海洋碳循环研究进展

海洋碳循环是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,是影响全球变化的关键控制环节。海洋作为一个巨大的碳库,具有吸收和贮存大气CO2的能力,影响着大气CO2的收支平衡,研究碳在海洋中的转移和归宿,对于预测未来大气中CO2含量乃至全球气候变化具有重要意义。综述了海洋CO2通量,海水中碳的迁移和海洋沉积物及河口通量的研究状况,介绍了生物泵作用,碳循环模型的发展以及分析方法的最新发展等,并展望了海洋碳循环研究的未来发展趋势。     

木质素在海洋中的生物转化及其对海洋碳循环的影响

微型生物参与的海洋碳汇是海洋重要的储碳途径,可调节全球气候变化。木质素是地球上第二大光合而成的碳库,其在海洋中的生物地球化学过程与海洋碳循环密切相关。异养微生物所主导的代谢活动是木质素生物转化的主要途径。近年来,迅速发展的高通量测序技术与传统微生物技术相结合,在探索自然生境中木质素代谢菌群,发现木质素代谢新物种,挖掘相关功能基因等方面已取得一系列成果。然而绝大多数的研究主要集中于陆地生态系统,对于海洋生态系统的研究仍较少。陆源有机碳在海洋中的转化过程仍是一个"谜",故解析海洋木质素碳转化是海洋碳循环研究的重要任务。本文综述了参与海洋木质素转化的功能微生物、木质素代谢机理以及微生物碳代谢活动与海洋碳汇过程的内在联系,为今后的研究提供参考。     

海洋微型生物储碳过程与机制概论

在全球气候环境演变的背景下,认识海洋微型生物对碳循环的贡献,需要了解其过程和机制.最近提出的“微型生物碳泵”理论阐释了海洋储碳的一个新机制:微型生物活动把溶解有机碳从活性向惰性转化,从而构成了海洋储碳.这个过程当中,自养与异养细菌、病毒、原生动物等具有不同生理特性微型生物类群扮演着不同的生态角色,本文将围绕微型生物碳泵主线分别论述之.     

颗石藻类群及其生态功能介绍

颗石藻(coccolithophore)是一类在全球海洋中广泛分布的海洋微型浮游植物, 它们在海洋浮游植物功能群落中是一类极其重要的钙化生物类群, 也是海洋中生源无机碳的重要来源, 并且在海洋的碳循环过程中起到重要的作用。颗石藻由于快速增殖而发生水华的过程中能够释放大量的具有挥发性的二甲基硫(DMS)和丙烯酸(acrylic acid), 它们是影响气候变化, 特别是引起区域性环境效应(温室效应)的关键性物质。     

长江流域水环境碳循环研究进展

碳循环是地球系统中最重要的物质循环之一，对全球气候变化和人类生存发展具有根本性的意义。河流中的碳物质常常反映了流域气候与环境的变化，是全球碳循环的关键组成部分。长江流域是我国最大的流域，广泛分布碳酸盐岩，具有巨大的生态系统固碳潜力。由于长江流域的自然环境变化的复杂性，我们对全球变化背景下长江流域水环境碳循环的认识还十分有限。本文对长江流域水环境碳物质的时空分布与来源以及流域岩石风化碳汇等资料进行了回顾和梳理，发现有机碳的来源和分布主要受人类活动的影响，而无机碳主要来源于长江流域岩石的化学风化，同时岩石风化具有巨大的碳汇潜力。在全球变化影响下，这些碳物质发生迁移转化，可能引发新的生态环境问题，这对预测未来的环境变化具有重要意义，也为长江流域碳循环研究提供了基础。     

铁施肥促进海洋浮游植物和生物碳泵的不确定性

铁作为浮游植物所必需的微量元素,限制了全球超过三分之一海域的初级生产力,尤其是在高营养盐、低叶绿素海域(high nutrient low chlorophyll,HNLC)。长期以来海洋铁施肥被认为是一项可以降低大气二氧化碳含量的地球工程策略。然而通过13次海洋人工铁施肥(artificial ocean iron fertilization,aOIF)实验发现,铁的额外添加对海洋深层碳输出量的促进作用要显著低于预期。本文简要地总结了碳在海洋和大气中的循环过程,回顾了人工铁施肥实验对生物碳泵和碳通量等的影响,分析了从海洋铁施肥到海洋碳汇关键生物地球化学过程的影响因素。综上分析发现,科学界对生物碳泵过程及其调控机制的认识仍十分浅薄,考虑到海洋铁施肥还会对海洋生态系统带来一定的负面作用,铁施肥能否作为降低大气中CO₂的有效手段,以达到碳中和并缓解温室效应仍需进一步研究。     

植物功能性状与湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能

湿地生态系统碳平衡对气候变化极为敏感,是陆地生态系统碳循环响应全球变化的重要环节。然而,湿地生态系统碳汇调节机制仍不十分清楚,并且对影响因子的研究多集中在非生物因子上。综述了植物功能性状和功能性状多样性对湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能的影响,阐明了生物因子对生态系统碳循环响应全球变化的重要性,介绍了植物功能性状对生态系统碳输入和输出过程的影响,简述了植物功能性状多样性的研究现状及其在指示生态系统碳汇功能现状和预测未来趋势等方面的应用。从优势植物、植物种间关系和植物-微生物种间关系3方面总结了植物功能性状多样性直接和间接影响生态系统碳循环的途径。展望了植物功能性状和功能性状多样性与湿地生态系统土壤碳汇功能的研究前景。     

土壤CO2及岩溶碳循环影响因素综述

全球碳循环已成为全球气候变化的核心问题之一,岩溶作用对大气CO2浓度的调节以及其与土壤CO2的密切关系也受到了国内外普遍关注。岩溶作用消耗土壤CO2对大气碳库起到了重要的减源作用,对土壤CO2进行研究将有利于进一步揭示岩溶碳循环过程。因此从气候条件、土壤理化性质、土地利用类型等方面综述了土壤CO2的影响因素以及其对岩溶碳循环的影响,并提出其它酸参与到岩溶碳循环中将会减弱岩溶碳汇效应。由于各个因素之间往往相互联系,共同影响土壤CO2和岩溶碳循环,在研究岩溶碳汇时,需以地球系统科学和岩溶动力系统理论为指导,综合考虑大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈中各种因素的影响。     

海洋生态系统固碳能力估算方法研究进展

气候变化受到全球关注,大气中CO2含量与气候变化息息相关。海洋是地球上最大的活跃碳库,在气候变化中扮演着举足轻重的作用。定量估算海洋中碳元素的吸收、转移、埋藏速率在全球碳循环及全球气候变化研究中有重要意义。目前,海洋固碳能力估算研究包括:利用海-气界面CO2分压差法估算海洋海-气界面CO2交换通量,根据海水中叶绿素含量建立的生态学数理模型法估算真光层浮游生物的初级生产力,234Th—238U不平衡法估算POC输出通量,210Pb定年法估算有机碳沉积通量。但迄今为止的研究工作尚有一定局限性,碳在大气—海水—沉积物3种介质间交换通量间相互影响的研究较少,海洋中碳垂直传输过程的主要影响因素和关键控制因子尚不明确,在海洋生态系统固碳能力估算方法方面国内外还没有统一的规范和标准。为进一步完善海洋生态系统固碳能力的估算方法,今后的工作应注重海洋固碳整套观测技术、分析和估算方法研究,并建立海洋碳汇估算指标体系、指标标准体系、以及评价标准体系,为我国的碳"减排"、"增汇"国家需求提供技术支持。     

水生生态系统的碳循环及对大气CO2的汇

水生生态系统,特别是海洋无疑是大气CO2的一个巨大的汇.海洋对大气CO2的汇以及大气圈和海洋之间碳的变换量在很大程度上取决于混合层碳酸盐化学、水中溶解碳的平流传输、CO2通过空气--海水界面的扩散、海洋生物生产和所产生的有机碳化合物的沉降等,现在已建立和发展了多种海洋碳子模型以对CO2的汇进行估测.根据国内外研究资料,综述了水生生态系统碳循环过程及"生物泵”作用机制等方面的研究进展;介绍了两大类主要的海洋碳子模型厢式模型和普通环流模型,采用这些模型对海洋碳汇的估算约为1.2～2.4GtC/a;分析了湖泊、河流等对大气CO2汇的特点及向海洋的转移,并对影响水体生态系统碳循环和大气CO2汇的因素进行了讨论.     

陆地和淡水生态系统新型微生物氮循环研究进展

氮生物地球化学循环是地球物质循环的重要枢纽,是决定陆地生态系统生产力水平、水资源安全、温室气体生成排放的关键过程。氮循环是由微生物介导的一系列复杂过程,不同形态、价态氮化合物的转化分别由相应的功能微生物驱动完成。随着厌氧氨氧化、完全氨氧化等新型氮转化过程的相继报道和发现更新了人们对氮循环的认识。本文综述了陆地和淡水生态系统中厌氧氨氧化(anammox)、硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)、完全氨氧化(comammox)等新型氮循环过程的发生机制、热区分布及环境效应,并总结了这三种氮循环的相互关系。     

滨海盐沼湿地蓝色碳汇功能、形成机制及其增汇潜力

盐沼湿地具有很高的碳捕获与存储能力, 是缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇(蓝碳)。未来气候变暖和海平面上升可能增加盐沼湿地的固碳能力, 其蓝碳功能越来越受到国际社会的重视。该文重点围绕盐沼湿地蓝碳形成的关键过程、光合碳分配过程及影响机制、碳沉积埋藏特征及其来源解析、盐沼湿地土壤碳库稳定性及其微生物机制、盐沼湿地蓝碳过程动态模拟及其增汇潜力等5个方面进行综述。在此基础上, 针对当前研究的不足, 提出今后的研究中需要进一步探究盐沼湿地植被海陆梯度分布格局对碳吸收能力和碳分配的影响, 土壤有机碳沉积和埋藏速率及其对全球变化的响应, 盐沼湿地土壤碳库的稳定性及其横向碳流动, 气候变化和海平面上升背景下盐沼湿地蓝碳模拟与增汇潜力评估, 以及盐沼湿地蓝碳的增汇技术和途径。以期为深入理解盐沼湿地蓝碳形成过程与机制, 预测全球变化背景下盐沼湿地蓝碳功能的潜在变化趋势和制定蓝碳增汇途径提供理论支持, 助力碳达峰、碳中和目标实现。     

北方泥炭地氮素有效性的变化及其对碳汇功能的影响

北方泥炭地是典型的氮限制性生态系统,对全球气候变化及人类活动响应敏感。气候变暖导致内源有效氮增加以及人类活动引起的大量外源氮输入,改变了北方泥炭地氮素有效性,对泥炭地碳氮循环过程及碳汇功能产生了深远影响。本文综述了北方泥炭地碳积累速率和碳汇功能的影响因素,分析了氮沉降、冻融、火烧等因素对北方泥炭地氮素有效性的影响,分别从碳固定和碳排放过程阐述了植物及土壤微生物对氮素有效性变化的响应,并对全球变化影响下泥炭生态系统碳汇功能相关研究进行了展望,以期助力“双碳”目标的实施。     

Trends in tuna carbon isotopes suggest global changes in pelagic phytoplankton communities

Considerable uncertainty remains over how increasing atmospheric CO₂ and anthropogenic climate changes are affecting open‐ocean marine ecosystems from phytoplankton to top predators. Biological time series data are thus urgently needed for the world's oceans. Here, we use the carbon stable isotope composition of tuna to provide a first insight into the existence of global trends in complex ecosystem dynamics and changes in the oceanic carbon cycle. From 2000 to 2015, considerable declines in δ¹³C values of 0.8‰–2.5‰ were observed across three tuna species sampled globally, with more substantial changes in the Pacific Ocean compared to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Tuna recorded not only the Suess effect, that is, fossil fuel‐derived and isotopically light carbon being incorporated into marine ecosystems, but also recorded profound changes at the base of marine food webs. We suggest a global shift in phytoplankton community structure, for example, a reduction in ¹³C‐rich phytoplankton such as diatoms, and/or a change in phytoplankton physiology during this period, although this does not rule out other concomitant changes at higher levels in the food webs. Our study establishes tuna δ¹³C values as a candidate essential ocean variable to assess complex ecosystem responses to climate change at regional to global scales and over decadal timescales. Finally, this time series will be invaluable in calibrating and validating global earth system models to project changes in marine biota.     

Environmental change and the carbon balance of Amazonian forests

Extreme climatic events and land‐use change are known to influence strongly the current carbon cycle of Amazonia, and have the potential to cause significant global climate impacts. This review intends to evaluate the effects of both climate and anthropogenic perturbations on the carbon balance of the Brazilian Amazon and to understand how they interact with each other. By analysing the outputs of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4) model ensemble, we demonstrate that Amazonian temperatures and water stress are both likely to increase over the 21st Century. Curbing deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by 62% in 2010 relative to the 1990s mean decreased the Brazilian Amazon's deforestation contribution to global land use carbon emissions from 17% in the 1990s and early 2000s to 9% by 2010. Carbon sources in Amazonia are likely to be dominated by climatic impacts allied with forest fires (48.3% relative contribution) during extreme droughts. The current net carbon sink (net biome productivity, NBP) of +0.16 (ranging from +0.11 to +0.21) Pg C year^?1 in the Brazilian Amazon, equivalent to 13.3% of global carbon emissions from land‐use change for 2008, can be negated or reversed during drought years [NBP = ?0.06 (?0.31 to +0.01) Pg C year^?1]. Therefore, reducing forest fires, in addition to reducing deforestation, would be an important measure for minimizing future emissions. Conversely, doubling the current area of secondary forests and avoiding additional removal of primary forests would help the Amazonian gross forest sink to offset approximately 42% of global land‐use change emissions. We conclude that a few strategic environmental policy measures are likely to strengthen the Amazonian net carbon sink with global implications. Moreover, these actions could increase the resilience of the net carbon sink to future increases in drought frequency.     

黄河流域国土空间碳中和度研究——以内蒙古段为例

基于全球气候治理背景以及黄河流域在我国生态文明建设中的重要地位,以黄河流域内蒙古段为例,通过情景分析法,建立改进的IPAT模型和集成生态圈模拟器IBIS,预测不同情景下2018-2060年研究区碳排放变化趋势和达峰情况,并结合对碳汇水平的模拟分析2060年碳中和实现进程。结果显示①在基准情景、节能情景、低碳情景和粗放情景下,黄河流域内蒙古段将分别于2040年、2035年、2030年和2050年实现碳达峰,峰值碳排放量分别为12209万t、11213万t、9784万t和17635万t;②在IPCC RCP2.6和RCP6.0气候变化情景下,黄河流域内蒙古段的陆地生态系统整体分别呈现出碳汇和碳源的不同效应,净初级生产力分别为1533万t和-506万t;③综合能源消费碳排放和碳汇水平,在RCP2.6气候情景下,若碳排放选取基准、节能、低碳和粗放情景,则2060年黄河流域内蒙古段分别可实现碳中和进程的18.42%、22.37%、34.46%和9.90%;在RCP6.0气候情景下,由于研究区陆地生态系统呈现出碳源效应,因此难以对碳中和进程的推进做出贡献。可见,对于黄河流域内蒙古段而言,需要科学制订碳达峰、碳中和目标实现时间,未来要更进一步保护重要碳汇生态系统,提升固碳增汇能力;调整能源消费结构,增加可再生能源发展规划指标;构建碳排放权交易市场,促进碳指标流动;制定土地利用碳排放标准,优化国土空间格局。     

Oceanic sinks for atmospheric CO2

There is approximately 50 times more inorganic carbon in the global ocean than in the atmosphere. On time scales of decades to millions of years, the interaction between these two geophysical fluids determines atmospheric CO₂ levels. During glacial periods, for example, the ocean serves as the major sink for atmospheric CO₂, while during glacial–interglacial transitions, it is a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The mechanisms responsible for determining the sign of the net exchange of CO₂ between the ocean and the atmosphere remain unresolved. There is evidence that during glacial periods, phytoplankton primary productivity increased, leading to an enhanced sedimentation of particulate organic carbon into the ocean interior. The stimulation of primary production in glacial episodes can be correlated with increased inputs of nutrients limiting productivity, especially aeolian iron. Iron directly enhances primary production in high nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) regions of the ocean, of which the Southern Ocean is the most important. This trace element can also enhance nitrogen fixation, and thereby indirectly stimulate primary production throughout the low nutrient regions of the central ocean basins. While the export flux of organic carbon to the ocean interior was enhanced during glacial periods, this process does not fully account for the sequestration of atmospheric CO₂. Heterotrophic oxidation of the newly formed organic carbon, forming weak acids, would have hydrolyzed CaCO₃ in the sediments, increasing thereby oceanic alkalinity which, in turn, would have promoted the drawdown of atmospheric CO₂. This latter mechanism is consistent with the stable carbon isotope pattern derived from air trapped in ice cores. The oceans have also played a major role as a sink for up to 30% of the anthropogenic CO₂ produced during the industrial revolution. In large part this is due to CO₂ solution in the surface ocean; however, some, poorly quantified fraction is a result of increased new production due to anthropogenic inputs of combined N, P and Fe. Based on ‘circulation as usual’, models predict that future anthropogenic CO₂ inputs to the atmosphere will, in part, continue to be sequestered in the ocean. Human intervention (large-scale Fe fertilization; direct CO₂ burial in the deep ocean) could increase carbon sequestration in the oceans, but could also result in unpredicted environmental perturbations. Changes in the oceanic thermohaline circulation as a result of global climate change would greatly alter the predictions of C sequestration that are possible on a ‘circulation as usual’ basis.     

Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models

The possible responses of ecosystem processes to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change are illustrated using six dynamic global vegetation models that explicitly represent the interactions of ecosystem carbon and water exchanges with vegetation dynamics. The models are driven by the IPCC IS92a scenario of rising CO₂ ( Wigley et al. 1991 ), and by climate changes resulting from effective CO₂ concentrations corresponding to IS92a, simulated by the coupled ocean atmosphere model HadCM2‐SUL. Simulations with changing CO₂ alone show a widely distributed terrestrial carbon sink of 1.4–3.8 Pg C y^?1 during the 1990s, rising to 3.7–8.6 Pg C y^?1 a century later. Simulations including climate change show a reduced sink both today (0.6–3.0 Pg C y^?1) and a century later (0.3–6.6 Pg C y^?1) as a result of the impacts of climate change on NEP of tropical and southern hemisphere ecosystems. In all models, the rate of increase of NEP begins to level off around 2030 as a consequence of the ‘diminishing return’ of physiological CO₂ effects at high CO₂ concentrations. Four out of the six models show a further, climate‐induced decline in NEP resulting from increased heterotrophic respiration and declining tropical NPP after 2050. Changes in vegetation structure influence the magnitude and spatial pattern of the carbon sink and, in combination with changing climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown that these changes, once set in motion, would continue to evolve for at least a century even if atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate could be instantaneously stabilized. The results should be considered illustrative in the sense that the choice of CO₂ concentration scenario was arbitrary and only one climate model scenario was used. However, the results serve to indicate a range of possible biospheric responses to CO₂ and climate change. They reveal major uncertainties about the response of NEP to climate change resulting, primarily, from differences in the way that modelled global NPP responds to a changing climate. The simulations illustrate, however, that the magnitude of possible biospheric influences on the carbon balance requires that this factor is taken into account for future scenarios of atmospheric CO₂ and climate change.