不同株龄薰衣草花生物学性状和精油主要化学成分研究

为了解不同株龄薰衣草花生物学性状、精油主要化学成分及含量差异, 以昆明薰衣草CAS08 （Lavandula angustifolia Mill.×Lavandula latifolia Medik.）为试材, 对不同株龄（一年生 、两年生和三年生）薰衣草的花枝、 精油提取率和精油成分变化进行了研究。 结果显示,不同株龄薰衣草的单支花生物学性状差异显著（P 〈0.05）; 薰衣草花精油的提取率在不同株龄间有差异, 分别为一年生熏衣草花精油提取率3.40%、 两年生2.37%和三年生3.60%; 薰衣草CAS08花精油的主要成分有桉叶油醇、芳樟醇、樟脑和红没药醇, 株龄对精油中各化学成分的相对含量有影响。本研究结果可为云南薰衣草产业化发展及持续开发利用提供科学依据。     

云南两个薰衣草品种精油分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取云南两个薰衣草品种(CAS07和CAS08)鲜花及干花精油,然后经GC-MS分析其化学成分,并用峰面积归一法确定其相对含量。结果表明,CAS07鲜、干花的得油率分别为2.2%和2.7%,CAS08鲜、干花的得油率分别为3.3%和3.8%,两个不同品种间的薰衣草精油得油率表现出极显著差异(P0.01),同一品种鲜、干花得油率无显著性差异(P0.05);CAS07薰衣草精油中的主要化合物有:芳樟醇(38.58%~39.16%)、乙酸芳樟酯(21.80%~26.71%)和乙酸薰衣草酯(7.69%~13.15%);CAS08薰衣草精油中的主要化合物有:桉叶油醇(49.70%~49.80%)、樟脑(13.64%~14.26%)、α-红没药醇(6.62%~7.65%)。本研究结果发现鲜花采收后及时加工比干花加工提取精油产量更高,精油品质更好;可为云南薰衣草产业化发展决策提供理论科学依据,并为建设美丽家庭农场及特色生态庄园提供参考与借鉴。     

不同海拔细叶亚菊挥发油成分的比较

采集不同海拔的细叶亚菊地上部分为原料，采用水蒸馏法提取挥发油。用GC-MS对挥发油进行化学成分分析，通过SPSS 22.0统计软件分析共有成分与海拔高度的相关性。不同海拔高度细叶亚菊中挥发油成分差异明显，共有成分5种，分别为樟脑、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、桉叶油素、（-）-4-萜品醇。各海拔挥发油中含量最高的化学物质依次为桉叶油素、樟脑、邻-异丙基苯、樟脑、桉叶油素。各海拔相对含量在5%以上的化合物相同的只有桉叶油素。相关性分析结果显示这5种共有成分的含量与海拔并无显著相关性。海拔高度对挥发油中共有成分含量的变化无规律性影响。     

联用SPME与GC-MS技术分析新鲜、萎蔫、干枯枫杨挥发性成分

运用SPME与GC/MS联用技术从新鲜枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物52种,主要成分是橙花叔醇(15.54%)、吉马烯A(14.22%)、反式子丁香烯(10.19%)、7,8,9,10-四氢化-S-三氮唑(3,4-A)-呔嗪(8.59%)、十六酸(6.22%);萎蔫枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物32种,主要成分是α-红没药烯(17.69%)、橙花叔醇(16.64%)、反式子丁香烯(14.26%)、α-桉叶烯(9.14%);干枯枫杨叶挥发性物质中共检测出化合物31种,主要成分是反式子丁香烯(23.30%)、α-红没药烯(17.75%)、α-桉叶烯(12.69%)、橙花叔醇(8.35%)、杜松烯(7.O%).随着枫杨萎蔫程度的变化,三者含有的化合物组分以及其相对含量都发生变化.本研究是首次报道枫杨的挥发性化学成分分析.     

巨尾桉不同树龄及染虫状态桉叶油的成分分析

为了考察树龄、虫害与巨尾桉叶油成分的相互关系,更好的开发桉树资源,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同树龄(4~6年生)巨尾桉叶油,用GC-MS法对巨尾桉叶油主要化学成分进行鉴定,分析不同树龄和染虫状态的桉叶油成分变化规律。结果表明,随着树龄增加,桉叶油总量逐年增加;生长年限不同,桉叶油中物质的组成及相对含量存在差异。主要成分相对含量变化情况为:桉油醇、乙酸松油酯含量随树龄逐年上升;d-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯相对含量在4到5年达到峰值,5年后开始下降;莰烯、β-蒎烯和α-松油醇逐年下降。被云斑天牛感染的林地,桉油醇、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯呈相对下降趋势,而d-柠檬烯、α-松油醇、乙酸松油酯的含量上升。     

福建省不同产地及不同生育期土荆芥精油化学成分的比较

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),对来源于福建省不同产地(福州新店镇、平潭县城关、连城县城关)以及不同生育期(苗期、生长期、果熟期)土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L. )地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量进行了比较分析.结果表明,福州新店镇、平潭县城关和连城县城关产土荆芥精油的主要化学成分(相对含量0.04%以上)分别有12、11和27种,3个产地的共有成分为11种;福州新店镇产土荆芥精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等,平潭县城关产精油中相对含量排在前3位的成分也为对-聚伞花素(47.25%)、α-松油烯(27.27%)和异驱蛔素(8.82%),连城县城关产精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(36.33%)、2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(20.03%)、α-松油烯(12.71%)和异驱蛔素(3.07%)等.苗期、生长期和果熟期土荆芥精油的主要成分分别有17、12和12种,3个时期的共有成分为10种;苗期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.75%)、异驱蛔素(10.77%)、1-(1,3-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-基)乙酮(8.08%)和2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(7.79%)等;生长期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等;果熟期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(43.65%)、α-松油烯(24.09%)和异驱蛔素(19.12%)等.研究结果显示,产地的地理环境和土荆芥的生育期对福建产土荆芥地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量均有一定的影响.     

香桂叶精油成份的研究

本文报道香桂叶精油化学成份的分离鉴定和含量测定。运用减压分馏、柱层析、薄层色谱、气相色谱和红外光谱等方法分离鉴定了3个单萜烯——α—蒎烯(1.28%)、莰烯(0.17%)和对-聚伞花素(0.14%);5个含氧单萜化台物——1,8-桉叶素(0.85%)、芳樟醇(14.35%)、α-松油醇(0.22%)、黄樟油素(69.70%)和丁香酚(4.20%);2个醛类化合物——壬醛(0.16%)和癸醛(0.40%);2个倍半萜烯——β-丁香烯(0.11%)和β-甜没药烯(0.05%);1个倍半萜含氧化合物——橙花叔醇(0.75%)等13个成份。另外,还测定了不同月份的植物精油主要成份的含量变化。     

不同生长年限巨尾桉叶挥发性成分GC-MS分析

为了分析不同年限巨尾桉叶挥发油的化学成分及生长年限对化学成分组成的影响,采用水蒸气蒸馏法,分别提取2006～2010年种植的巨尾桉叶片中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱质谱联用技术分析鉴定其化学成分。结果表明:不同生长年限的巨尾桉叶片挥发油产量在0.55%～1.35%之间,随生长年限的增加而升高。利用GC-MS共鉴定出63个化合物,占总挥发油的93.00%～97.07%。其中相对含量较高的物质为:1,8-桉叶油素(55.72%～63.47%)、α-松油醇(9.78%～14.15%)、乙酸松油酯(4.96%～7.06%)、α-蒎烯(0.99%～4.31%)、龙脑(2.40%～4.89%)。由于生长年限的不同,挥发油中物质的组成及相对含量均存在差异。     

金叶含笑中芳香精油成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)技术分别分析了水蒸气同步蒸馏法提取的南岭国家保护区内野生金叶含笑叶中的冷凝管顶部选出的易挥发性主要组分和精油主体中的主要成分.鲜叶中精油含量达到0.56%(V/W),其易挥发的主要组分有15种,精油主体中相对含量≥0.10%的主要组分有40种,精油中含量最大的组分是桉叶油醇和桉叶油-4(15),7-二烯-1-β-醇,相对含量分别达到49.70%和13.74%.     

巴山冷杉针叶精油化学成分的研究

应用毛细管气相色谱标准样品叠加法和色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术分析了巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii Franch. )针叶精油的化学成分。从气相色谱分离出的225个色谱峰中,初步鉴定出43个组分,占精油总量的94.15%,主要成分为α-蒎烯(13.25%)、柠檬烯(10.82%)、石竹烯(10.75%)、莰烯(10.40%)、乙酸龙脑酯(6.9%)、γ-杜松烯(6.28%)、α-蛇麻烯(3.97%)、檀烯(3.52%)、芳萜醇(3.02%)、α-依兰油烯(2.76%)、β-甜没药醇(2.56%)及α-橙花叔醇(2.54%)等。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.