性的概念出发,指出忽视多样性和稳定性的生物组织层次可能是造成观点纷争的根源之一。特定生物组织层次的稳定性可能更多地与该层次的多样性特征相关,探讨多样性和稳定性的关系应从不同的生物组织层次上进行,抗动是生态系统多样性与稳定性关系悖论中的重要因子,如果根据扰动的性质,把生态系统（或其他组织层次）区分为受非正常外力干扰和受环境因子时间异质性波动干扰2类系统,稳定性的4个内涵可以理解为：对于受非正常外力干扰的系统而言,抵抗力和恢复力是稳定性适宜的测度指标;对于受环境因子时间异质性波动干扰和系统而言。利用持久性和变异性衡量系统的稳定性则更具实际意义。结合对群落和种群层次多样性与稳定性相关机制的初步讨论,本文认为;在特定的前提下,多样性可以导致稳定性。     

生物多样性的生态系统功能

本文从以下几个方面综述了生物多样性对生态系统功能和作用的影响：第一,几个关于物种在生态系统中的不同地位和生物多样性如何影响生态系统功能的假说;第二,生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性;第三,生物多样性如何影响生态系统的生产力;第四,生物多样性对生态系统可持续性的影响。此外还提出了几个需要继续探讨和关注的问题。     

生物多样性的生态系统功能

本文从以下几个方面综述了生物多样性对生态系统功能和作用的影响 :第一 ,几个关于物种在生态系统中的不同地位和生物多样性如何影响生态系统功能的假说 ;第二 ,生物多样性与生态系统的稳定性 ;第三 ,生物多样性如何影响生态系统的生产力 ;第四 ,生物多样性对生态系统可持续性的影响。此外还提出了几个需要继续探讨和关注的问题     

植物遗传多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究进展

全球变化和人类活动导致物种生境的萎缩, 造成很多植物种群数量缩减, 遗传多样性快速丧失。对于物种多样性低的生态系统, 优势种的遗传多样性可能比物种多样性对生态系统功能产生更大的影响。因此, 了解遗传多样性和生态系统功能的关系(GD-EF)及其机制对生物多样性保护、应对环境变化和生态修复具有指导意义。该文综述了植物遗传多样性对生态系统结构(高营养级生物群落结构)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、养分循环和稳定性)的影响及机制、功能多样性对GD-EF的影响、遗传多样性效应和物种多样性效应的比较, 以及GD-EF在生态修复等实际应用的研究进展。最后指出当前研究的不足之处, 以期为后续研究提供参考: 1)还需深入研究GD-EF机制; 2)未评估遗传多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响; 3)不同遗传多样性测度对生态系统功能的影响不明确; 4)缺少长期的和多空间尺度结合的GD-EF实验; 5)遗传多样性效应相对于其他因子的作用不清楚。     

陆地生态系统服务与生物多样性研究进展

在生物多样性迅速消失的压力下,人类面临生态系统服务质量严重下降的威胁。为了使生态系统的重要功能更直观的展现在人们面前,许多学者把生态系统服务对人类的惠益进行整理分类,最有影响力的是千年生态系统评估(MA,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)把生态系统服务分为供给、调节、文化和支持服务四类,服务的核心是生态系统的产品、过程和格局。生态系统服务的识别与分类是生态系统功能的对象化过程,也是以人类需求来审视生态系统的过程。生态系统通过结构-过程-功能这一途径来实现生态系统服务,各种服务的直接动力来源于自然界生物地球化学循环,生物多样性通过生态系统属性和过程来影响生态系统服务形成和维持。生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高、越稳定。全球变化中的土地利用和土地覆盖变化是生物多样性快速下降的主要原因,也是目前影响生态系统服务最广泛、最剧烈的驱动力,而这正是人类活动造成的,人类需求和生态系统有限的服务能力之间在不同尺度表现出严重冲突。要提高生态系统服务质量,要在不同区域进行重点不同的布局,尽可能的扩大生态系统规模和提高生态系统功能,核心是提高生物多样性水平。     

生物多样性与生态系统功能关系研究进展

生物多样性和生态系统功能关系的研究,是生态学和环境学的一个中心论题。围绕这一主题,首先介绍了生物多样性及生态系统功能的含义;其次,一方面历史地回顾了生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究,另一方面结合近20年间的研究及实验,分别从多样性与生产力、多样性与稳定性、多样性与生态系统可持续性3个方面系统地阐述了二者关系研究的主要论点;最后,对其今后面临的挑战及发展趋势进行了展望。     

草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响

草原灌丛化现象在干旱半干旱区广泛发生,影响了生态系统的结构、过程和功能。生态系统具有同时提供多种功能的能力,即生态系统多功能性。灌丛化是否会引起草原生态系统多功能性的减少,其内在的作用机制又是什么？这些问题仍有待明晰。理解草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响,对于促进草原地区\"草-畜-人\"平衡和实现区域可持续发展至关重要。从响应规律、影响路径和控制因素三个方面总结评述了草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性影响的研究进展,主要包括:(1)阐明了单一生态系统功能和多种生态系统功能对草原灌丛化的响应特征;(2)从生物路径、非生物路径以及气候变化和人类活动的影响方面探讨了灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响路径;(3)从灌丛化物种、灌丛化阶段和草原类型三个方面明晰了草原灌丛化对生态系统多功能性影响的控制因素。在此基础上,针对灌丛化对生态系统多功能性的影响机制,对生产-生态功能权衡的影响等方面对未来研究进行了展望,并面向可持续发展目标探讨了灌丛化生态系统的可持续管理路径。研究可为我国灌丛化草原的恢复和管理提供支撑。     

中国井冈山生态系统多样性

从不同尺度对井冈山生态系统进行了研究分析,并论述生态系统与生物物种多样性的关系,为井冈山生态环境保护与管理提供依据。研究发现,井冈山拥有IUCN/SSC一级生境类型9个,几乎涵盖了除海洋以外的所有生境类型,反映出井冈山生境类型非常丰富。井冈山一级生境中的面积最大的森林是井冈山自然生态系统类型及植被类型的重要基础;灌丛、草地及水域等次要的生境类型,提高了生态系统类型的复杂性和复合性。井冈山的一级生境类型是其生态系统分类的宏观基础,生境类型的丰富程度与生态系统类型的多样性密切相关。根据起源、地貌、生境和属性,以及结构和功能对井冈山生态系统类型进行逐级划分。调查发现,井冈山生态系统类型共有53类,其中自然生态系统21类(包括类型多样的森林生态系统、草地生态系统、静水生态系统等),人工生态系统14类(包括类型多样的人工湿地生态系统、人工林生态系统、农业自然复合生态系统等),复合生态系统18类(包括类型多样的人工复合生态系统、半自然复合生态系统等)。将生态系统只分到四级水平,四级以下还有丰富的生态系统类型。井冈山植物群落可分14个植被型,90个群系,180个群丛。与周围遗产地相比,井冈山的群系数量最多,与面积更大的三清山和武夷山相比,井冈山植被群系数量接近它们的3倍,表现出极其丰富的植被多样性。井冈山物种极其丰富,维管束植物和两栖动物最多,其昆虫数量仅次于武夷山,鸟类数量仅次于丹霞山。井冈山植物物种数最高。虽然井冈山总体空间(分布面积)有限,但这种分化出的丰富的生态位空间使井冈山在有限面积的植被上容纳更多的生物物种成为可能。     

生态系统服务形成机制研究进展

近年来,生态系统服务的形成及其机制已成为生态学的研究热点之一.在2005年举行的千年生态系统评估之后,生态系统服务的衍生研究,如生态系统服务分类、评估、权衡与协同、传递和生态系统服务流等也迅速增加,使生态系统服务的研究步入崭新阶段.为更好地了解生态系统服务并加深对其的研究,及时梳理生态系统服务的形成机制很有必要,然而目前对这方面的研究仍未形成一个恰当的研究范式.本文在查阅大量中、英文文献的基础上,主要总结了近10余年与生态系统服务形成机制相关的研究;并从“内因”和“外因”两个方面出发,重点对生物多样性及人类参与活动在生态系统服务形成过程中所起到的作用进行分析和梳理,并提出了研究展望.     

城市景观三维扩展及其大气环境效应综述

当前,中国正处于快速城镇化阶段,在城市边界迅速扩展同时,城市内部改造使建筑高度也不断增加,从而使得城市与周边生态环境的相互作用影响变得更为复杂。在三维空间上研究格局变化与过程关系对于城市生态安全持续和健康发展具有重要意义。本文综述了景观生态格局研究在三维空间上的进展和城市大气环境效应;总结了不同尺度上大气数值模式在城市下垫面大气模拟中的应用,以及城市景观组分和三维格局演变对局地气候和大气污染的影响;分析了当前城市景观三维格局研究和城市大气数值模式应用中存在的不足。三维格局定量分析及其环境效应是未来城市景观生态学研究新的方向,包括构建综合反映景观格局与大气环境关系的格局指数,建立融合城市景观格局演变动力机制和大气环境因子于一体的多尺度模型,以及加强城市三维景观格局优化研究。     

Potential functional redundancy and resource facilitation between tadpoles and insect grazers in tropical headwater streams

1. We quantified production and consumption of stream‐dwelling tadpoles and insect grazers in a headwater stream in the Panamanian uplands for 2 years to assess their effects on basal resources and energy fluxes. At the onset of our study, this region had healthy, diverse amphibian populations, but a catastrophic disease‐driven decline began in September 2004, which greatly reduced amphibian populations. 2. Insect grazer production was 348 mg ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) m^?2 year^?1 during the first year of the study and increased slightly to 402 mg AFDM m^?2 year^?1 during the second year. 3. Prior to amphibian declines, resource consumption by grazers (tadpoles and insects) was estimated at 2.9 g AFDM m^?2 year^?1 of algal primary production, which was nearly twice the estimated amount available. Insect grazers alone accounted for c. 81% of total primary consumption. During the initial stages of the declines, consumption remained at c. 2.9 g AFDM m^?2 year^?1, but only 35% of the available resource was being consumed and insect grazers accounted for c. 94% of total consumption. 4. Production and resource consumption of some insect grazers increased during the second year, as tadpoles declined, indicating a potential for functional redundancy in this system. However, other insect grazer taxa declined or did not respond to tadpole losses, suggesting a potential for facilitation between tadpoles and some insects; differential responses among taxa resulted in the lack of a response by insect grazers as a whole. 5. Our results suggest that before massive population declines, tadpoles exerted strong top‐down control on algal production and interacted in a variety of ways with other primary consumers. 6. As amphibian populations continue to decline around the globe, changes in the structure and function of freshwater habitats should be expected. Although our study was focused on tropical headwater streams, our results suggest that these losses of consumer diversity could influence other aquatic systems as well and may even reach to adjacent terrestrial environments.     

Disconnect of microbial structure and function: enzyme activities and bacterial communities in nascent stream corridors

A fundamental issue in microbial and general ecology is the question to what extent environmental conditions dictate the structure of communities and the linkages with functional properties of ecosystems (that is, ecosystem function). We approached this question by taking advantage of environmental gradients established in soil and sediments of small stream corridors in a recently created, early successional catchment. Specifically, we determined spatial and temporal patterns of bacterial community structure and their linkages with potential microbial enzyme activities along the hydrological flow paths of the catchment. Soil and sediments were sampled in a total of 15 sites on four occasions spread throughout a year. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to characterize bacterial communities, and substrate analogs linked to fluorescent molecules served to track 10 different enzymes as specific measures of ecosystem function. Potential enzyme activities varied little among sites, despite contrasting environmental conditions, especially in terms of water availability. Temporal changes, in contrast, were pronounced and remarkably variable among the enzymes tested. This suggests much greater importance of temporal dynamics than spatial heterogeneity in affecting specific ecosystem functions. Most strikingly, bacterial community structure revealed neither temporal nor spatial patterns. The resulting disconnect between bacterial community structure and potential enzyme activities indicates high functional redundancy within microbial communities even in the physically and biologically simplified stream corridors of early successional landscapes.     

基于植物多样性的生态系统恢复动力学原理

生态系统恢复动力学是生态学的重要问题.本研究利用岛屿生物地理学、植物群落演替、生物多样性维持机制及生态系统功能等有关理论,推导了生态系统恢复动力学模型,并用半湿润常绿阔叶林次生演替阶段数据作了初步验证.基于动力学模型讨论了动力学原理.结果表明,生态系统恢复的动力学过程决定于生态系统恢复力F1、干扰力F2和环境阻力F3的综合作用.植物多样性恢复速度的变率与植物种丰富度呈反比,与生态系统恢复总动力F呈正比.生态系统恢复力F1和环境阻力F3是初始物种丰富度s0、特定地理区域资源环境状况的函数.干扰力是干扰强度系数b和物种丰富度s的函数.当生态系统存在有害干扰的条件下,物种丰富度不能达到生态系统最高物种丰富度sm.动力学模型显示,初始物种丰富度s0越小,生态系统恢复过程越具有逻辑斯蒂性.建立了生态系统恢复力、环境阻力和干扰力的计算模型和植物多样性、干扰对生态系统恢复的作用模型.生态系统恢复动力模型显示,植物多样性能增加生态系统恢复力,促进生态系统稳定性.     

Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed meadows

1. We studied the community and food-web structure of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows and at increasing distances within intensively managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to test if declining species diversity correlates with declining interaction diversity and changes in food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species richness and abundance of three functional groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level and natural enemies as the higher trophic level, were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent intensively managed meadows. Diversity and abundance of specific trophic interactions also declined from restored to intensively managed meadows. 3. The proportion of attacked brood cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to natural enemies were significantly higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. Bee abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of bees declined with increasing distance from restored meadows. These findings indicate that interaction diversity declines more rapidly than species diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative measures of food-web structure (linkage density, interaction diversity, interaction evenness and compartment diversity) were higher in restored than in intensively managed meadows. This was reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey species per consumer species (degree of generalism) in restored than in intensively managed meadows. 5. The higher insect species and interaction diversity was related to higher plant species richness in restored than in intensively managed meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the theoretical prediction that decreasing species richness at lower trophic levels should reduce species richness at higher trophic levels, and in addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction diversity at these higher levels. Species at higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively more than species at lower trophic levels from habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compartment diversity and lower interaction evenness in restored than in intensively managed meadows, both of which are theoretically positively associated with increased ecosystem stability in restored meadows.     

生物多样性与生态系统功能:进展与争论

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系已成为当前人类社会面临的一个重大科学问题,生物多样性的空前丧失,促使人们开展了大量研究工作来描述物种多样性-生态系统功能关系,并试图揭示多样性与系统功能关系的内在机制,本文将多样性对生态系统功能作用机制的有关假说分为统计学与生物学两大类：前者是从统计学角度来解释观察到的多样性-系统功能模式,包括抽样效应,统计均衡效应等;而后者是基于多样性的生物学效应给出的,包括生态位互补,种间正相互作用,保险效应等,本文较为详细地介绍了该领域内有代表性的实验工作,包括“生态箱”实验,Cedar Creek草地多样性实验,微宇宙实验,欧洲草地实验,以及在这些实验结果解释上的激烈争论。