一种改进的重组腺病毒载体的包装和克隆纯化方法

目的:重组腺病毒载体是目前使用最多的病毒载体之一。常用的AdEasyTM包装系统在制备条件复制型腺病毒时易混有野生型腺病毒或可复制型腺病毒(RCA),在HEK293细胞中包装出的重组腺病毒必须经过2～3轮噬斑的筛选,费时费力。本实验拟对常规包装方法进行改进。方法:将腺病毒载体质粒转染至HEK293细胞过程中的液体培养基更换为琼脂糖凝胶的混合培养液,因为凝胶形成的阻碍,包装出的病毒不能通过细胞-培养液-细胞的方式进行扩散,只能依靠细胞-细胞的方式来扩展而形成病灶(噬斑);然后随机挑选单个噬斑进行PCR鉴定,筛选出特异的目标病毒。结果:采用常规方法在HEK293细胞中初包装出的腺病毒,同源重组产生的RCA已被检测到。采用改进方法制备的重组腺病毒,能排除背景病毒的干扰,使重组腺病毒载体的包装和克隆纯化一步完成;利用此病毒初步在体外实现了对人肝癌细胞的特异性杀伤。结论:改进的方法是一种高效、简便、快捷地包装并纯化重组溶瘤腺病毒的方法,采用该方法包装的重组溶瘤腺病毒能满足实验的需要。     

Generation of mutant murine cytomegalovirus strains from overlapping cosmid and plasmid clones

We have developed a cosmid and plasmid system to generate mutant strains of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The system is based on a series of seven overlapping cosmid clones that regenerate MCMV when cotransfected into mouse cells. The unaltered cosmids produce MCMV that is indistinguishable from wild-type MCMV based on restriction enzyme digest patterns of virus DNA and growth rates both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of viral DNA from plaque-purified recombinant isolates taken from in vitro and in vivo stocks indicated that regeneration did not introduce novel mutations in the recombinant viral genomes. Isolation of specific genes and subsequent generation of specific mutant MCMVs was accomplished by replacement of cosmids with overlapping plasmid subclones. A new vector, PmeSUB, featuring a multiple cloning site and a stringent origin of replication, was constructed to make large subclones for use with smaller subclones containing the gene of interest. The utility of this system was demonstrated by the generation of two different mutant MCMVs from different combinations of overlapping plasmid subclones of one cosmid. The advantages of this system are that (i) target genes are maintained as small clones making them amenable to standard in vitro mutagenesis manipulations and that (ii) no reporter or selection genes are necessary to identify mutants.     

Common structure of rare replication-deficient E1-positive particles in adenoviral vector batches

The use of the PER.C6 adenovirus packaging cell line in combination with a designated vector plasmid system, whereby the cell line and vector with E1 deleted have no sequence overlap, eliminates the generation of replication-competent adenovirus during vector production. However, we have found cytopathic effect (CPE)-inducing particles in 2 out of more than 40 large-scale manufacturing lots produced in PER.C6 cells. The CPE inducer was detected at a frequency of 1 event in 7.5 x 10(12) vector particles. Despite amplification, it was not readily purified, indicating that the agent itself is replication deficient and requires the parental recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector for replication and packaging. Therefore, we designated the agent as a helper-dependent E1-positive region containing viral particle (HDEP). Here, we report the molecular structure of the HDEP genome, revealing an Ad comprised of E1 sequences derived from PER.C6 cells flanked by inverted terminal repeat, packaging signal, and transgene sequences. These sequences form a palindromic structure devoid of E2, E3, E4, and late genes. Since only 5 bp were shared between E1 sequences in the PER.C6 genome and viral vector sequences, the data strongly suggested that insertion of genomic DNA into an adenoviral genome had occurred essentially via nonhomologous recombination. HDEPs have been found in unrelated virus batches and appear to share a common structure that may explain their mechanism of generation. This finding allowed development of an HDEP assay to screen batches of rAd5 produced on the PER.C6 cell line and resulted in detection of seven HDEP agents from four different transgene-virus vector constructs in separate batches of Ad.     

Production of viral vectors using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange

DNA viruses are often used as vectors for foreign gene expression, but large DNA region from cloned or authentic viral genomes must usually be handled to generate viral vectors. Here, we present a unique system for generating adenoviral vectors by directly substituting a gene of interest in a small transfected plasmid with a replaced gene in a replicating viral genome in Cre-expressing 293 cells using the recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) reaction. In combination with a positive selection of the viral cis-acting packaging signal connected with the gene of interest, the purpose vector was enriched to 97.5 and 99.8% after three and four cycles of infection, respectively. Our results also showed that the mutant loxP V (previously called loxP 2272), a variant target of Cre used in the RMCE reaction, was useful as a non-compatible mutant to wild-type loxP. This method could be useful for generating not only a large number of adenovirus vectors simultaneously, but also other DNA virus vectors including helper-dependent adenovirus vector.     

Generation of Adenovirus Vectors Devoid of All Viral Genes by Recombination between Inverted Repeats

Direct or inverse repeated sequences are important functional features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Considering the unique mechanism, involving single-stranded genomic intermediates, by which adenovirus (Ad) replicates its genome, we investigated whether repetitive homologous sequences inserted into E1-deleted adenoviral vectors would affect replication of viral DNA. In these studies we found that inverted repeats (IRs) inserted into the E1 region could mediate predictable genomic rearrangements, resulting in vector genomes devoid of all viral genes. These genomes (termed DeltaAd.IR) contained only the transgene cassette flanked on both sides by precisely duplicated IRs, Ad packaging signals, and Ad inverted terminal repeat sequences. Generation of DeltaAd.IR genomes could also be achieved by coinfecting two viruses, each providing one inverse homology element. The formation of DeltaAd.IR genomes required Ad DNA replication and appeared to involve recombination between the homologous inverted sequences. The formation of DeltaAd. IR genomes did not depend on the sequence within or adjacent to the inverted repeat elements. The small DeltaAd.IR vector genomes were efficiently packaged into functional Ad particles. All functions for DeltaAd.IR replication and packaging were provided by the full-length genome amplified in the same cell. DeltaAd.IR vectors were produced at a yield of approximately 10(4) particles per cell, which could be separated from virions with full-length genomes based on their lighter buoyant density. DeltaAd.IR vectors infected cultured cells with the same efficiency as first-generation vectors; however, transgene expression was only transient due to the instability of deleted genomes within transduced cells. The finding that IRs present within Ad vector genomes can mediate precise genetic rearrangements has important implications for the development of new vectors for gene therapy approaches.     

A novel method for generating and screening peptides and libraries displayed on adenovirus fiber

Capsid-displayed adenoviral peptide libraries have been a significant, yet unfeasible goal in biotechnology. Three barriers have made this difficult: the large size of the viral genome, the low efficiency of converting plasmid-based genomes into packaged adenovirus and the fact that library amplification is hampered by the ability of two (or more) virus to co-infect one cell. Here, we present a novel vector system, pFex, which is capable of overcoming all three barriers. With pFex, modified fiber genes are recombined into the natural genetic locus of adenovirus through unidirectional Cre–lox recombination. Modified-fiber genes can be directly shuttled into replicating viral genomes in mammalian cells. The ‘acceptor’ vector does not contain the fiber gene, and therefore does not propagate until it has received a ‘donor’ fiber gene. Therefore, This methodology overcomes the low efficiency of transfecting large viral genomes and bypasses the need for transition to functional virus. Thus, with a fiber-shuttle library, one can generate and evaluate large numbers of fiber-modified adenovirus simultaneously. Finally, successful fiber genes can be rescued from virus and recombined back into shuttle plasmids, avoiding the need to propagate mixed viral pools. For proof of principal, we use this new system to screen a capsid-displayed peptide library for retargeted viral infection.     

Reconstitution of an operon from overlapping fragments: use of the lambda SV2 integrative cloning system

We have used the lambda SV2 system [Howard and Gottesman. In Gluzman (Ed.), Eukaryotic Viral Vectors. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1982, pp. 211-216; in Inouye, M. (Ed.) Experimental Manipulations of Gene Expression. Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 137-153] to reconstitute the Salmonella typhimurium his operon from overlapping fragments. lambda SV2 can be propagated as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as a prophage integrated in the Escherichia coli chromosome at the lambda attachment site; our reconstitution was accomplished in the integrated state. We first inserted a portion of the his operon into lambda SV2 and integrated the resulting plasmid by site-specific recombination into the E. coli chromosome. This was achieved by brief induction of a resident prophage. The lysogen was then transformed with DNA from a lambda SV2 clone carrying the remainder of the his operon on an overlapping DNA fragment. The second plasmid was forced to integrate into the first by homologous recombination. When this recombination occurs at the his overlap, a lysogen carrying two lambda SV2 prophages is produced. One prophage carries the entire his operon and the other carries the his overlap region. The latter is removed by site-specific recombination, permitting further contiguous sequences to be sequentially added to the remaining prophage. This method should be applicable for the reconstitution and maintenance of large genes or gene clusters in the E. coli genome.     

Construction of adenoviral vectors

Recombinant adenovirus vectors have proven to be useful tools in facilitating gene transfer. Construction of such vectors requires a knowledge of the adenovirus genome structure and its life cycle. A commonly used recombinant adenovirus involves deletion of the E1 region; such a recombinant is traditionally produced by overlap recombination after contransfection of 293 cells with a plasmid shuttle vector and a large right-end restriction fragment of viral DNA. The shuttle vector contains a cassette for a transgene placed in region E1 and flanking sequences from adenovirus for recombination. Normally, a high background of parental virus results because of the difficulty in separating right-end restriction fragment length DNA from uncut DNA. This paper describes a negative selection based on the traditional cotransfection method using viral DNA from an E1-deleted adenoviral recombinant that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP). In situ fluorescent microscopy is used to distinguish the recombinant plaques (white or nonfluorescent) from the parental virus plaques (green or fluorescent). In addition, this system allows for the detection of contaminating parental virus at later stages when production lots of the recombinant vector are being made.     

cosmid克隆筛选的体内同源重组法——一个含有小鼠t复合体连锁DNA顺序的cosmid克隆的分离

一个从cosmid分子克隆库中筛选特别基因顺序的遗传学方法——体内同源重组(invlvo homologous recombination)法。即使探针DNA与分子克隆库中带有与探针同源顺序的克隆发生体内重组,然后以遗传学方法进行筛选。cosmid分子克隆库构建在rec宿主细胞内,经体内包装(in vivo Packaging)成λ噬菌体颗粒,把该噬菌体颗粒转入带有探针DNA的rec~+细胞内,探针是已被克隆在与cosmid载体没有同源顺序的质粒(如PUC8或PUC9)内的。经过一段时间(1—3小时),待重组发生后,把cosmid进行体内包装。此时探针DNA连同质粒已整合入cosmid基因组内,因此它带有原为两个载体所分别带有的双重抗性——Amp~r(氨苄青霉素,PUC8或PUC9)和Kan~r(卡那霉素,cosmid)。这种双重抗性菌落可在含有这2种抗菌素的培养平皿上选出,该重组cosmid借助于λ切除酶的作用将已被整合的探针质粒重新切除,再经体内包装后,该cosmid被还原并纯化,然后可用一含有Xgal的培皿识别和选出。本文用此法以有关DNA探针从cosmid分子克隆库中分离得到含有与小鼠t复合体连锁的基因组顺序的克隆,并对该克隆作了物理图谱分析。     

Efficient generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli.

Despite recent technical improvements, the construction of recombinant adenovirus vectors remains a time-consuming procedure which requires extensive manipulations of the viral genome in both Escherichia coli and eukaryotic cells. This report describes a novel system based on the cloning and manipulation of the full-length adenovirus genome as a stable plasmid in E. coli, by using the bacterial homologous recombination machinery. The efficiency and flexibility of the method are illustrated by the cloning of the wild-type adenovirus type 5 genome, the insertion of a constitutive promoter upstream from the E3 region, the replacement of the E1 region by an exogenous expression cassette, and the deletion of the E1 region. All recombinant viral DNAS were shown to be fully infectious in permissive cells, and the modified E3 region or the inserted foreign gene was correctly expressed in the infected cells.     

Bacteriophage SPP1 Chu is an alkaline exonuclease in the SynExo family of viral two-component recombinases

Many DNA viruses concatemerize their genomes as a prerequisite to packaging into capsids. Concatemerization arises from either replication or homologous recombination. Replication is already the target of many antiviral drugs, and viral recombinases are an attractive target for drug design, particularly for combination therapy with replication inhibitors, due to their important supporting role in viral growth. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of viral recombination, we and others previously identified a family of viral nucleases that comprise one component of a conserved, two-component viral recombination system. The nuclease component is related to the exonuclease of phage lambda and is common to viruses with linear double-stranded DNA genomes. To test the idea that these viruses have a common strategy for recombination and genome concatemerization, we isolated the previously uncharacterized 34.1 gene from Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1, expressed it in Escherichia coli, purified the protein, and determined its enzymatic properties. Like lambda exonuclease, Chu (the product of 34.1) forms an oligomer, is a processive alkaline exonuclease that digests linear double-stranded DNA in a Mg(2+)-dependent reaction, and shows a preference for 5'-phosphorylated DNA ends. A model for viral recombination, based on the phage lambda Red recombination system, is proposed.     

用大肠杆菌同源重组获得克隆化重组腺病毒基因组

利用大肠杆菌细胞内质粒间同源重组获得克隆化重组腺病毒基因组 DNA,高效构建携带有外源基因的均一重组腺病毒 .将带有狂犬病毒糖蛋白 (GP)基因和加强型 GFP(enhanced GFP,EGFP)表达盒的重组穿梭质粒 p Ad- Track- CMV/ GP与腺病毒骨架载体质粒 p Ad Easy- 1一起同时电击共转化大肠杆菌 BJ51 83.在 BJ51 83细胞内 ,带有同源序列的重组穿梭质粒与骨架载体可进行同源重组 ,得到以质粒形式存在的克隆化重组腺病毒基因组 p Ad- GP’.以 p Ad- GP’为模板 ,经DNA测序确认 GP基因成功整合入此质粒中的腺病毒基因组 E1区外源基因表达盒中 .线形化的p Ad- GP’转染 2 93细胞后可得到基因组结构均一、在 E1区插入有 GP和 EGFP表达盒的重组腺病毒 ,病毒滴度可达 1× 1 0 8pfu/ ml.电镜下此重组病毒颗粒直径约为 70 nm,略呈球形 ,用荧光显微镜观察感染细胞有很强的 EGFP表达 .实验表明 :利用大肠杆菌同源重组获得克隆化的重组腺病毒基因组 DNA,可高效制备高滴度的均一重组腺病毒     

Generation of small mutation in large genomic fragments by homologous recombination: description of the technique and examples of its use

We have developed a technique of homologous recombination in bacteria which allows the mutagenesis of large genomic fragments cloned in cosmids. The desired mutation is first introduced into a plasmid clone and is then transferred to the appropriate cosmid clone by the means of double antibiotic selection coupled with phenotypic selection. We describe three different types of construct made by this technique.     

A small mobilizable IncP group plasmid vector packageable into bacteriophage lambda capsids in vitro

A mobilizable cosmid derivative of an IncP group plasmid was constructed by cloning the oriT region of RK2, a wide host-range plasmid, and the minimal DNA sequence of bacteriophage lambda required for efficient packaging in vitro. This cosmid is 13 kb in size and has unique restriction sites for EcoRI, XhoI, HindIII, and SalI. The XhoI and HindIII sites are within the kanamycin-resistance gene and the SalI site is in the tetracycline-resistance gene. This plasmid was mobilizable from an Escherichia coli donor to a number of diverse gram-negative bacteria at a frequency of 0.8 to 10 per 100 donors. This vector is one of the smallest of all wide host-range cosmids described in the literature. As part of this study, another mobilizable IncP group plasmid vector has also been constructed which, in addition to the sites listed above, has a unique BglII site, but which lacks the packager sequence.     

Efficient method to generate homologous recombinant baculovirus genomes in E. coli

Here we describe a convenient method to generate homologous recombinant baculoviral genomes in E. coli. The recombination takes place with the aid of recombination enzymes provided by the phage lambda Red system between a bacmid (a baculoviral genome that can replicate in bacteria) and a linear fragment. Proof of concept was provided when the cathepsin gene (v-cath) of the Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) was replaced by the chloramphenicol resistance gene (CmR). First, CmR was inserted between the flanking sequences of the HaS-NPV v-cath. Each of the flanking regions was about 1 kb. The fragment was linearized and electroporated into bacteria containing both the HaSNPV bacmid and the lambda Red system. Recombinant bacmids resistant to chloramphenicol were selected. In comparison to the standard co-transfection/plaque assays, this method significantly reduces the time required to construct baculovirus knockout mutants. It may also be useful in the manipulation of other large viral genomes.     

Altering the Ad5 packaging domain affects the maturation of the Ad particles

We have previously described a new family of mutant adenoviruses carrying different combinations of attB/attP sequences from bacteriophage PhiC31 flanking the Ad5 packaging domain. These novel helper viruses have a significantly delayed viral life cycle and a severe packaging impairment, regardless of the presence of PhiC31 recombinase. Their infectious viral titers are significantly lower (100-1000 fold) than those of control adenovirus at 36 hours post-infection, but allow for efficient packaging of helper-dependent adenovirus. In the present work, we have analyzed which steps of the adenovirus life cycle are altered in attB-helper adenoviruses and investigated whether these viruses can provide the necessary viral proteins in trans. The entry of attB-adenoviral genomes into the cell nucleus early at early timepoints post-infection was not impaired and viral protein expression levels were found to be similar to those of control adenovirus. However, electron microscopy and capsid protein composition analyses revealed that attB-adenoviruses remain at an intermediate state of maturation 36 hours post-infection in comparison to control adenovirus which were fully mature and infective at this time point. Therefore, an additional 20-24 hours were found to be required for the appearance of mature attB-adenovirus. Interestingly, attB-adenovirus assembly and infectivity was restored by inserting a second packaging signal close to the right-end ITR, thus discarding the possibility that the attB-adenovirus genome was retained in a nuclear compartment deleterious for virus assembly. The present study may have substantive implications for helper-dependent adenovirus technology since helper attB-adenovirus allows for preferential packaging of helper-dependent adenovirus genomes.     

Cloning of the complete Mycoplasma pneumoniae genome.

The complete genome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae was cloned in an ordered library consisting of 34 overlapping or adjacent cosmids, one plasmid and two lambda phages. The genome size was determined by adding up the sizes of either the individual unique EcoRI restriction fragments of the gene bank or of the XhoI fragments of genomic M. pneumoniae DNA. The values from these calculations, 835 and 849 kbp, are in good agreement. An XhoI restriction map was constructed by identifying adjacent DNA fragments by probing with selected cosmid clones.     

The Neurospora crassa genome: cosmid libraries sorted by chromosome

A Neurospora crassa cosmid library of 12,000 clones (at least nine genome equivalents) has been created using an improved cosmid vector pLorist6Xh, which contains a bacteriophage lambda origin of replication for low-copy-number replication in bacteria and the hygromycin phosphotransferase marker for direct selection in fungi. The electrophoretic karyotype of the seven chromosomes comprising the 42.9-Mb N. crassa genome was resolved using two translocation strains. Using gel-purified chromosomal DNAs as probes against the new cosmid library and the commonly used medium-copy-number pMOcosX N. crassa cosmid library in two independent screenings, the cosmids were assigned to chromosomes. Assignments of cosmids to linkage groups on the basis of the genetic map vs. the electrophoretic karyotype are 93 +/- 3% concordant. The size of each chromosome-specific subcollection of cosmids was found to be linearly proportional to the size of the particular chromosome. Sequencing of an entire cosmid containing the qa gene cluster indicated a gene density of 1 gene per 4 kbp; by extrapolation, 11,000 genes would be expected to be present in the N. crassa genome. By hybridizing 79 nonoverlapping cosmids with an average insert size of 34 kbp against cDNA arrays, the density of previously characterized expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was found to be slightly <1 per cosmid (i.e., 1 per 40 kbp), and most cosmids, on average, contained an identified N. crassa gene sequence as a starting point for gene identification.