游动放线菌属的一个新种

游动放线菌Y80—610菌株在所采用的合成及有机培养基内产生紫色基内菌丝体,它与游动放线菌属的所有已知种有显著区别,认为是个新种,定名为紫色游动放线菌(Actinoplanesviolaceus n．Sp．)     

游动放线菌属和小瓶菌属的新种

从昆明地区采集的土壤样品中分离到Y79 21及Y79-15两株放线菌。Y79-21菌株无气生菌丝体,在基内菌丝体顶端形成球形或椭圆形孢囊,孢囊孢于能游动,细胞壁组份II型,属于游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes Couch,1950)[1],但与该属的已知种不同,定为新种,命名为云南游动放线菌(Acunoplanes yunnanensts n. sp.)。     

假橐吾内生菌分离及其拮抗菌的筛选与鉴定

从菊科植物假橐吾(Ligulariopsis shichuana Y.L.Chen)中分离得到110株内生真菌和26株内生放线菌,依照形态培养特征对菌株进行初步分类鉴定,采用琼脂块法进行拮抗菌株筛选,并对拮抗性最好的2株内生放线菌进行分子鉴定.结果表明:(1)经初步鉴定,将分离到的假橐吾内生真菌合并为86种,分为10个属,其中交链孢霉属和丝核菌属占优势(分别为41.9%和16.3%);内生放线菌分为3个属,其中链霉菌属占优势(92.3%).(2)抗菌活性试验表明,有31株内生真菌分别对细菌、植物病原真菌具有显著抑制作用,全部内生放线菌对靶标菌有抗性,其中菌株wz57和wz01拮抗性最强.(3)根据16S rDNA序列比对结果,菌株wz57和wz01与链霉菌属(Streptomyces griseoplanus)相似性最高,分别达到99.3%和99.5%,初步归为Streptomyces griseoplanus.     

黄海海域沉积物和庐山土壤样品中放线菌的分离、活性及生物多样性研究

本研究采用均匀实验设计优化预处理条件来分离黄海海泥和庐山土壤样品中的放线菌。通过均匀实验得到最优的预处理条件为湿热50℃处理20 min,不进行超声处理以及添加苯酚。经过形态排重后,从海泥和庐山样品中分离得到86株和11株不同表型的放线菌。通过进一步的分子生物学鉴定,海泥中的86株放线菌分别属于3个不同的属,而庐山样品的11株分别属于4个不同的属。对这97株放线菌进行抗菌实验发现,18.5%的菌株对大肠杆菌有抑菌活性,7.2%的菌株对枯草芽孢杆菌有抑菌活性,但对酿酒酵母都无抑菌活性。     

抗生素Y4132产生菌的鉴定

自云南省永平县的土壤中分离出一株放线菌Y4132。其细胞壁组份中含有内消旋二氨基庚二酸,全细胞水解物含有马杜拉糖。孢子链单轴着生,卷曲威面包圈形或致密的线团形的假孢囊,也有的为螺旋形。其形态、培养特征和生理生化特性与洋红马杜拉放线菌基本相同,但又有差别,认为是一新变种,定名为洋红马杜拉放线菌云南变种(Acunomadura carmtnata var. yunnanensis nov. var.)。该菌株产生一种红色的蒽环类抗生素(Y4132)。     

放线菌目中的一个新属

自我国云南省热带植物园的土壤中,分离到一株好气中温放线菌Y388。该菌株气丝蓝灰色,粉状,形成直形或柔曲气生孢子丝,孢子卵圆或短杆状,表面光滑或略粗糙。基丝深灰至黑棕,分隔井有断裂和自溶。产生淡紫色至青灰色可溶性色素。细胞壁为“型+赖氨酸,全细胞水解液含半乳糖。DNA中G+c含量为69 54克分子％。根据该菌株的形态和细胞壁化学组分与现有放线菌目中已知属的不同,因此成立新属——异壁放线菌属Actinoalloteichusgen．N．。典型种为蓝灰色异壁放线菌Actinoalloterichus cyanogriseus n. sp.。典型菌株为Y388。     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

河南黄河湿地放线菌多样性及植物病害生防放线菌的筛选

【目的】探究河南黄河湿地放线菌多样性,筛选对植物病原菌有拮抗活性的放线菌菌株。【方法】基于Illumina HiSeq技术的高通量测序分析了河南黄河湿地放线菌物种多样性及其分布特点;利用8种分离培养基对采集自三门峡黄河湿地、郑州黄河湿地和开封黄河湿地21份土壤样品中的放线菌进行了分离纯化,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对分离株进行了初步的分类鉴定和系统学研究;以7种植物病原菌为靶标筛选有拮抗活性的分离株,并对活性菌株进行了聚酮合酶、非核糖体多肽合成酶和安莎类化合物等基因筛查。【结果】高通量测序结果表明,河南黄河湿地放线菌物种多样性丰富,且不同湿地区域以及同一湿地不同生境间放线菌多样性存在显著差异,放线菌优势属物种依次为Nocardioides、Streptomyces、CL500-29 marine group、Fodinicola、Mycobacterium和Micromonospora,此外,还具有大量的未知类群;通过分离培养共获得了261株纯培养菌株,分布于放线菌门中的7个目9个科9个属,包含97个可能的已知物种和8个潜在新物种,对植物病原菌有拮抗活性的放线菌86株,其中74株中至少含有一种活性代谢物质合成相关基因。【结论】河南黄河湿地放线菌物种多样性丰富,具有发掘新物种和新型植物病害生防资源的潜力。     

粗糙脉孢菌前纤维蛋白Y86和R88位点突变抑制菌丝生长

微丝骨架在真菌的生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用,而动力学特性是其实现功能的关键．前纤维蛋白（profilin）是肌动蛋白动态组装的主要调控因子,对其功能研究有助于阐明微丝骨架在真菌生长发育中的机制．本文以丝状真菌模式生物粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)为材料,利用定点突变技术和同源重组技术,分别将前纤维蛋白上肌动蛋白结合位点86位酪氨酸（Y86）和88位精氨酸（R88）进行了单突变和双突变,获得了Y86R、R88E和Y86RR86E前纤维蛋白点突变株．进一步利用平板培养和竞争性生长管培养对点突变株的表型进行分析后发现,与野生型相比,3个前纤维蛋白点突变株的菌丝生长均明显减慢．这些结果表明,前纤维蛋白与肌动蛋白的相互作用对于N. crassa的生长和发育至关重要．     

云南高原湖泊放线菌区系及资源的研究

1983—1987年从云南高原的滇池等12个湖泊采集底泥和水样,用不同方法从中分离了放线菌,同时筛选了产生纤维蛋白溶酶等的菌株,结果如下： 1．放线菌的数量和组成与湖泊的理化特性有关。 2．在12个湖泊的底泥样品中,小单孢菌占有明显优势。这是湖泊放线菌区系的一个显著特点。 3．杞麓湖、异龙湖、大屯海的放线菌总数达2991—3542x 103／g干土。 4．从这些湖泊分离到马牡拉放线菌,小多孢菌,小四孢菌,糖单孢菌,糖多孢菌。这在有关淡水湖泊放线菌的研究中还未报道过。还发现了以下新种：暗绿小单孢菌,云南糖单孢菌,黄玫瑰小四孢菌,程海马杜拉放线菌,绿黄马杜拉放线菌。 5．放线菌在湖内甲壳素、纤维素及某些有毒物质的降解中起显著的作用。 6．湖生放线菌是各种有用产品(如纤维蛋白溶酶等)的一个来源。     

Eight new species of the genus Micromonospora, Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov. Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov

A previous phylogenetic study on type strains of the genus Micromonospora and Micromonospora species bearing non-validly published names has pointed towards the species status of several of latter strains. Subsequent studies on morphological, cultural, chemotaxonomic, metabolic, and genomic properties, and on whole cell mass spectrometric analyses by matrix adsorbed laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) confirmed the species status, leading to the proposal of eight new Micromonospora species: Micromonospora citrea sp. nov., type strain DSM 43903T, Micromonospora echinaurantiaca sp. nov., type strain DSM 43904T, Micromonospora echinofusca sp. nov., type strain DSM 43913T, Micromonospora fulviviridis sp. nov., type strain DSM 43906T, Micromonospora inyonensis sp. nov., type strain DSM 46123T, Micromonospora peucetia sp. nov., type strain DSM 43363T, Micromonospora sagamiensis sp. nov., type strain DSM 43912T and Micromonospora viridifaciens sp. nov., type strain DSM 43909T.     

Improved processes for the production and isolation of dynemicin A and large-scale fermentation in a 10000-liter fermentor

Summary Supplementing the culture ofMicromonospora chersina sp. nov. No. M956-1 with NaI (0.5 mg/l) enhanced the production of dynemicin A by 35-fold in shake flask culture. Homogeneous dynemicin A was obtained from the whole broth extract by Dicalite chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and vacuum liquid chromatography. Gram quantities of dynemicin A were obtained from the fermentation ofM. chersina sp. nov. No. M956-1 in a 10000-liter fermentor.     

链霉菌质粒pSET152电转化稀有放线菌小单孢菌的研究

利用链霉菌(Streptomyces)噬菌体ΦC31所构建的整合型载体pSET152作为供体质粒,分别以小单孢菌(Micromonospora)40027菌株的萌发孢子和新鲜菌丝体作为受体菌,在不同的电场强度下进行电转化实验,结果表明:以小单孢菌40027菌株萌发孢子为受体菌,未获得电转化子;以小单孢菌40027菌株新鲜菌丝体为受体菌,获得了电转化子。电场强度为13kV/cm时可获得最高转化效率。Southern杂交结果表明:质粒pSET152可通过菌丝体电转化法导入小单孢菌40027菌株,并整合到小单孢菌40027菌株的染色体上,暗示链霉菌噬菌体ΦC31的整合酶基因和整合位点在异源宿主小单孢菌40027菌株中仍具有相同的功能。质粒稳定性检测实验表明:质粒pSET152可稳定地存在于小单孢菌40027菌株中。     

雷公藤植物内生Micromonospora sp. M66生产的一组吲哚生物碱

【目的】研究稀有放线菌——雷公藤内生小单孢菌(Micromonospora sp.M66)的次级代谢产物,为微生物药物或农用生物制剂开发提供结构多样的化合物资源。【方法】利用薄层层析、正(反)相硅胶柱层析、凝胶层析、液相色谱等技术对M66菌株中次级代谢产物进行分离纯化,利用波谱技术对化合物进行结构鉴定。【结果】最终分离纯化了7个单体化合物,结合质谱与核磁技术对这7个化合物进行了结构解析和鉴定,它们属于一组吲哚生物碱。化合物2是重要的植物生长调节剂,化合物3对淋巴细胞性白血病细胞P388、枯草芽孢杆菌和酿酒酵母的增殖有抑制作用,化合物6对金黄色葡萄球菌有很好的抑制作用。【结论】化合物3-7首次从小单胞菌中鉴定出来,表明该小单孢菌具有较强的利用吲哚或色氨酸合成次级代谢产物的能力和挖掘生物碱类药物的潜力。     

小单孢菌40027菌株噬菌体的分离及其生物学特性的研究

以福堤霉素A产生菌──小单孢菌40027菌株为指示菌,从土壤中分离得到三株噬菌体:ΦHAU7、ΦHAU9和ΦHAU11。三株噬菌体的寄主专一性较强,在测试的15株放线菌菌株中,三株噬菌体能感染小单孢菌40027菌株和A-M-01菌株,ΦHAU9和ΦHAU11还能感染蔷薇小单孢菌(Micromonospora purprea)。三株噬菌体都是由多面体的头部和尾部组成;形成噬菌斑时培养基中适宜的Ca2 、Mg2 浓度分别为32mM和30mM;ΦHAU7在储存液中适宜的pH范围为6~12,而其它两株噬菌体的适宜的pH范围为6~10;在储存过程中三株噬菌体适宜的温度范围为28~37℃,经60℃保温30min后,除ΦHAU7仍有53%活力之外,其它两株噬菌体全部失活。限制性内切酶酶切结果表明:三株噬菌体基因组DNA均为双链DNA;基因组大小分别约为60kb、58kb和55kb。高压脉冲电泳结果揭示:三株噬菌体基因组DNA均具有粘性末端。     

大连地区海泥样品中分离的两株小单胞菌的研究

从大连不同地区的海泥样品中分离了2株具有广谱抗菌活性的小单胞菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果显示,2株小单胞菌均与Micromonospora aurantiaca DSM43813具有99%的相似性,但是这2株小单胞菌的培养特征和生理生化特性具有明显的差别。2株小单胞菌均在20℃下生长良好,而且能耐受6%的NaCl。这是有抗菌活性的Micromonospora aurantiaca菌株首次在我国大连地区海泥样品中得到分离。2株小单胞菌具有较好的抗菌活性,尤其是对白色假丝酵母和铜绿假单胞杆菌的活性,显示了进一步开发与应用的价值。     

Two new species of the genus Micromonospora: Micromonospora chokoriensis sp. nov. and Micromonospora coxensis sp. nov., isolated from sandy soil

Two actinomycete strains, 2-19(6)(T) and 2-30-b(28)(T), which produced single, non-motile noduler to warty spore surfaces, were isolated from sandy soil in Chokoria, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic position of these strains. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of these strains coincided with those of the genus Micromonospora. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences indicated that these strains should be classified in the genus Micromonospora. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain 2-19(6)(T )showed closest similarity to the type strains of M. mirobrigensis (98.9%) and M. carbonacea (98.8%), and the strain 2-30-b(28)(T) to the type strains of M. purpureochromogenes (99.4%), M. halophytica (99.3%) and M. aurantiaca (99.2%). Furthermore, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some differential physiological and biochemical properties indicated that these strains were distinguished from the phylogenetically closest relatives. These strains therefore represent two novel species, for which the name Micromonospora chokoriensis sp. nov. and Micromonospora coxensis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are 2-19(6)(T) (=JCM 13247(T) =MTCC 8535(T)) and 2-30-b(28)(T) (=JCM 13248(T)=MTCC 8093(T)).     

海洋动植物共附生微生物的分离和抗菌活性研究

从海参、海胆、海葵、海兔、石莼、羊栖菜、裙带菜分离得到125种共附生海洋微生物,以6种敏感菌为指示菌,从中获得具有抑菌活性的细菌21株,放线菌8株,真菌2株。21株抑菌海洋细菌中芽孢杆菌属为7株,占33．3％,弧菌属为11种,占52．2％,其余3株为假单孢杆菌属,占14．5％。8株抑菌海洋放线菌中链霉菌属为5株,占62．5％,小单孢菌属为3株,占36．5％。2株抑菌海洋真菌均为青霉属。     

A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Catellatospora based on 16S ribosomal DNA sequences, including transfer of Catellatospora matsumotoense to the genus Micromonospora as Micromonospora matsumotoense comb. nov.

Phylogenetic studies based on the 16S ribosomal gene sequences showed that members of the genus Catellatospora revealed phylogenetic heterogeneity within the family Micromonosporaceae as well as a heterogeneous menaquinone composition. Among them, Catellatospora matsumotoense was closely related to members of the genus Micromonospora, indicating that this organism should be excluded from the genus Catellatospora. On the basis of classical taxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic evidence, Catellatospora matsumotoense is proposed to be transferred to the genus Micromonospora as M. matsumotoense comb. nov.     

MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEN POLAR AND NEAR‐POLAR STRAINS WITHIN THE OSCILLATORIALES (CYANOBACTERIA)1

An approximately 1400‐bp region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced for 10 polar or near‐polar strains putatively placed in the Oscillatorialean genera Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Lyngbya obtained from the University of Toronto Culture Collection to assess phylogenetic relationships. The strains were also examined for thylakoid structure and cell division type with TEM as well as traditional morphology with LM. Phylogenetic trees constructed using parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood methods were similar in topology. If the original epithets applied to the sequenced strains (both polar and those from GenBank) were used, it was clear that taxa were not monophyletic. However, using the revised taxonomic system of Anagnostidis and Komárek, we were able to reassign these strains to their current correct taxa (species, genus, and family). When these assignments were made, it was determined that the molecular sequence data analyses were congruent with morphology and ultrastructure. Nine of the polar strains were found to be new species, and eight were described as such: Arthronema gygaxiana Casamatta et Johansen sp. nov., Pseudanabaena tremula Johansen et Casamatta sp. nov., Leptolyngbya angustata Casamatta et Johansen sp. nov., Phormidium lumbricale Johansen et Casamatta sp. nov., Microcoleus glaciei Johansen et Casamatta sp. nov., Microcoleus rushforthii Johansen et Casamatta sp. nov., Microcoleus antarcticus Casamatta et Johansen sp. nov., Microcoleus acremannii Casamatta et Johansen sp. nov. Some genera (Leptolyngbya and Microcoleus) were clearly not monophyletic and require future revision.